94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated...

18
A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns were ettaunt vh thcv ) ieved were the aspirarions — perhaps uniIrticLiIated. lateut — (II rheir “cunsrin1cnts” Understanding the wHl ‘‘f rhc peupie” correctiy duririg 9 T 8 vas diFfieuit if fbI i pos_ih, and whether the declarers of independenee had read it correctlv wouid depend un whcther “the penple” wouid mliv anauiid the idea as its propments sought 10 eiribody it ii iflStItUtiOflS uI gl)Verflrflcnt. INL)E1’F’.Dl >.( 1 \Rs After the armistice of Novcmber 1 • 1918 cnded hostiitties th WCStefli IroilI and a peace eiiiiference began in Paris on Janiwi-e TS, 9 i, most Europeans eouid breathe a sigh oF reiief, biit nur the pC0I]ies (ii the lIainc lirtoral. The Hohenzoiierii dynast h.d eft the (erITIan th wnc iii \overnber, a German repubiic had heen pro— eLi mcd, and the vestern aflies agreed rhat aithough iiioo (.errnan tri)ops wnuid withdraw from the Baltic hrtorai, some behind lii continuc fghting against the spread of foishevSm. Lenin and the Roishevik regime wcre not trusted bv the e’,Len ;iiiies. who now included the United States; German pians tor coion/at1on of the Baitic appearcd to have disappeared along with mtperii (;eriin’; and during 1918, emissaries to the west Froiii the einhry OI1IC “governmenrs” nf the Estonians, Latvians, and 1.itiioanian’ had impresscd wetern pDWC rs with thcir seriousness nF purpuse. Btit nothing in the Baitic htturai had heen resoived with aii [inality. >C) uitiniatc resolutiori appeared hkeiy ui the near totuic, and nO outcomes predicted. The region entered a three—year penid ihat iii the national histories ui the tiiree laitic states eanie to he knnwil as the wars of independenee.” The activists wiio had pru Iainied independence hegan the process of creating institutons u carry ølit the hjnctiuns of real states: appropriate elections had w he heid, cabinet offciais had 10 he kiund. ministties had ro he eai-L rev en ties had to he raised, horders had to he secured, and interflinifl3 1 recognition had to he sought. Abuve ali, the territories uver ss hieh rhc new governmeflts clairncd ui havc jurisdictiuii had ro he p against those to whoni the idea of three indepeodenr COU Ol iittural terntory was nnrnicai. Statela n d jo tri,ublpd times, i 90 — i 94(1 1 jn the Estojuan Iaiids, the principai “eneni” o’as tiw Estoniaii - j 5 heviks. who had withdrawn ro So iet Rossia htir now sass n new 0 pp0ttUflt> III a ‘Veak Fstonian goverumenI and a weakened inany. With Supporr from the Suviet Rossiait govenimeni. 8eishevik troOpS iuverwheiming[v non—hstonians, chieflv ktiSsiafls) ao offensive in the secnnd haif uf Novemher 1.1 8, tOUL the •v of Narva h the end of Novemher. and pruclaimcd rhere an wniafl workers Commune. Ihe Estonian governrnent had ui act quicklv: hy the end ot Deceniber, it had appoinred Colonei Julian :. Jidonem (1 88 4—19S3) as commander-in-ehief ot the Estonian natinnal arrny. and liv Janoary 1919 it had riised ao arinv of about 4,800 nien, mostiv hsronians. Assistanee came trum (reat i5ritain in the form oF a tleet nF tsveive ships, which delivered arms and aniino nitiofis to the Estonian armv and prevented a eoastai inVaSiohi h the -I otshcvik forecs. Finland, for its parr, provided a Joan 01 2o miilion finnish rrtarks to Iiuv veapons and sent some volunteers. lue f Polshevik offensive SUCCCCded iii nCctipving about hiit ot Estunian territory, hut Iw ear[v Fehruarv, the Estonian eonnterulfensive had managed to drive the Bolshcvik forees hack into Soviet Russian territory. By that time, the Estonian national arniv had gtown In 74,500 men, and deserticms were taking piaee from the Bolsheik J’ tiairs to the Estonian national forces. Lighting eonmiued on the Estonian eastemn tront throughout spring and surnmer 1919, and ..during these months the Estonian national armv svas large enough to ptovide major assistailee to the Iatvian natiunai armv in its harries — going on simultaneonsiy — against Latvian Boisheviks, independent 4 Unirii oF the Gerniari armv, and some elements uf the Russian 4 White’ arniv. (Siwiet Russia was in the throes ot a civii war at the nme time, with the “Red” arniv fightiug the “Whites.”) Tiiis assis tance was rendered iii part hccause the Estunian govrnment wanted jo SeCU-C its southern horcier (with 1.atvia). Peace taiks began the Estonian and the Soviet kirees iii Septeiuher, but even —. tmn these negotjations the Bolsheviks iaunched smalier-scale against Estonian territory. Ao annlstlce was agreed eariv mJanuar 1920. and a peace rreatv was signed between the Estunian 1bvernment and Soviet Russia on Fehruarv z. Bv thar time eieciions ad b0 held iii Esronia for a CoflStitULh1i assemhl tAprii 1919), Whtehbegan to enaet significanr icgisiation tor Estonia esen whiie th L iJII ‘1. 1.

Transcript of 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated...

Page 1: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

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idea

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94(1

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no

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mv

and

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ven

ted

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ih

the

-I

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fore

cs.

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and,

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unia

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the

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onia

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d

man

aged

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ve

the

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shcv

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hack

into

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iet

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sian

terr

itor

y.B

yth

atti

me,

the

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onia

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00

men

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sw

ere

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k

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tiona

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ight

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ng

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mer

1919,

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..duri

ng

thes

em

onth

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ian

nat

ional

arm

vsv

asla

rge

enough

to

ptov

ide

maj

or

assi

stai

lee

toth

eIa

tvia

nnat

iunai

arm

vin

its

harr

ies

—

goin

gon

sim

ult

aneo

nsi

y—

agai

nst

Lat

via

nB

ois

hev

iks,

indep

enden

t

4U

niri

ioF

the

Ger

niar

iar

mv,

and

som

eel

emen

tsuf

the

Russ

ian

4Whi

te’

arni

v.(S

iwie

tR

ussi

aw

asin

the

thro

esot

aci

vii

war

at

the

nme

time,

with

the

“Red

”ar

niv

fighti

ug

the

“Whi

tes.

”)T

iiis

assi

s

tanc

ew

asre

nder

edii

ipart

hcca

use

the

Est

unia

ngovrn

ment

wante

d

joS

eCU

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sout

hern

horc

ier

(with

1.at

via)

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ace

taik

sbegan

the

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onia

nan

dth

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viet

kire

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iSe

ptei

uher

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tev

en

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nth

ese

nego

tjatio

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unch

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alie

r-sc

ale

again

st

Esto

nia

nte

rrit

ory

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oan

nlst

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was

agre

edea

riv

mJanuar

1920.

and

ape

ace

rreatv

was

sign

edbe

twee

nth

eE

stun

ian

1bvernm

ent

and

Sovie

tR

ussia

on

Fehru

arv

z.Bv

thar

time

eie

cii

ons

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held

iii

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nia

for

aC

ofl

Sti

tUL

h1

ias

sem

hltA

prii

1919),

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gan

toen

aets

ignif

icanr

icgis

iati

on

tor

Est

onia

esen

whi

ieth

L

iJII ‘1

. 1.

Page 2: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

302-

1!iS

Lt)

utth

eR

aIti

Sti

tes

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pend

cncc

war

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cnti

num

g.\X7h

ar

the

cvui

it

dem

onst

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dw

ath

atasi

14

nhcant

mjU

Oti

tVo

fE

ston

ians

Jd

porr

the

idea

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erIs

roni

;l,

hurh

atth

isse

ntir

nejir

dd

reac

hve

ryfa

rin

toth

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nera

lpopula

tion.

The

cons

titu

cnt

ele

eti

on

had

anSo

perc

ent

part

iCip

ati

oll

rate

atT

lOfl

g

Est

otiia

ns,

and

duri

ig920

the

natu

inal

gove

rnm

eflt

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abili

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legi

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eL

’[te

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tode

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rder

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e

incr

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pport

of

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gene

ral

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npo

pula

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The

situ

atio

nii

ith

eL

at’j

ania

nds

afte

rN

ovem

hcr

1

eorn

plic

ated

firs

thy

the

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mg

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man

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pati

on,

thcn

aiso

bvth

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Ishe

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rion

ufa

arge

nuni

bcr

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ldic

rsiii

the

1t

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gin

3ents

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dfin

ally

hYth

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eert

aint

ies

surr

ouot

iing

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re

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heT

arvi

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ere

ast

riin

gv

th-a

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tuni

anllo

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had

bee

njo

the

nort

hern

litto

i al.

and

with

heip

fror

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ong

the

Iatv

ian

RiF

ies,

thev

sncc

eede

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ise

ttin

t iIp

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iDec

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18—

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919

!.ar

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Sos

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aded

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oth

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net

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icn

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er.

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dra.

