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CALL # Hbward H. Tidd

XLI 37-102 1033942

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GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY OF THS CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST

" OF LATTER-DAY SAiNTS

57090

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Martin Tidd, progenitor of the

Kinsman-Williamsfield-Columbiana-Roundhead Tidds.

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James Tidd, progenitor of the

Niles-Vienna Tidds

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111

This book is dedicated to my Wife; for, without her constant help and en­couragement, it could not have been pos­sible.

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iv

Foreword

Seldom do family groups gather for reunions or visitation with­out questions arising pertaining to family background or references made to ancestral anecdotes. Sometimes friendly arguments develop as to origins; while these may be entertaining they are not particularly enlightening. For some time the writer has felt that a study ought to be made that would gather all possible information relative to the family background, and present it in an historical setting. The idea of accumulating current information was a natural sequence. Every reasonable effort has been made to obtain information relative to each phase of the problem. It is obvious that when pertinent information is not forthcoming, it cannot be presented; hence, the current history is at times impaired.

However, an amazing amount of material is accessible which furnishes opportunity for us to become well acquainted with our history. The reader will find that considerable attention has been given to the early settlement of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. This is necessary in order that an understanding be had concerning the first early migrations from the colonies and how they worked their way westward. The history of the Tidds is directly involved in these early migrations.

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Acknowledgments Certainly the first expression of thanks must be made to the

many persons who have sent the many letters containing information ft of the several branches of the family, without which Part Two could

not have been written*

Acknowledgment is made of the help given by the many libraries • in which research has been carried on; especially is this true of the staff

of the History department of the Cleveland Public Library, as well as the staff of the Western Reserve Historical Society Library in Cleve­land.

* Individual thanks are expressed to Mrs. Simons of the Kinsman Library, who made available so many sources of information of a strictly local nature.

f- Acknowledgment is made of the information received from Arthur W. Tidd of New York, who has spent years in his search for data per­taining to the Tidd family.

Special acknowledgment of appreciation is made to Paul A. Tidd of Roundhead, Ohio, for the many items of information that he found.

Thanks .are expressed to all other persons who have given advice, and have constructively criticized the manuscript.

ft Last, but not least, thanks are extended to the typist who has

transcribed the sheets of longhand into typewritten form.

On behalf of the entire Tidd family, an expression of appreciation must be made to all, who, by their Patronship and contributions have made this book possible from a financial standpoint.

. H. T.

VI

Pa&t&u

for the full amount of fifty dollars each:

Tracy Tidd

Raymond I. Tidd

Harold E. Tidd

Samuel H. Tidd

Harland O. Tidd

Hannon O. Tidd

Thressa L. Tidd Bartlett a

James W. Tidd

Dorothy Tidd Tanner

Mildred Tidd Andis

Alley A. Burr

Lenore Stanford Floyd

Lee C. Underwood, Sr.

Bemice Tidd Morrow

Albert T. Morrow

Ina Hoover Tholl

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John Tidd b. 1600 or <L 1650 Hertford England M.lat Margaret *L 1651

M.2nd Alice

M W. Savell

Samuel H

Elizabeth M

Th. Puller

Mary M

F . Kendall

John M

R. Wood

Joeeph

(David Tidd b o m about 1675

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Jaeob Tidd bom about 1688

2nd Wife

Benjamin b 1700 d 1756

John b 1708 d 1756

H Olive Martin

William

Peter

James

Henry b 1740

b 1742 < d 1818

i

John Corpl (Bev Away) b 1746 d 1833

Benjamin J r . b 1725

eight other children d 1755

Martin Tidd I b 1789 d 1820'a

John moved to Ohio b 1740 Olive h 1742

{William Coip l ) (Rev. Army) b 1740 Hia eon William. J r . moved t o Ohio

{

{

.