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with

asr

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sha

dco

nclu

ded

that

1as

surv

isal

depe

ndcd

onel

ose

cooper

atio

nw

ithth

eG

erni

an

espe

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ithth

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man

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iriL

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win

ie10

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ng

191

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polit

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Page 6: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

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ssem

blv

was

vnun

g—

rwen

ty—

nine

mem

hers

wer

eun

der

the

age

ofrh

irty

and

only

eigh

tw

ere

over

fitty

.In

its

hrst

mce

tIIl

(4S

.th

eas

sern

h{y

mad

ech

ange

sn

the

seco

nd

tefl

ipor

ary

cons

titut

ion

atte

ctin

gth

eof

fice

ofpr

esid

ent.

hal

sose

tab

out

the

task

ofcr

catin

ga

Fuii-

fledg

edco

nsti

tuti

on

For

the

coun

try;

irfte

rco

nsid

erab

iede

hate

and

revi

sion

.th

isdo

eunw

ntw

as

pas

sed

iii

Aug

ust

i9

2.2

.It

.sto

odas

the

hasi

cIa

wof

the

land

onni

1928

.wiie

nit

vas

chan

gcd

hyPr

esid

ent

Ant

anas

Srnc

tuna

.w

hoha

dbe

eorn

eL

ithua

nia’

sau

thor

itar

ian

lead

erfl

19

26

.

l)ur

ing

the

rhre

e—to

four

vcar

—lo

ngde

iibe

rati

ons

rhat

prod

uced

the

new

donti

tuti

ons

inal

ith

ree

coun

rrie

s,it

beca

me

abun

dand

vcl

ear

that

thes

edo

cum

ents

and

the

mac

hin

erv

of

gover

uan

cew

ould

have

tosa

tisf

vao

extr

crne

lyw

idc

spec

trum

ofopin

lons

0.)

hav

e

Supp

ort

inth

ene

wpohti

cai

elite

sas

weI

las

joth

epo

pula

rion

arla

rge.

The

dra

fter

s,es

pec

iali

von

the

icft

side

ofth

epo

iitic

alS

pect

rurn

,w

ere

det

erm

ined

not

toh

ave

asy

stem

rese

rnbhng

the

old

tsari

stau

tocr

acv.

Coo

sequ

ently

,in

the

new

svsr

erns

, the

hcad

oFst

ate

1pre

sidc

nt”

inL

arvi

aan

dL

irhu

anja

,“s

tate

eide

r”Ir

iigit’

aner

n1_

who

was

aiso

prir

nem

inis

tct.

joE

ston

ia)

was

are

lari

veiy

wea

kof

hce

sniC

e

the

oecu

pant

sha

dbe

ench

oscn

bya

vote

of

the

parl

iam

ent

(kii

giko

guin

Est

onia

,Sa

ejin

ajo

Lat

vja,

Sej

mas

jol.i

thua

nia)

.In

Est

onia

the

exec

uti

ve

and

legi

slar

ive

Fune

tioos

were

,in

aS

ense

.tn

erge

d.jo

ali

tiir

eecu

untr

ies,

the

par

ham

ents

—th

ele

gisl

ativ

ebo

dies

—w

ere

unic

amcr

aian

dth

eir

nier

nher

sw

erc

elec

tcd

bvpopula

r)!

Ote

of

ali

citi

Zen

s,m

ale

and

fern

ale,

aged

rwen

tyor

tWC

ntV

—O

flC

yea

rsan

doi

der.

The

dein

ocra

tic

rhru

stof

thes

erh

ree

sstc

rns

was

main

tam

eri i

rith

ere

guia

tions

gove

rnin

gth

efo

rmat

ion

ofpo

litic

cii

part

ies,

regu

latin

iisw

hich

cate

red

roth

eex

istin

gpo

litic

aidi

visi

ons

joth

e

310

1C

onci

se1I

,sln

re0/

the

Bai

tteSt

ates

InE

stoiu

a,

the

prov

isio

nal

go

verl

llil

efl

tca

iied

for

cnsrit

urt

asse

mbl

y(a

stit

al’

kn’i

i)ci

econs

inA

prii

9i9;

thev

wer

eca

rric

d

nut

succ

essf

ully

,w

itha

high

part

icip

ati

ofl

rare

of

ahou

t8a

pern

t

and

the

par

tiei

pat

iflh

lot

0niu

ltip

ilett

Y()

[po

lttic

aipa

rric

s.T

hepri

ti

sio

nal

gove

rnni

ent

resi

gned

in\I

av,

and

the

0CW

aSse

flIb(

yw

iik(1

5C

r

the

task

ofgovern

irrg

thru

ugh

acab

mct

hea

dcd

hyP

rirn

eM

insz

er

Ott

oS

tran

dman

oFth

eL

abor

art

y.

Ate

mpora

rycofl

Sti

flit

iun

55)5

ado

pte

dii

iju

ne;

both

the

eie

ttd

asse

mhly

and

the

tem

po

rat

vn

stit

uti

ofl

nv

cste

dth

ene

wFs

toni

angover

nif

lentit

hco

iisid

erth

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iegi

tirna

cyst

tth

atth

eni

casu

rCS

itad

opte

dha

dw

eig

ht;

and

the

ass

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b(y01

itiu

ed

tOw

orI

(10

0petm

anC

nt

do

list

itU

tiO

n.

svhe

h

svas

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opte

don

f)ec

cmhe

r2.0

.20.

in1.

atvi

a,th

epr

ovis

iona

lgc

ner

nifl

dnt

rern

ainc

dac

tive

afie

rth

e

proc

iani

atio

nnf

inde

pend

enee

ono

vcm

her

18,

19

18

,ti

ui11

0W

itdr

ewit

sIe

gitir

nacy

fron

ith

eT

aiti

asPa

doni

e(N

atio

nal

(om

iti(

tiia

tw

asC

ated

whe

nth

ed

ecla

rati

oii

was

mad

e.T

his

hodv

eun

sist

edof

repre

senta

tiveS

nEth

eei

ght

iarg

est

poli

tica

lpar

tics

Eorm

ed

bvri

iat

tim

e.O

ther

rcpre

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tatl

vcs

wcr

co

-op

ted

fror

nS

Cg

I11

CII

Iof

the

po

pu

lati

on

(incl

udin

gL

.atg

ie:’

whe

rep

arti

esw

erc

only

st.

lrntg

t0to

rrn.

Init

iail

y,

the

cnun

cii

had

;9rn

enih

ers

hyth

eti

me

irs

wor

L

ende

dw

ith

the

clec

tion

nEa

Sat

i’cr

snw

sS

apul

ce(C

onst

itnti

n9al

Con

vent

ion)

iiiA

pri

l1

91

0.

rhe

coun

ciha

d18

rnern

hcrs

.(,

n’a

r

care

had

hcen

tak

ento

rep

rese

tlt

ali

gro

upin

gS

oFth

eL

ars

jan

i’

ula

rjun.

Th

eC

oLtn

Cil

adop

tcd

nu

rner

ou

sst

atc—

buil

ding

mea

’t’

CS.

conhdnt

now

that

its

clai

m0.

hesp

eak

ing

for

the

Lat

via

np

eP

(

had

weig

ht.

The

eIec

tio

ns

toth

eC

on

stit

uti

ofl

aiG

onve

ntio

nii

Arit

1910

inv

oiv

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nd

idat

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(iS

tStr

orn

sorn

ev

en

ty-h

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ie

gro

up

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rite

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vet

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nex

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kin

dof

pre

-par

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stat

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hyth

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rm

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ot

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te

1912.

The

cti

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ncii

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lyal

ith

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ies

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t

Page 7: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

312.

rC

’ecw

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H,s

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popula

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Par

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and

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1he

pres

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r

star

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askt

dth

ele

ader

nfth

epa

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ivin

grn

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vote

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n

agovcrn

ment”

—a

eahi

iier

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rers

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hich

hcea

ine

the

e’w

(

tive

and

reni

aine

dai

isw

erah

lctu

the

parl

ianw

nr.

Ero

mth

c

rhes

esy

stei

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dec

dguir

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cdre

prc

seil

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pirI

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nt

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ro[

the

inip

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ant

wevaent

polit

ieat

vies

vpoi

nts.

tiur

the

aku

niad

eit

j!ii

iost

Ifle

Vil

ihle

tilat

wor

kahi

ecal’

lnets

wou

idhe

hs5

1

co1li

rToll

s0[

parr

ies

(nor

inal

lvrh

rte

[1)

lue).

The

goer

11nit

ni\

ne

Cab

inC

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iild

hedl

Ssoi

ved

Ilpon

rCC

elV

iflr

atio

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tihde

nee

uou

IIJ

the

parl

laii

ient

.\‘

vhet

her

ane

wel

eetio

nc i

rth

efn

rrna

rinn

n[a

new

eabi

net

kdlo

wed

depe

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tlO

flth

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arcn

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es.

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gis

tntv

e

Syst

enis

phie

eda

prei

nium

oneo

nsen

sus

and

ccim

prom

isc

;iilu

polir

leal

part

ies

asve

Ilas

onth

epre

sidents

’ih

ilitie

stO

peus

tiade

part

lead

ers

toac

hiev

esu

ehte

mpo

rarv

unir

v.•1

hei

wer

ees

trti

nk

vuin

erah

lein

the

[acc

ot

hard

—lin

eSt

anee

s,e

don

patt

ypri

les

or

pers

onal

or

partv

ain

hin

ons.

Whe

tiier

the

iiew

ivcr

eate

dV

kin

,

wei.t

wor

kahi

t01

il,)

the

cam

t[m

mth

eea

rli’

1os

onw

ard

alu

ikh

deba

ted

quest

iofl

.

iii

Lir

huan

ia.

the

sste

miv

as

alre

adbe

ser

lwdi

iheu

ltie

sat

the

tim

euI

the

parl

iaiu

erita

rvel

cetio

nsof

tu6.

ere

atn

iga

rati

onae

tor

Pres

jdcn

rA

nr.i

ni,

Smet

ona

Ei)

esta

hiis

hpr

esid

enti

ai-a

ritl

iori

riri

in

rtil

ejo

Esto

nta

,rnin

t92.

lE

o1931,

the

Rui

ikug

ziha

de[

CVCf

l..b

—

inet

s(‘

gIw

ern

mci

its”

)ea

chw

idi

the

aver

age

1es

pan

olah

oute

le;n

nnm

ths;

tn

1ar

via

[roni

1921

(the

hist

S0L

’Inra

ele

eri

un)

ElI

.1‘1

(svh

cnIs

arlis

Hrn

ani,

esta

hlis

hed

aoth

nrir

aria

nrn

ie)

rher

ew

ele

alto

tterh

erfour

regu

larl

isL

hed

tiir

dparl

iinie

nta

rcIe

cti

on.

and

thir

teco

cahi

nets

.E

ven

so,

duri

ngth

ee\istenC

eot

real

pari

tanie

lit

ism

joth

erh

ree

coun

trie

s,th

eta

skof

srat

ehui

(dir

gco

ntiii

titd:ipi

with

muc

hof

the

need

edsv

ork

bein

gdone

hth

epe

rnia

zici

it0V

ernm

ents

”—

the

ever

—gr

owin

gpr

otes

sion

al.sr

affs

ofth

eni

nisi

rue

S

elcc

red

ofh

ciai

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dap

poin

ted

min

iste

rsca

nie

and

wen

t.

Bro

adh

spea

king

,th

ene

wpo

liric

iilel

ites

afte

rtqzo

inth

eth

rec

conntr

ies

Lonust

ednf

thos

esa

me

peop

iew

hoha

dhe

lped

tolo

ng

them

Into

hein

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embe

rsui

the

pro

isio

nal

govern

nie

nls

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e,.0i1

stir

uefi

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seni

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k.R

curn

itmen

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icai

hade

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poecurr

ed

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urse

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tni

iast

ofth

e.j

0111

ing

•fa

die

rs”

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wonie

nain

ong

rhcm

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hoha

dhe

eniii

the

thir

tyto

age

grou

pdu

riog

the

ii4r92o

peri

od,

rern

jjne

dat

the

rop,

cir

cIa

_be

t.vee

nsi

nipl

epa

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men

rary

mei

nher

ship

and

min

iste

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jn

Est

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ate

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rW

ere

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onia

ns,

Lat

vian

s,an

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rhti

ini,

ns

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h0C

C4-

:ioflaiiy,

whe

nspeciai

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was

need

ed,

eihnet

sin

ciud

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eni

bc

ofth

eso

-cai

jej

min

orj

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rio,

laljt

jes

who

‘vere

repre

senie

din

the

parl

ja[f

lent

sw

iihth

eir

ow

nparries.

The

new

eonstj

totj

,is

for

bade

disc

rijii

iiiat

joii

onth

ehas

isofii

ati

nia

lity

bur

iii

actuai

pracrce,

SU

pp

hviv

idts

prea

dsenrl

nle

nt

iii

the

genera

lpopula

tioji

,th

e>dem

o1.j

that

the

thre

est

ate

hei

onged

”E

nth

enla

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Peop

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lie

ader

ship

puis

ition

sEI

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11

uiF

the

prew

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tes

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alije

Ger

mao

s,R

uss

ians,

and

0ics.

Th

po!i

tjeai

sstem

enst

ired

sneh

outc

nmes

heca

use

the

•-1

k

2.9

lue

a’i

,,a

buil

ding

,R

iga.

tter

itseo

nipl

etio

nti

llO

[

6),

rhis

impouin

git

ruet

ure

was

the

head

gtia

i-ter

suf

the

1 via

ndic

nohij

itFr

om1918

ro1940

itho

uset

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rvon

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uio

1940

the

Siip

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nS

R, a

nd

in1

991

Itre

ser

red

tujts

earl

jur

st;ltils

.ISL

aria’

sparjiainejit

Page 8: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

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ecte

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nue

the

vast

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try

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the

agra

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way

spr

omin

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mth

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onia

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hitie

niri

ght:

the

Farm

ers

PtL

Vj

listo

nia

and

the

Agr

aria

n(J

nion

iiiL

aivi

a.T

heir

polir

ical

phih

os

0ph

was

grou

nded

inth

eno

rion

that

farm

ing

was

the

hack

bone

ufth

e

starc

’sec

onom

y,an

dth

atth

evir

tues

ofth

eru

ral

popl

ilam

icn

wer

ear

the

core

ofna

tiona

lid

enrt

ry.

In1.

ithua

nia,

relig

ion

plav

eda

mue

h

mor

esi

gnif

ican

tpa

rtin

parr

yid

enri

tyth

anjo

the

othe

rtw

o

and

the

Chr

istia

nD

erno

crat

icB

loc

(whi

chre

pres

ente

dFa

rmc’

rsas

weh

i)w

asth

em

ost

sign

ihca

nrgr

oupi

rig

onth

e“r

ight

.”

1hec

ore

ofth

eIe

Ftin

ali

thre

ecou

ntri

eswe

me

the

Snci

alD

eni.c

rats

,

who

had

heen

activ

eas

orga

nize

dpa

rnes

the

long

est.

(rar

lwri

ng

the!

tel

ecw

ral

supp

nrte

rsw

ithva

rinu

sm

ndif

ied

Mar

xist

ngan

s.

the>

’re

pres

ente

d,fir

sman

dFo

rcrn

ost.

the

indu

stri

ahw

orkc

r-“t

he

prol

etar

iar”

),hu

mai

soso

ught

ti>ap

peal

wdi

sadv

anta

ged

penp

leof

ali

sort

s.T

hepo

hnca

lIe

ftre

mai

ned

verv

stro

ngin

Esi

onia

bat

Iess

so

joL

atvi

a,he

caus

cin

the

1.at

vjan

parh

iam

enrs

the

Soci

al1)

einu

crat

s

for

the

mos

tpa

rrch

ose

tore

main

“jo

oppo

siti

on”

(tha

tis

.the

>’Ji

d

not

enre

rca

bine

ts).

InT

,ithu

ania

,so

ctal

dem

octa

cyha

dlit

tk’

ome

mc)

pros

’eits

eif,

heca

use

aw

ehl-

fnne

tioni

ngpa

rhia

men

tary

svsr

mun

dcd

101926.

The

rhir

dca

tego

ryvas

cnm

pose

dof

sphnte

rpatt

ies:

01

cam

ean

dw

ent

ina

hew

ilder

ing

varl

etv

thro

ugho

urth

epari

iJt°

mar

ype

rind

.bu

tot

hers

—la

rgel

yth

ose

repr

esen

ting

nunurn

>nan

0fl

ahiti

es—

tcnd

edto

bein

ore

stah

lede

spite

the

stro

ngte

nd.n

CY

0)

divi

de.

(inth

eJ.

atvi

anparh

am

ent,

for

exam

ple,

thre

epar

mre

pre:

senr

edth

ere

lativ

ely

smah

lje

wis

hpo

pula

tion

.)Ly

dchm

ri°°

cht

sphi

nter

part

ies

—as

abl

ec—

had

noti

nif

yin

gpo

hitic

aburiC

nt°

’t’

the>

tcnd

edto

hepr

essu

regr

mip

sin

ore

than

parr

ies

and

wer

cto

rC’

negoti

ari

ng

with

the

inaj

orpa

rtie

son

heha

lfof

thci

rpart

icid

1°’°

’

-:S

t7tC

IQL

/ii

itr

im

hled

tIfl

i.19O

—1940

31

cofl

Sti

te1es

ihi

ne,

how

evcr

,thm

’yw

ere

UL

II1)e

rjca

ijv

larg

e

noug

hto

pre

enr

the

rtgh

ran

dth

eIe

ftfr

otn

fotm

inho

ngla

srin

gca

bine

ts;

infa

ct,

rinn

eof

the

hloe

s,ho

wi’

ver

defi

ned,

rook

onth

echara

to1

ape

rlna

ncnr

fixm

urc

mth

epo

hitie

alar

ena.

Sho

rtjj

ved

cahet

s,th

eco

min

gan

dgoin

gof

parr

ies

and

paTt

yfu

rmat

ioos

,an

dth

ede

al—

inak

ing

that

was

neee

ssar

ym

lfl

0ve

legi

slat

ion

forw

ard

edy

crea

ted

the

impr

cssj

on,

whc

nju

xtap

osed

with

aotd

ealiz

cdver

siofl

of

aoef

&ie

ntde

nioe

ratje

sysr

ern,

thut

“the

parh

iam

eot

was

n’t

wor

king

:’T

heim

pres

sjon

was

rnag

nih

edhy

the

faet

that

joal

ith

rce

coun

tric

sao

activ

ean

der

iric

alpr

ess

enst

ired

that

ali

cves

wcr

efo

reve

ron

the

cent

maJ

over

nrne

nrA

fral

i,ir

had

beci

jth

eiv

cpo

hitic

abel

irerh

atpe

rson

ahly

hebp

edto

erea

teth

eco

untr

ies,

and

itw

asth

L’y

wiio

wer

eri

ow

cxpc

ctec

iby

thep

opui

:imjo

nsat

barg

ejre

thar

prng

ress

cunti

nucd

.

Inth

ene

wst

ates

.E

ston

jans

,L

ania

ns,

and

I,ith

nani

aiis

ncs

eri

n

ohIe

dth

epo

lirjc

alsv

srem

sent

imeu

tw

asw

ides

ptea

dam

orl

gm

hein

that

sueh

anon

teom

ew

asri

ghr

and

prop

er.

The

serli

ree

peo

pie

sco

mpr

ised

the

maj

omiri

esir

ith

eir

coun

trje

s—

iii

Est

oiiia

about7

pet

cent

,jo

Lat

via

abou

t72

pere

ent,

in!.

ithua

nia

(exe

ludi

ngth

eV

iinin

s‘

dtct)

ahou

tHo

pere

rot.