Bobert

Charles

Elizabeth b 1765

{James Tidd I b 1776 moved to Ohio

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f Ann Tidd b 1765

John David

m John W-

John Tidd b 1772 d 1804 Never married

Sarah Tidd b 1774 d 1851 m James Hill

Martin Tidd I b 1739 d 1820V Born in Penna, Died in Kinsman Ohio Tn Betsy Marvin

Samuel b 1779 d 1851 m. Rebecca Hill

Charles Tidd b 1782 m Rachel

Betsy Tidd b 1785 m Robert

Martin James Nancy Sarah Rosanna John Samue! Mary

Margaret

Mary Elizabeth Sally

Martin Nancy Charles Jane

i i children Charles Martin

4

James David Samuel Martin Sally Susan

Martin Tidd II b 1789 d 1837 m Deborah Blackburn (See next page)

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Martin Tidd H I b 1818 d 1897

John b 1819

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Martin Tidd I I b 1789 d 1837 m Deborah Blackburn b 1800 d 1860

Mary b 1821

Charles b 1823 d 1852

Leonard b 1825 d 1893

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Nancy b 1827

1 d 1906

Albert

Alvin

James M* John W. Ebenezer Charles L* Harmon C. Ezra L. Alvin A* Olive M. Albert A*

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Lucy Maude Harmon John Les te r

Pe te r Abigail aAlvm .Loan da J a n e Sherman

C. Wayland Carleton Homer Llewellyn BUss Leonard

John Zina Orin C Willard Alvin

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Alice Ella Ulysses Avery

Sarah E.

J , Lyman b 1832 d 1918

Annet ta EUet E Huber Lucy Bede

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Olive b 1836 d 1851

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James Tidd I b 1775 Hunterdon County N . J* Married 1796 Sarah Allen

of Pennsylvania

f Sarah Tidd b 1822 m Carleton

< Jame* Tidd II b 1797 d 1876 Married Sarah d 1874

<

Mary Ann Tidd b 1825 m Charles Andrews

J , Mervin Tidd b 1827 m Lucy Swagger

George Tidd b i

James Hillman Tidd b 1831 d 1914 m Elizabeth Hammil b 1835 d 1927

.Artemus A-Tidd b 1834 d 1917 m Syrenna

L Wilmont

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Polly Tidd b 1799 Married June 16. 1817

^ John Draper

James Andrews Reed Andrews Flora Andrews

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Henry Tidd Marvin Tidd Eugene Tidd Wm, Tidd Twins Cornelius Tidd

{ Hi Hillman Tidd

Charles Tidd Frank Tidd Jesse Tidd Josephine Tidd Net t ie Tidd Edith Tidd Ella Tidd

George Tidd Addie Tidd Ransom Tidd Ruby Tidd Florence Tidd *

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ft Bibliography

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General and State Historical Material A History of Great Britain, By H. Robinson; Historical Collections

of Pennsylvania, By Sherman Day; The Making of Pennsylvania, By Sydney G* Fisher; Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania 2 Vols., By Thomaa Montgomery; Smith's History of New Jersey, By Samuel Smith; Colonial History of New Jersey, By Donald Kemmerer.

Regional Histories The Valley of The Delaware, By John Garber; History of the

Lackawanna Valley, By H. Hollister; History of Wyoming, By Will­iam L. Stone; History of the Wyoming Valley, By Isaac Chapman; A History of Wilkes-Barre and The Wyoming Valley, By Oscar Harvey; "The Olden Time, Information Relative to the Early Settlements around the Head of the Ohio. 2 Vols., By Neville B. Craig; Ohio And Her Western Reserve, By Alfred Mathews; Historical Collections of the Mahoning Valley, pub. by Mahoning Valley Historical Society; Early History of Cleveland, including original papers relating to the Adjacent Country, By Col. Charles Whittlesy; History of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley, By Joseph G. Butler Jr.

County and Local Histories History of the County of Westmoreland, Pa., By Albert; History

of Trumbull and Mahoning Counties 2 Vols., By H. Z. Williams; Hist­ory of Trumbull County, Ohio 2" Vols., By H. T, Upton; The History of Champaign and Logan Counties, By Joshua Antrim; The History of Hardin County, By Beers; A farm House and Those Who Lived in It. Vol 2, John Christy, By Bayard Henderson Christy; "Old Dans-bury and The Moravian Mission", By R. R. Hillman.