The

conf

lfrj

esho

reth

ejr

nalli

es;

the

mdc

tpe

ndcn

ccw

ars

had

heen

fc>

tht

svith

the

purp

ose

ofga

inin

gpo

hiric

alC

onnI;

and

the

new

eonst

jmfl

tjons

pre.

scrjh

edE

swni

aii,

Lam

vjan

, and

Liu

anjn

asst

ate

bang

uage

s.B

urth

eco

nsti

tUtj

oj15

also

reib

ectc

dth

efa

ctdi

atese

new

star

esha

dln

inor

jtjes

den

edbv

n,itj

onah

jtyw

hose

rrea

tn,e

iitw

asof

exee

ptio

ijah

conc

erii

wth

eL

eagu

eo1

Nat

ions

,w

hicj

ith

ene

wst

ates

had

jnin

ed.

Sueb

icO

ncer

nw

aspa

rttt

he

new

ordc

rof

thin

gsin

Eur

upe

afre

rth

ew

aran

dco

uld

not

hePo

hirje

alopin

ion

wit

hin

the

titu

lar

natio

naljr

it’s,

hlow

cver

,W

asno

tuf

lanj

mc>

usah

otir

wha

tsp

ccia

lpr

otee

tion

ofm

inor

ities

mig

htfl

ca

At

jssj

jeW

JSth

eqn

estio

not

wha

rri

ghis

hcy

ond

thos

eO

fciti

zens

hjp

the

min

oritv

natji

inah

jtjes

shou

idha

ve,

and

the

ques

Was

mad

eni

ore

com

pbex

hyth

efa

crth

atso

nie

of

thes

em

inor

Ues

ho

the

sgm

aof

hav

ing

h’ce

nth

epr

ewar

pohi

tical

,so

cial

,:-0noinic,

and

cult

uriJ

hege

min

-r.

LA

150,

the

Pro

port

ions

1)1

rhnu

jnor

jryna

tjona

hjrj

esdi

ffer

edii

ie

tbr

Cou

rltrje

slo

Esm

oiija

inth

eca

rl>’

920s

.pr

opor

tloT

late

hye

was

the

Rus

siar

is(.

z%),

whi

hein

i.a’

jait

Was

eth

ird

iarg

cst

(.

%)

and

joL

ithua

nia,

the

four

rh(2

.

jO

Page 9: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

,C

’n

ie1I

istu

rvnf

the

Hal

tic

Sta

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Ger

nian

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lm

innn

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1irh

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the

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via

(4.9

%).

hut

the

mnt

h

inE

swm

a(0

.4%

).In

Fst

oiia

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nler

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aan

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irhu

ania

rhey

wer

eFe

van

d‘.

ere

coun

ted

aiTl

ong

“uth

ers.

Sim

ilarl

y,Po

les

in1

mth

tiani

aw

ere

smm

nifi

cant

(3.0

perc

ent(

.bL

itn

nth

less

SOIf

lE

stot

uaan

d1,

atvm

a.1 h

ese

dist

ribu

tion

Sin

the

carl

i9l0

S(a

ithfu

ilyrc

flec

ted

the

hist

ra1

ep

cri

en

Ce

of

the

ncm

rrh

ern

and

sciu

thcr

nha

lves

otth

eht

tora

i:

Germ

ans

had

been

the

dom

inan

tp

reW

ar

min

ority

inth

ehS

t0m

lan

and

Lat

jaa

Iand

s;1.

ithu

ania

had

been

the

nort

hern

emid

u

ewis

hpa

leo(

sett

lem

ent

RU

SSia

nSha

dcnnie

tose

ttle

III

ali

ears

otth

eIi

nnra

lfo

ra

mi\

Iure

ofre

asnn

S-[h

eag

greg

atc

nuni

hem

the

post

war

mii

tori

tyna

tion

ahti

esha

dbe

enre

duee

dhy

the

artm

e

expe

riel

lce

inth

e1

91

4—

19

Operi

od,

as

had

the

num

her

die

titu

lar

nati

onalt

ties.

Whe

npe

ace

and

the

new

houn

dues

a

how

ever

,th

epr

opor

tionS

ofth

eni

ost

lmpofl

ilit

mnm

nurm

ties

—

Ger

man

s,R

ossi

ans.

Pole

s,an

dje

W—

rcm

arne

dre

lati

vek

hmeh

.

eSpC

Cia

IIy

iii

l.atv

ia.

1o

reo

ver

,se

vera

lot

them

—(erm

an

san

d

jew

ses

peC

iall

V,

and

toa

less

erextc

nt

Pole

s—

cnti

imlm

cm-l

tuhe

econ

orni

cail

ysi

gnih

cant

,ho

tn

nt

toth

esa

me

ecte

nt

inal

ith

rcm

mf

the

new

CC

)Ufl

tfft

’S

Bec

ause

the

conn

nued

inte

rlia

tiona)

tood

sta

ndin

go

[th

eru

ee

Co

Uit

triC

Sde

pend

cdto

agre

at

exte

nt

On

how

the

“min

ori

t

ity”

q1

leS

tOfl

vas

hand

led,

puhl

icde

hate

reco

gniz

edrli

atth

ene

w

ofl

titU

t1011S

h.itl

tuex

tend

pro

tectl

ofl

sto

ihem

:ih

usth

ede

nine

pohi

ncal

syste

ms

alIo

ved

the

form

ati

on

otpo

litie

nip

irri

es0m

cd

on

the

nat

ioll

ahit

yp

rill

cip

lean

dth

eir

rep

rcsenta

tion

nth

eit

ed

parl

iam

ents

.T

hene

ween

Sti

tUti

on

Scrc

atc

dp

rote

eti

Ofi

o[j0ji1m

)tt

lafl

gLia

geri

ghts

.and

the

new

gove

rnm

cflts

suhs

idiz

edm

mno

rit

nien

tary

seho

ois

and

eula

tral

orga

nlza

tron

S.T

hene

wpo

sr\\

l--

wer

em

ultie

uifl

lrai

joth

esam

ese

nse

ihar

the

Bal

tehi

ttora

lm

’t’’

had

leen

long

hefo

reth

ew

ar.

Bur

,al

soas

hefo

reth

ew

ar,

ihisj1ii!t

cultu

raiis

mto

okth

eFo

rmot

coex

istc

nCe

rath

erth

anin

tegra

tm(h

hI

iarn

r—

inte

rin1

rria

ge,

the

iear

ning

ofth

est

ate

lang

uage

,re%

mdem

ln1

patte

rns,

relig

ioos

conv

ersi

on—

ifir

wer

eto

take

plac

eat

ali,

have

tooc

cur

“nat

ural

ly”

wit

hout

gove

rnm

entm

easu

res.

Th

i

•StJI

L’ho

mui

ifl

trni

iblc

dti

mes

,:9

1)t—

19

40

attit

ude

did

not s

itw

eIi w

mth

the

mor

ena

tmun

alis

tieai

ttin

cl,n

edS

eC

tors

0fth

etir

ular

pnpt

iian

ons

who

cnvi

sage

dth

eee

ntra

lpurp

ose

ot

the

cw

goer

nmen

tsas

bein

gth

ecu

inir

alimm

cluc

onom

icpr

omot

ion

0)

the

“b

asic

nati

on

s.”

lnth

eir

vtew

,th

e‘s

tate

”an

dth

e‘h

asm

ena

ton”

wer

esep

ara

reeri

riti

es,

with

the

sta

teha

ving

am

oral

ohlig

atio

nw

enso

rth

atL

ston

ians

.1at

ians,

and

1.irh

iiarm

ians

wo

uid

neve

rar

ain

hedo

min

ated

10an

vse

nse

hyot

her

n.in

onal

iry

gro

ups.

Giv

enth

ese

ope

oFsu

che\

pcer

anon

sin

the

ieiie

ral

popu

lari

on,

ii

was

inev

mta

hle

that

ano

rnhe

rof

the

refo

rmnl

easu

res

intr

odim

ecd

hvth

ene

wgo

vern

lnen

tSw

ouid

cenr

cron

the

redi

stri

buri

onof

edsr

ing

wea

lth.

The

cont

inoi

ng.It

traet

ivem

iess

ofth

epo

hitie

alpa

rrie

soF

the

lefr—

espe

eilI

Ily

the

Soet

alD

emne

rats

—la

}pr

ecis

elv

inth

eir

pron

uses

befo

re,

duri

ng,

and

afte

rth

ein

depe

nden

cew

ars

that

som

esu

chre

dist

rihu

tion

wou

ldta

kepl

ace:

and

the

post

war

gove

rnm

cnts

nnde

rstn

odth

arw

aitin

gfo

rec

onoi

nic

revi

val

ui

gelm

erar

ene

ww

calr

hw

otild

heFn

nlha

rdv.

Sorn

em

easu

res

—su

eha

mip

rog

ressiv

eta

x

syst

emth

arw

onld

sopp

ort

soci

alw

elfa

repr

ogra

ms

—co

uld

hep

rorn

ulga

ted

equa

ilv

thro

ug

ho

Llt

the

popo

imiim

on,h

utoth

ers

were

boun

dto

affe

etth

epo

pula

tion

unev

enly

.1h

eci

eare

srcx

ampi

eof

the

latt

erw

asre

forr

nni

easu

res

targ

eiin

gth

eeo

neen

trit

ion

ofla

ndow

ners

hip:

this

ques

tion

inal

ith

ree

coun

trie

sha

dbe

enta

keti

upal

read

ydu

nng

1918

and

1919

and

itw

as

one

pohc

yar

eain

whi

ebth

ere

dist

rih

utio

nis’

t ide

olog

yof

the

left

cnin

cide

clw

irh

the

“nat

iuna

lp

rote

eti

on

”

ideo

logy

ofth

eee

nter

and

righ

t.In

ali

thrc

eeo

um]tr

ies,

roug

hiv

40—

50

perc

cnr

ofal

ila

ndtv

asst

iilow

ned

bvla

rge

iand

owne

rs.

who

iii

Est

onia

and

1,atv

jasu

ere

mos

rly,

hut

note

’elu

sive

lv,

Bait

icG

cri

nans,

and

joL

jthu

anja

,ag

ain

nnr

excl

usiv

ehy,

(ern

ians

,Po

hes,

and

Rus—

sian

s.W

ithpo

lite

alpo

wer

pass

ing

trom

these

gro

ups

—w

hieh

were

bein

gtr

ansf

orm

ned

into

niin

ority

natt

onal

itie

s—

itap

pcar

edrh

atrh

eyw

cre

beiii

gta

rget

ed,

and,

undo

uhte

cliv

,th

efu

rthe

rw

eken

ing

ofth

eec

onor

nic

pnw

eroF

the

trad

irio

nai

ilege

nici

muc

litili

oritI

espl

ayet

lmi

part

iii

the

govc

rnnl

ents

’m

onva

rion

s.Iu

stas

impo

rtan

t,ho

wev

er,

Was

the

oecd

qoic

kiy

rocx

pand

the

land

ecl

prop

ertv

ufsn

iail

hold

ers

and

tOpf

l)V

deth

eIa

ndie

ssw

ith

thei

row

nfa

rrns

:hn

thof

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Page 10: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

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cre

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num

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som

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bvth

een

duf

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i92.

old

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ere

give

nm

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tcrrn

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mil

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ofex

prep

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d

laric

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ere

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red

roth

ela

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nd,

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hvth

een

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sorn

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ooo

larm

sha

dhe

enne

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ippi

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thei

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loni

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the

guve

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[orm

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hh

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sani

ern

odel

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prop

riar

ini—

redi

srri

bunn

n,‘a

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;8,6

oone

wfa

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190

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byth

ecn

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was

the

nost

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ruus

ofth

eth

ree

coun

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pens

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glo

rmer

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lupar

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cxpr

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olve

da

larg

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oil

nt

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urch

prop

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em

td-

1 90

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the

gove

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om

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mill

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inuu

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rs.

As

inE

ston

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thr

tu’W

owne

rsh.

idto

pav

the

gove

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for

thei

rla

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thpa

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S

depe

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and

qual

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the

gove

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enr

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term

sas

wel

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loan

sto

the

new

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rs.

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ith

rcc

coun

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s,ve

tera

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the

inde

pert

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ars

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r

indi

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ered

wer

thv

assi

stan

eeto

the

ere

ati

oli

the

new

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eslie

aded

the

list u

Iih

ose

pers

ons

who

rece

ived

laai

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conip

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Sufl

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urop

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cas

expr

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teth

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eagu

enE

but

thei

rco

mpi

auit

ssas

rejc

cted

.W

hile

the

refo

rms

succ

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dlI

tth

e

shor

tru

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erca

ring

am

oreec

1uit

abie

dist

ribu

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ndan

iett

g

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the

rhon

sand

snE

srna

lihoi

dcrs

crea

tcd

hyth

eriie0

ft

.Stit

ehou

dui

trei

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’dtim

es,

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0r—

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woi

tldhe

com

ca

proh

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for

the

new

Stat

esLi

ter

whe

ua

wor

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ide

onorn

icdow

ntl

lrn

began

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ali

ofEn

wpe

.

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RIE

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tIk

J[A

i[’.

PR

FS

I[’a

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s

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po

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ar

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pesa

wth

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erge

nCe

ofa

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polit

ical

lead

ers

for

diff

eren

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ason

sjo

each

countr

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me

esea

ped

the

tren

d—

Cze

chos

liisa

kia,

for

exam

pie,

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Finl

and

—hu

tev

enth

cre

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pres

erva

tjon

cllih

eral—

deir

jocr

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Inst

jtII

tjO

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was

tted

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fine

nee

and

ch

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sn

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e

Iead

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strn

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djvi

duai

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iden

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cja

the

form

eran

dM

arsh

alK

ari

Gu

stav

Man

nerh

eim

inth

eia

tter.

Enot

hers

—Ir

ak’

and

Ger

mai

ty—

the

asec

ndan

cyof

Ben

ituM

usso

lini

(rzz)

and

Ado

lfH

itler

(19

3)sv

asro

have

desa

stat

ing

eons

eque

nce

s.E

ston

ia,

larvia

,an

dIa

thua

nia

inig

htha

veav

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dth

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end

had

ihei

rin

depe

nden

cecoln

ein

iess

rrou

hlcd

tiine

s,bL

Itth

vdi

djo

inth

eci

uhti

fw

hat

are

som

etii

nes

rerr

ned

the

“lit

tle

dict

atot

s”in

1926

(Lith

uani

a)an

d1

93

4(L

atvj

aan

dE

stonia

).T

heth

rce

aurh

orit

arja

npr

esid

enrs

who

rock

pow

erin

thos

eye

ars

—A

ntan

asSm

eton

a(1

874—

1944)

joL

ithua

nia,

Kar

lisU

lman

is(187

7—

t94

2)

inL

atvi

a,an

dK

onst

antjn

Pats

873—

l 956

)in

Est

onja

—ha

dal

ibee

nde

epiv

inv

oiv

edin

the

stru

ggie

for

independence

inth

e1914—

T92o

peri

od

and

inth

efo

rnia

tjon

of

thei

rcountr

ies’

eori

stit

llti

ons;

no

ne

of

then

iex

bibi

ted

any

iusr

for

ahso

lute

pow

erth

eoan

dal

iw

ere

will

ing

topra

cti

ce

their

leaders

hip

wit

hin

the

lim

jts

nEth

ene

wpo

hric

alS

yst

cms.

Yet

the

po

lIti

Cal

hist

orv

of

the

thrc

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OL

Intr

ies

also

show

sth

atin

acn

nsi

dera

ble

po

rt-i

on

ofdie

new

polit

icai

elite

san

dth

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litic

ally

activ

eci

tizen

rvim

patie

nce

with

the

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etin

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cum

ber

Som

ew

orkl

ngs

ol-lih

erai

-dem

ocra

t,cpo

litic

alin

stit

uti

ons

\Vas

grnw

—In

g.T

his

impa

tiene

esh

ould

nor

bavu

aris

en.

Aft

cral

i,nt

osr

otth

ep0

litic

alie

;idrr

ship

oEth

eth

ree

eoiin

trie

sin

the

post

-1920

peri

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ete

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ure

mci

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inid

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age,

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unde

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own

prew

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polir

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negotjj

11

05

deal-

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31

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Page 11: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

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natio

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ase

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liu

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f—no

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l,hi

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. nu

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and

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the

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in

;igai

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oFP

nia

ncl

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and

hi

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hind

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thrn

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dom

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sun

rii;

tind

erth

eru

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nacjr

rige

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tive

purg

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tor

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The

firs

tB

altic

coun

try

tota

keth

est

eptn

war

dau

rhor

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ruie

vas

Lith

uani

am

l)ec

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er19

26,

whe

na

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nnE

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had

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Page 12: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

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arae

teri

zed

as‘

care

fui

auth

ori

tari

anis

m.

The

mor

ecxtr

em

e(a

ndv

ou

ng

er)

win

got

the

twti

nin

kai

,Te

dhv

Agust

inas

Voi

dem

aras

ii$

H3

—1

94

2)

pL

lsh

ed

hirn

toass

um

eal

ith

epo

wer

snn

piie

din

the

titie

otiz

u1os

\tu/a

s

(JO

fth

ena

illm

).Sr

nero

nare

pres

ente

dth

ern

ocle

rate

win

go

the

Vi

nao

nal

is‘n

ovem

eim

how

ever

,and

leit

eonp

elie

dto

reta

inre

duce

dv

ersi

ofl

sof

the

polit

ical

stru

ctur

es—

som

ew

ouid

say

trap

pg

s—

ot.

parh

amcn

tary

dem

ocra

cy.

Poht

icai

part

vau

tivir

yw

asnot

tnrh

dden

outr

ighr

(exc

eptf

orth

eC

ornn

iuni

stPa

rry)

but s

vns

disc

oura

gcd,

wir

h

r.th

ere

suit

rhat

the

tauti

ntn

kai

wer

eth

eon

iyef

fect

ive

puiit

ieai

part

vdu

ring

the

resi

ofth

e19

2os

and

duri

ngth

ei9

os.

Aru

mp

par

lia

mem

cont

inuc

dto

mee

tbu

tvas

c-nn

)pie

telv

unde

rth

epr

esid

ent’

s‘

cont

rot.

New

eonst

itunons

wer

edr

afte

dan

dpr

o]rl

uiga

ted

in928

atid

agai

nin

193$.

hutt

hese

ijil

vco

nsol

id-a

ted

the

pow

ers

ofa

stru

ngpr

esid

cncv

.Sr

nero

nalik

eM

arsh

all’

iisud

ski

inPn

land

envi

sage

d

.hi

rnse

lfas

stan

ding

ahov

eth

efr

ayof

patty

polit

ies

and

deel

ared

the

—-

pres

iden

rto

hea

unif

ying

nann

na(

hgtir

ew

hoe

oniv

eonc

erii

was

defe

ndin

gth

ein

tere

srs

ofth

eL

ithu

ania

nii

au

on

.T

rnpo

rran

rly.

the

flatio

nw

asde

fine

dct

hnic

aiiy

hvSm

eton

a,ap

pire

nriv

,an

dh’

the

taut

inin

ke,,

dehn

ite(y

.T

hem

easu

res

pron

lLiI

gare

dbv

his

fout

reen

year

govern

mcnt

wer

enot

part

icu

larl

vetr

en1e,

and

nio

stot

then

iW

ere

ofth

eki

nda

stro

ngdc

rnoc

rati

cail

yei

eete

dpa

rlia

In,e

[lt

WO

Iiid

hava

appr

oved

:ec

oio

iiiie

deve

iopm

ent,

edue

atio

nal

refo

rm,

agri

cul

tura

lsu

hsid

ies,

pru

nnti

on

oftr

ade,

and

hard

—hn

eat

titu

detn

var

dO.