Journals and Diaries Journal of Dr. Peter Allen, Kinsman, Ohio; Narratives of The

Early Delaware Valley, By Albert Myers; Journal, Kept by Capt. Van Etten in Command of Ft. Hamilton and Ft, Hyndshaw on the Delaware; Fragments of the Haskin Diary, Episodes of Frontier Life on the Delaware River.

Official Publications including Court Records, Census reports. Rosters.

U. S. Census Records 1790-1830 for states, Mass., Conn., New York, Pa., New Jersey, Maryland, and Ohio; Official Roster of Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Rev. War; Roster of Revolutionary War Veterans who lived in Ohio; Roster of Revolutionary War Veterans Buried in Ohio; New Jersey Archives, Series 1-3; Pennsylvania Archives, Series 1-5; Vital Records of New Jersey 3 Vols.; The Sus-quehannah Company Papers 4 Vols., Ed. By Julian P. Boyd; Ashtabula County Probate Court Records, Jefferson, Ohio; Trumbull County Court Records, Warren, Ohio; Mahoning County Probate Court Records, Youngstown, Ohio; Vital Statistics Records of Trumbull County, Ohio.

Genealogies and Genealogical Histories History of Lexington, Mass., with Genealogies 2 Vols.; The Bas-

sett-Prescott -Ancestry, By B. Preston; History of Cambridge, Mass., with Genealogical Register, By Lucius R. Paige; History of the Town of Lexington, Mass., with Genealogies 2 Vols., By Charles Hudson;

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History of Wobum, Mass., with Genealogical Notices 1640-1860, By Samuel Sewell; Farmers' Registry of First Settlers of New England, ft By J. Farmer; Dawes-Gates Ancestral Lines 2 Vols., By Ferris Genealogies and Estates of Charlestown, Mass., By T. B. Wyman; Colonial Families of the United States; By George Mackenzie; The Story of the Tidd Family of Woburn, Mass. 1625-1915, By Edward F. Johnson; The New England Ancestory of Dana Converse Backus # comp. and pub. By Mary £. N. Backus 1949; Genealogical Notes, By Henry R. Baldwin.

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A"Wtotontf *itfa lidcU*iOfa&

Part i

Historically

Part H

Currently

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Parti

Undaunted by the stories of hardship and suffering en­dured by the men and women who had chosen to go to the colonies in the "New World", there continued to be an ever-increasing number eager to make the change from

• what might be considered the safety of known ways of life to the known perils which surely awaited them, once the transition had been made. It was no secret that a large

^ portion of the settlers in Jamestown, Virginia had fallen victims to the "starving time"; while the only attempt made by the Plymouth Company to colonize had met with miser­able failure in 1607 on the Kennebec River. A single winter of disease and starvation was enough to reduce the colony

t by half and send the survivors back to England with "their former hopes frozen to death." "What, then, could have been the motivations responsible for the "ever-increasing number" to risk their lives in this determined effort to seek new homes across the sea ? Whatever the motives, we

• can recognize that they were fundamental, and positive, and powerful. Among the problems faced by the people of that day, that of making a living was becoming more dif­ficult.

• The farmers were in distress because of higher rents and taxes. Due to the Enclosure Acts large tracts of land were being converted into sheep pastures. One result of the rapid expansion of weaving in Flanders was the unusual demand for English wool. A small number of men could care for a large acreage of pasture and flocks of sheep; thus, many families were evicted from the land which had formerly furnished them employment. We read in Queen Elizabeth's day of the great "increase in idle rogues and

« beggars", and of the attempt to relieve them by the so-called "poor laws". The people resented being treated as objects of charity. If the Lords of Wool were to be allowed to monopolize the acres of England, there were broader lands beckoning from beyond the Atlantic. The plight of

• the townspeople was no less miserable. Higher taxes and higher prices, with fewer jobs because of the competition of the people from the rural sections, made the outlook dark indeed; they, too, turned to the opportunities promised

•• by colonization. In addition to the economic reasons for unrest, many

people were beginning to feel the harsh effects of a Relig­ious persecution entirely new in England. There was wide-

spread acceptance among the middle-class people of the Protestant doctrine of the individual's responsibility to God < alone for his religion. Determined resistance to any form of coersion within this religious province was increasingly demonstrated by many persons.