Poja

ndovet

the

1•ith

uani

ante

rrit

ory

that

had

[cen

occu

pied

Iii

1920.

LT

here

vas

aho

ade

term

ined

effo

rtby

the

Srne

tona

govc

rnni

ent

tI)

.re

due

the

role

ofnn

n—Li

thua

nian

s(p

rom

inen

tly

Pole

san

dJe

ws)

inth

eec

onom

y;th

isfo

liow

edth

elo

gic

otna

tion

alpr

oteu

tion

islu

,ti

lat

1Sth

est

are

hovi

ngas

itspr

irna

rydu

tyth

e“p

rote

ctio

n”of

the

titu

lar

on

aT

ity

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es

1,ite

the

eonti

nuil

lghu

tso

mew

hat

ernp

tii

isti

ttit

iofl

S

Parl

iarn

eit

dern

ncra

cy,

ther

ew

asno

ques

tion

thai

inip

flrt

ant

saa,

1’,e

conr

).-

Page 13: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

4(o

ncis

c1I

islu

rvn[

the

Bi1

tkS

iats

polic

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orig

inat

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the

tnp.

\VIii

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ice

Sm

ctona

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nto

show

grea

tcr

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nee

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disa

gree

ien

tan

dpote

nt

riva

is:

Vol

dem

aras

was

driv

cntr

oni

polit

ieal

lite

ifl

19

2.9

the

extr

eilir

nano

naliS

to

rgan

iLan

on

Gch

-uii

si.,

lkas

(Iro

nW

olf)

,the

foun

dii-

i1

ot

whi

ehSm

eron

aha

dsu

ppor

ted.

was

elos

edde

wn

inth

es.

lme

vear

Smet

ona

rcw

arde

dhi

ssu

ppor

tcrs

with

sala

ried

offi

ces;

gern

nri

i

oftc

iald

tini

.es

pcci

ally

duri

ngth

ei9

3O

,ex

pand

edve

tyra

pidk

.

also

dem

onst

ratc

dnh

cjtu

deto

war

dJo

sefa

mily

mem

hers

:hi

sw

iIi,

wiE

&s

sist

er,

and

hcr

hush

and

vure

aki

odof

into

rmal

advi

s

grou

pa

fam

ilvcl

ique

,in

iess

gene

rnits

wur

ds—

and

his

broi

iiur—

inla

\v,

Juoz

asT

heI

is(

8X

.—i

939)

,am

anw

ithco

nsid

erah

leorg

an

izat

iona

lra

lent

s,se

rved

asp

rin

em

inis

ter

trom

192.7

tO1

98.

he

dom

inan

ccof

the

taui

i,zin

kuan

dSm

cton

aha

dsu

ppor

ijo

the

g-

etal

popu

lano

n—

how

inuc

his

impo

ssih

leto

dete

rmin

e—

but.

ioa

larg

ertu

nefr

anle

Wor

k,th

ere

isno

douh

rth

athis

’auth

ort

anai

lead

ersh

ip,

corn

ing

hard

onth

ehe

eis

ofts

ariS

tauto

cra

ey,

conh

InuL

d

01

mar

glna

lize

thc

hahi

rsof

dem

oera

ticse

if-g

over

nine

ntin

1it

hut

Ilja

npo

litic

aicu

iture

.In

Lai

via

parl

iani

enta

ryde

lilo

rJcy

last

edun

tili93

4,w

ithth

eIr

r

fciii

rteei

ive

ars

o[th

ene

wst

ate

mar

ked

byfo

urre

gula

rpa

rlia

niul

iTu

eketj

nns

and

freq

uent

ehan

ges

nfen

altti

onca

bine

ts.

Ehe

reW

:TS

aI’o

i

prog

ress

ive

elec

tera

lw

eak

eTll

ng

nf

the

iarg

est

part

tes

—th

eA

grar

i.i

Uni

onan

dth

eSo

cial

Dem

oera

ts;

the

latt

er

chos

eto

rern

ain

inop;i

sjtin

flhe

caus

ein

itsvi

ewth

eIa

tvia

n“p

role

tari

ar”

was

insu

fHric

ntiy

deve

hipe

dte

regu

ire

repr

esen

tatio

fl.

Pulit

teal

cem

petit

ion.

aIre

ad11

fuli

view

duri

ngth

eel

cctio

nsfo

rth

eC

on.s

titut

iona

lC

nnve

nts>

010

1919

.rc

mai

ned

inte

nse,

and

high

lypa

rosa

nne

wsp

aper

sm

agn

l)ft

dr.

Non

crlic

less

,the

“peo

pies

busi

ncss

”ce

nnni

icd

tehe

done

:ja

the

ti,U

i

Saet

mas

(prI

iam

ems)

From

19

12

.tO

1931

the

prop

orti

onnf

iiil

fl

duce

dm

easu

res

that

beca

mc

Iaw

rem

aine

dfa

irly

stca

dyat

X

(19

2.2

),84

%(r

9.t

),87

%(L

928)

,an

d78

%(iL

)r)

.So

did

serr

i

part

icip

ati

l)n

inth

efo

urei

ectio

ns:

8i%

,7%

.7

9%

.an

d$o

%.r

csC

tivel

y.A

tthe

sarn

etim

e.th

eve

tylih

eral

part

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rnia

tion

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assIi

tilat

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chel

eetin

iia

stih

rant

ial

port

ion

—ab

outz%

ofrh

ost

s11&

)

actu

allv

vote

dw

euld

rell

laif

lou

tsid

ers

joS

Onl

efo

nn

untU

the

ne’

1

elee

tien

.In

the

four

eIeL

Iinn

s,th

enu

nibe

rof

eand

idar

elis

tspre

se1it

teth

evn

ters

vas

88,

1-

i,1

2.0

,an

djo

;,re

spec

tivel

y;bu

tth

eni

ii:i

he

ui

par

ties

orpa

rty

fnrm

atio

ns1h

atae

tual

ivre

ceiv

drc

pres

enra

ti°°

Sic

;te/o

od

jotr

ouhk

’dIli

;ws,

19

t—F

9.4

032.3

-

0tiea

srone

.\IP

was

2.0

,2

’,

2.7,

and

2.7

,re

spec

tivel

v.an

dm

anv

few

er

paru

eS(H

veor

si’J

aetu

aliv

form

edth

ew

ork

ing

cahi

nets

Iher

ew

ere

seed

soF

polit

ical

alie

natio

ii11

this

Sit

uti

tio

n;

ithC

IIi

cred

ihili

tvte

the

char

gcfr

oin

the

mid

-191

0son

tila

tth

epart

syst

eman

dpa

rlia

nien

i“w

crcn

’tw

otk

mg,”

espcc

iall

yhcc

ause

of

the

gro

wrh

ui

spli

nte

rp

art

ies

iii

the

parl

iam

en

t:th

e11

1111

111c

rof

MP

sw

ho

wcr

eth

eSI

IIC

repr

esen

ta—

tives

oftli

eir

piir

ties

orw

how

ere

part

of

atw

o—pe

rson

repre

senta

tiun

rsc

te7

(of

roo

MPs

)hv

11.

lue

polit

ieai

lead

erto

who

mth

esj

tuat

iofl

was

lleC

nnlL

I)g

incr

easi

nglv

unaccepta

blc

vas

Kir

lis

lilm

anis

.

who,

byan

vdef

iinti

on,

was

one

ofth

e“fo

undin

gfa

tfie

rs’

ntth

ene

wL

atvia

nta

rean

dha

dhtc

om

eth

ele

adet

ofth

eA

gra

rian

Un

ion

hyth

eea

rly

19305.

Like

Smct

ona

TrIL

ithua

nia,

Uli

nan

isha

dh

een

aee

nte

r—ri

gh

rpe

lit—

iraI

acri

vis

tim

eeth

epost

-19o5

pcri

od,

wli

enhe

Iiad

iIed

the

hara

ssm

ent

ofrs

iris

to

ffic

ials

byem

igra

ting

toth

eU

nite

dSt

ates

For a

pcri

od

ofsi

xye

ars

(r907—

19

13).

1—lis

inte

rest

theo

and

late

rIa

vin

agri

cui—

ruth

ecoi

iom

ic,

esp

ccia

lly

dair

ysc

ience

.E

ven

du

rin

ghi

sex

iie.

heconti

nucd

tepu

blis

hin

[aiv

ian

peno

diea

lson

the

suhf

rcrs

ofag

ricu

ltu

ral

iIll

pro

ver

neI

lts,

the

eoopcra

tivc

rno

ven

ien

t.an

deconom

ie

mo

detn

izatt

oit

.Se

rvin

gas

head

ofg

ev

crn

men

tduri

ng

the

war

yea

rs,

hefe

un

dan

atu

ral

hu

me

oth

eA

gra

rian

Un

ion

.th

ese

eo

nd

larg

est

Lar

vian

po

lici

cal

patt

y,

whi

chhe

repre

sente

djo

ali

of

the

four

parl

ian

ien

ts.

On

Mav

15,

1934,

Ulm

anis

and

ag

rou

pof

like—

iritn

ded

Agra

rians.

supporr

ed

hyele

men

tsof

the

mih

itar

van

dth

eA

izsa

rgi

(hoin

eg

uard

),htn

ught

ab

out

tihl

oodl

ess

Coup,

susp

uodin

gth

e

parl

iarn

eut

and

ali

pohi

tical

part

ies

Cin

clud

ing

his

ew

n),

and

aho

susp

cndin

gth

e1

92

2cen

stit

uti

on

whi

lepro

mis

ing

1)

revis

eit

late

r.

The

rnot

pro

min

en

tIe

adcr

sof

the

Soci

alD

em

ocra

tic

an

dorh

er

left

of-

cenrc

rp

att

ies,

asw

eII

aso

ther

po

ten

tial

op

po

nen

isot

the

Uim

an

is

hta

keover

wer

carr

cst

cd,

heid

inan

inte

rlil

neli

tC

cU11

tor

ab

rief

Qper

iod,

and

rhcn

reIc

scd.

Ulm

anis

,w

ho

was

theo

fift

v-s

evcn

years

old

pro

ehai

med

that

the

coun

try

weuid

hencefe

rth

he

govcrn

ed

bya

cah

inet

of

mm

iste

rschair

ed

byh

imse

lf.

In1936,

wh

eii

tiit

ttrr

no

fth

e

Sit

ting

pre

sid

eri

t.A

lber

tsK

vic

sis,

expir

ed,

Ulm

an

is:is

sum

cdth

ept

cs—

idcn

cyas

wl2h

LI:

ron_

that

pein

tunti

l1

94

0,

hehe

ldm

ore

pow

er

tiih

il

any

sin

gie

irvia

npoli

ticia

nev

erh

ad

,

Uni

ike

Lit

hiu

ania

,L

atvia

fro

m1

93

4O

flha

dn

oparl

iam

ent

of

any

kind

,o

tgan

ized

polit

ical

part

ieS

wcre

no

tp

crm

itte

cl,

and

Ulm

an

is

.1 1

Page 14: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

1C

mC

ZS

eH

is!u

ruot

the

RaI

tkS

ttes

nev

erde

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edon

his

earl

vpro

itti

seto

revis

eth

ei

2.2

Ctt

t1tj

t

and

pres

eflt

itto

dc

elee

tora

re.

His

rule

vas

pers

onal

.D

efen

dets

o

the

coup

prop

osed

that

itva

sne

ccss

itate

dby

uoup

plot

san

toto

disg

runt

led

exrr

enus

tgr

oups

this

asse

rtio

ntv

as.

inFa

et,

repo

rred

as

the

reas

onfo

rth

eco

upin

fore

ign

new

spap

ers

such

asT

heN

ewY

ork

Tim

es.

The

elai

m,

how

ever

,w

-as

apr

etc<

t;su

chpl

ots

dtd

uni

exii

\Vha

tis

mor

elik

elis

thar

Ulm

anis

had

heeo

me

Irnp

atie

ntw

irh

slow

paee

(inhi

svi

cw)

otpa

rlia

rnen

tary

perl

orm

anue

and

the

seeu

ii•

ini

elia

nsot

the

plir

ical

svst

em:

hean

dlii

sco

teri

eof

Su

pp

rto

,

coul

ddo

the

nhhe

tter

stan

ding

ahov

eth

e(r

ay.

Unm

arri

edan

d

som

ethi

ngof

anas

eetI

c,he

none

thel

ess

cani

eto

enjo

yth

eco

ltot

pers

ouia

lity

that

surr

nund

edhi

rn:

the

tirle

(f\‘

adon

is(l

eade

rcl

the

nali

on

),

the

hono

rary

doct

nrat

ebe

stnw

edup

onlim

ibv

the

Uni

ursi

RnE

Lat

via,

the

ehee

ring

crow

dsor

gani

ied

for

his

vis

ito

the

cnun

trvs

ide.

Like

Smet

oria

.U

lman

isdo

rung

the

war

yea

rsan

d

subs

equc

nclv

had

give

net

ery

sign

nEbc

ing

cem

rnitt

edte

parl

iam

en

tary

dern

ncra

cv,

and,

asin

lirh

uani

a,th

em

easu

res

hean

dhi

spe

r

sona

Hy

ho

scn

cabi

net

prm

iulg

ated

[roL

l1934

0)

194

0W

OU

ldha

ve

been

pass

edb

asi

tting

parl

iarn

eot:

expa

nsio

nnE

the

wel

fare

stat

e,

prom

otio

lieI

ecoi

ioif

licgr

owth

,su

hsid

izan

onof

agri

euitu

rean

d

indu

stri

alen

rerp

rise

.an

dcr

eati

nnoE

oli

prog

ram

Sby

the

stat

e.A

s

joL

ithtia

nia,

the

erea

tion

ofst

ate

rnnnopoll

es

was

unde

rtak

enin

part

tee’

spau

idof

heia

ldor

nan

dre

ward

Uhn

anus

’fo

l)o

wer

sw

irhsa

lari

ed

posi

tinns

.A

lso.

dete

rrni

oed

effo

rtsdin

1inis

hed

the

ccon

omie

posv

er

ni

non-

Lar

vian

stp

rinc

ipai

lyl3

altu

eC

,err

nans

and

jcw

s).

Ulm

anis

was

ana

tiona

lpr

otec

tioni

st;

tliou

ghhe

had

goud

pers

unal

rela

tioos

wirh

the

min

ority

natio

nalit

ieS,

verS

lons

ofth

esi

ogan

“Lat

via

For

the

Lat

vian

s”w

erc

inet

easi

ngly

popu

lar

amon

ghi

ssu

ppor

ters

.1l

ure

nodo

uibt

ihat

hesh

arcd

with

Smet

ona

the

view

that

the

prin

eipa

l

func

tion

nEth

est

ate

was

Enpr

otcc

tth

ein

terc

srs

nEth

eL

atin

anjn

(ti

(nat

iun)

.E

xcep

tfo

rth

eun

derg

roun

dco

rnrn

ttnls

tS,

ther

evas

rela

tivel

ylit

tleop

posi

tion

teU

lman

is’

(me-

man

tule

;th

epo

linea

lpo

lue

kept

anev

eon

pote

ntia

ltr

oubl

emak

crs.

and

the

lead

ers

ofth

eno

n

dish

ande

dpo

litic

aipa

rtie

s(it

uelu

idio

gth

eSo

cual

Der

nocr

ntS)

tok

a

wai

t—an

d-se

cat

titud

e.T

heel

aim

tliat

aco

upw

asne

cesS

ary

teor

esta

lIeX

treu

Iljs

ts

Lom

ing

tepo

wer

had

been

used

aire

ady

teju

stif

yth

eS

eii

ute

poiit

ical

pow

erin

Esto

nia

byth

esi

xtv-

ycar

-old

Kon

stan

titlp2jt

s

St,’i

tehn

odII

Itr

C)t

IiIc

dti

,nes.

,905!

940

inM

arch

1934.

Ljkc

hoth

Sin

eto

tia

auur

iU

lrna

nis.

Piits

had

also

been

gle

adin

gpoll

tic;a

iiin

Est

onia

duri

ngth

ew

orld

war

and

the

i9

2.0

s.

Ele

hcld

ala

wde

gree

(ron

uth

eU

nive

rsitv

ofT

artu

and

had

heen

actiV

ein

Est

onia

nou

rnal

;srn

tror

n1907

onw

ard.

As

am

ernh

crnf

the

Phlh

inze

este

Kou

,u(F

arrn

crs

Part

y),

heii

ifa

cilia

dsc

rved

asR

iigiv

a’ie

m(s

tate

ehde

r,te

.1

rden

ton

fivc

sepa

rate

oeca

sioi

tshe

fore

1934.

As

itha

ppen

cd,

the

argu

nien

tth

atth

eE

stun

ian

gu

yr

ernr

ncnt

was

rhre

aren

cdh

the

exrr

eme

righ

twas

plau

sibl

e,be

caiu

scan

ort

anh/a

tinn

cahl

edF

esti

Va/

md!

,s15

!ala

ste

Lii!

(Cen

tra.

I1c

;igiu

c

cfV

ercr

ans

ofth

eF,

ston

ian

lndc

pend

euee

\Var

s),

lcd

hya

law

ur

nam

edA

rtur

Sirk

(i9oc,—

T93-7

).ha

dbu

eem

ea

pow

crhu

lfo

ree

inE

ston

ian

polin

esby

the

earl

v19

3os.

Ifor

gani

zcil

asa

bena

lide

polit

ical

part

y,it

tvou

ldha

veha

dco

nsid

erab

leel

eeto

ral

supp

ort.

As

the

nam

esu

gges

rs,

the

Lea

gue

bega

nas

avete

rans

orga

niza

tion

,bu

tla

ter

opcn

edrn

einb

crsh

ipte

ali

who

supp

ortc

dits

idea

s.T

henu

rwar

dtr

appi

ngs

ofits

inem

bcrs

—be

rets

and

arni

band

i,Na

zu—

type

salu

res

—re

scni

bled

thos

cuI

the

fasc

isr

mo

vern

ciu

rsof

wes

tern

Eur

ope.

Itsid

eolo

g,

thou

ghou

ncw

Iiar

uiif

ocus

ed,

cont

ainc

dla

rge

dose

sof

extr

cme

natio

nalu

sm,

anti-

iVla

rxis

m,

ann-

Scm

irts

ni,

and

the

lead

ersh

ipcu

lt.W

heth

erth

ele

ague

cool

dha

ve“t

aken

ov

er’

the

gove

rnm

ent

isde

hata

hle,

hur

Fsto

nia

had

alrc

ady

expe

rien

ced

One

seri

ons

coup

atte

mpt

hyth

eC

onim

unis

rPa

rty

in1924.

Päts

’co

upv%

asno

tas

hlat

antly

;inti—

eons

titut

iona

lan

dan

tipa

rlia

men

tarv

asrh

atot

Uln

uani

sin

l.atv

iath

ree

rnon

ths

late

r.In

7935,

the

Est

onia

tipa

riia

inen

rha

dac

cept

eda

new

cons

titu

tioi

i(r

evis

ing

the

one

adop

tcd

ii1

92

0).

whi

chen

hanc

edsu

hsta

ntia

Heth

epo

wer

sof

the

head

ofst

are

(the

stat

eeh

der)

and

redu

eed

the

parh

iam

cnt

bylia

lf)f

rom

aliu

ndre

dtn

iifty

inei

nber

s). T

heL

eagu

eof

Vct

cran

sar

this

poin

ren

tere

dE

ston

ian

polit

ics

asa

full-

tlcdg

cdpo

litie

alpa

rty

and

won

impr

essi

vevi

etor

ies

iii

the

urba

nel

ueno

nsO

fJan

uarv

1934

iiiT

allii

tisan

dla

rtu,

Kee

puiig

upth

epr

essu

re,

the

Lca

guc

push

cdfo

rwar

dth

eoow

nca

ndid

atc

—G

ener

alA

ndre

sL

atk

a(i

87

9—

79

43

)—

for

the

posi

tion

nEhe

adof

stat

e,an

dL

arka

Seen

ied

head

edfo

rvt

etor

v.P

ts—

who

was

aetin

gpr

csid

ent

—

mov

edto

prev

cnt

this

hydc

ciar

ing

mar

tial

law

.ap

poin

ting

Gen

eral

Joha

nL

aido

ner

(188

4—1

93

)as

eorn

nian

der—

in—

ehie

fnE

thar

rned

fore

es,

arrc

stin

gso

me

(our

hund

red

mem

bcrs

oFth

eI—

Cagu

e,an

dcl

osin

gal

InE

jtsIo

cal

and

natu

ona

1of

iice

s.1

eagu

e

1

Page 15: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

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the

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[or

the

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sw

ere

abohsh

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stea

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the

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giie

)as

rea}

or

the

purp

ose

otpr

omut

ngna

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alnn

itv

and

ensu

ril,e

the

stah

ilit

vo

the

stat

e.iv

cont

rasr

roth

eU

inia

nis

rciz

jme,

Pje,h,

1i

and

iiost

ofhi

ssu

ppor

ters

rem

aine

dat

trac

ted

toth

eid

ea

sntu

tion

alis

man

dpa

rham

enta

rism

.A

new

cns

tttt

itio

iis

is

innl

gate

dII

19t7

,an

uel

eetio

nsw

cre

held

For

aiso

-h,i

mher

pari

iain

ent.

Inth

epa

rlia

men

tary

elec

tion

ofFe

hrua

rs

Pit

sre

gim

e,ho

wcv

er.

lorh

ade

acri

viti

cshy

ali

poht

a.aI

par

tioF

the

pre—

i93

4ve

ars;

nsp

iteol

this

.hi

suw

nm

ovem

ent,

the

Nai

iuiia

i

Fro

nt,

whi

chw

ascr

eate

dto

rth

eoc

casi

on,

\VO

fl;1

veak

vie—

tOI)

.M

anip

ulat

ing

the

new

cons

ntut

nman

da

rcla

tivel

vco

tnph

ant

parl

iarn

enr,

Päts

brou

ghr

abou

thi

s(I

SV

IIel

eeti

onas

esi

ii’

in

Apr

iic

8.lh

ough

Fsto

nia

onth

esu

rtac

ew

asno

w.1

parh

ale

o

tarv

dern

ocra

cvw

ith

clec

tion

s,Pd

tseo

ntin

ued

toac

tII

aoau

iiior

—

itar

ian

fash

ion.

The

reco

nld

heno

mis

iinder

stan

dtn

gbour

vher

e

the

reni

pnw

erIa

vin

the

pcili

tical

syst

em.

Ry

s[av

in;

8,Pa

tsle

it

seeu

reen

ough

inhi

spr

csid

ency

tuam

nest

yne

arlv

ali

(11

his

pollr

ieal

oppo

ncnt

s—theLeague

o[V

eter

ans

prir

nari

ly.

assv

ella

ihe

enin

mim

ists

.Ev

enth

ough

Pars

svas

asso

eiar

cdpn

htic

ailv

with

the

eiu

se

ot

the

Est

onia

tiLa

rmer

s,10

19

4he

bega

nto

prom

uigi

telt

dl

pulic

ies

mca

ntto

uinu

ierg

irdov

erai

lec

onom

iede

veiu

pmen

i:i’

tUll

O

till

of

indu

stri

algr

owth

thro

ugh

stat

em

onop

olie

s,e0nti

flU

.iH

(ot

the

ugra

rian

refnii

iis

star

ted

inth

e9z

9s.

expa

nsio

nof

the

espo

ri

rrade,

and

cpan

sion

ot

the

educ

atio

nal

syst

eman

drIeelC

stat

e.Si

nce

Pats

and

his

patt

yha

dhe

enin

strr

nnen

tal

siin

ilar

pohci

esIi

ith

eve

ars

hefo

rei94.

his

luru

hnw

1111

0111

1w

asm

cant

inor

eto

paci

tyth

eE

ston

iri

poht

ital

dnna

lil

rhan

toim

tiate

anv

mai

ortU

rn5

inth

e%

flei

OC

CO

flntn

JCre

nim

.s1

itor

ttY

nati

onah

ties

(pri

neip

ally

the

Rai

neG

erm

ansl

wer

c00t

1

eonc

ern

for

Pit

s,ee

tith

ouih

duri

ngth

ecra

ntst

iene

ere

at

srre

ssw

aspl

aced

onrh

idea

1n[

nati

onal

tinit

and

t1ul1

I

jote

tta

Ilon.

01

trO

L1I

ll’d

fI”k’.

1905—

(940

319

Each

ntth

ei

mer

iS

inet

ona

Ulm

a(li

s,ii

idP

it—inhis nwr(

way

thou

ght

othi

nise

ifas

stee

rim

am

iddl

eco

urse

and

doin

gha

tde

with

“extr

ernis

ts”

on

the

right

and

the

ieft

.P

oth

ediv

er

righ

tists

iiirh

eir

coL

lfltr

iCs,

thev

WC

rCa

dis

appu(n

tnie

T1t.

$t_

10

fl

1ha

dni

svni

path

y11

0

the

kind

ofC

LII

ispi

i-ar

orja

ith

uiki

ngth

atport

raved

mli

nir

iry

nati

onal

ities

(esp

ecia

livJe

ws)

asth

ero

otnf

ali e

vil

Ulm

anis

trea

ted

the

larv

ian

p&ko

nkru

sts

11hu

nder

cros

sjnr

garl

lzar

ion

—a

gro

upii

igat

Ieas

ttI

lit

vard

llha

ving

the

trap

ping

sof

Ital

ian

fasc

isin

and

Ger

nia

nN

aZIS

m—

ashe

did

ali

trouble

soii

iepote

nti

a1 r

ivai

s,hy

initi

alk

iillp

riso

ning

rhei

n

and

then

inar

gina

liii

iii

rhem

pnli

tica

ilv.

Pit

s’go

ernm

enr

inE

stonja

ust

ilie

dit

sau

thor

itari

ariis

rnhv

crac

kin

rduw

uin

the

Lea

gue

ofV

eter

ans

and

bvex

peih

ngm

emhe

rsoF

the

l .ea

gue

fror

nal

inat

ional

and

ioca

iA

lirh

ree

pre

siden

rsvie

wed

eom

inunjs

tsli

Spote

n

tiaiiy

aH

fthco

iwni

iposs

hiv

iii

serv

ice

toth

eSo

viet

Uni

onan

dtr

eatc

d

then

iaC

cord

inti

s,an

dal

itl

ire

dis

daj

ned

ideo

loti

es—stich as tho

se

ofth

eS

ocia

lD

emnc

rats

—that plaecdth

eIr

ueio

vai

tvof

indust

rial

Iaho

rets

joth

ese

rvic

eoF

sorn

eki

ndof

inte

rnat

ion’i

ijsm

rath

erti

lan

the

cause

ot

the

iili

tinii

.T

hei

rL

isti

Caii

on

for

snsp

encl

ing

or

wea

ken

ing

Cofl

stutj

onll

hsf

lian

dpari

lam

ell

tllr

;sol

svas

that

thes

e“in

.str

um

ents

”

govcrn

ment

had

eeas

edto

serv

eth

epu

rpos

esof

the

nari

on;

to

enera

rest

ich

irls

trum

ents

‘vas

sim

piv

robc

nvdo

wn

toF

ori

iiah

srn;

what

the

thre

eC

oU

fltr

jenee

ded

wer

cS

trong

Iead

ers

who

ret;

iined

the

uri

gin

i1 v

isio

nof

the

indep

enden

eew

ars

,na

niel

v,C

(}iiC

Ctjl

Cac

tion

On

beha

lfi)

fth

epeo

ple

who

sefla

mes

the

thre

eC

oU

ntn

es

bore

.

1S

I1(l

lLt’

jc,

a;A

INS

rIII

11(1

0,

Itisitii

tiiat

the

post

war

turm

oji i

nw

hich

Latv

ia5,

and

Lit

hujn

j115

set,e

dth

eO

pport

unjt

vof

esta

hli

shng

independent

C0Q

flj

ais

ogase

rise

tnat

iin

tern

ltio

zia

Ico

ntex

ttli

atif

lcre

asil

lgiy

beca

mde

cide

cjiy

inhosp

itahle

tosm

all

siale

s,esp

ecta

i]v

inth

eE

ltope

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st. T

hi

5w

asnot

suppose

dto

happ

en.

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post

war

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tie

5an

dth

ete

ague

oFN

atio

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ere

supp

osed

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tura

teli

lter

stat

erc

iati

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wit

hpr

inci

pies

01ii

tern

ati

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1 law

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settI

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ori

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eni

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015

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stem

afre

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ng

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dre

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,E

stonja

Lat

vii,

and

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inre

don

SUC

11pro

teetj

ons

endt

irin

g.In

stea

d,

bvth

e

li ii i’I ‘1

b ir

Page 16: 94(1 1.1 8, 90 Baltic States...A Cmrcise Hist >r uf the Iialtic States prndiiet uI the overheated hope ot tiHv ninurities of puiitj act ViStS; those who joined ui the deciaratiuns

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-

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oved

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than

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