We find that the religious life of England at that time i was dominated by the Anglican Church, which was the State Church established by law. This was, and had been for nearly a century, Protestant in philosophy and concept. However, there had been developing for some time within the English Church certain groups at variance with accept- ft ed procedures; and disagreeing wih certain forms and ceremonies as being to "popish". One group, quite moderate in their protests, were known as Puritans. They had no desire to leave the Established Church, but did object to the ' wearing of vestments, such as the surplice and the cope, and to the idea that the clergy have distinctive dress when outside of church. The Puritans merely wished to "purify** the church of its "Romish leanings". Continued agitation pertaining to these objections finally led to the passage of • the "Act of Uniformity" which laid a fine on anyone refus­ing to attend church; and ministers found in agreement with these Puritan ideas were punished. Puritans willing to obey the Act were called "Conformists"; those refusing g to obey became '^Non-Conformists", and upon these the ire of the King later descended.

A group of intellectual men, who actually did not want to conform but wished to work out a peaceful solution, met the new king, James I with what was called the Millenary Petition, so-called because it was claimed to have been signed by one thousand ministers of the Church. This oc­cured in 1603. During the following year the King called into session the Hampton Court Conference for the sole f purpose of considering the Petition. Under the influence of the Bishops, and fearful of admitting a wedge into the Established Church that might smack of Presbyterianism, he refused to grant the tenets of this Petition and openly declared, "I will make them confonn, or else I will harry them out of the land, or else do worse". The plight of the Non-Conformists soon became unbearable; for the King, true to his word, began a program of persecution which left the group little choice—either conform or suffer the t consequences. James I had no intention of actually driving anyone out of England, but he did intend that these people would bow to his imperial will and obey his edicts even though harsh measures might have to be employed. The ft moderates, and those of a lesser caliber, chose to conform; however, those considering it a moral issue with important principles at stake took the extreme position and refused to

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ft comply. They became known as Separatists, and began to look for a place of refuge. The only place on the Continent where men were not persecuted for their religious beliefs was Holland. In the year 1608 about a hundred Separatists fled to Holland; still these exiles were not entirely happy

• in their new homes despite the fact that they were un­molested from the standpoint of religious worship. They referred to themselves as "pilgrims and strangers, long­ing for a home under the English flag". The new land of America beckoned; but they had neither money nor friends

• at court. In time, however, they secured permission to settle within the Virginia Company's territory, and found some financial backing by London merchants. Therefore, in

g 1620, the Mayflower, with thirty-five "pilgrims" and near­ly twice that number who were not Separatists, s.ailed for the New World. The story of their landing and settlement at Plymouth is common knowledge to all. This colony, which never became large, established a pattern however,

• that was followed by the important colony of Massachusetts in which we are vitally interested.

A group of merchants, some ministers, and others, mostly Puritans, formed the New England Company in 1628, and obtained from the old Council for New England

• a grant of land with certain boundaries, and immediately sent about forty men who settled at Salem. The next spring this Company secured a charter from King Charles I grant­ing the right of settlement and self-government within cer-

• tain specified limits; the charter also designated the name to become the Company of Massachusetts Bay. A dozen influential members of the company prepared to move to the new settlement with their families and all of their be­longings, thus transferring the actual control of the com­pany to the colony rather than allowing the control to re­main in London. This plan was accepted in the famous Cambridge Agreement; consequently the following year, 1630, the controlling body, with over one thousand persons under the leadership of Governor John Winthrop, crossed the Atlantic and settled on the site of the present dty of Boston. The Puritan character of the colony was manifested in several ways: only freemen had voting privileges and only members of a Puritan church were recognized as "freemen"; these represented about one-fifth of the popu­lation. The remaining four-fifths of the inhabitants, called "mutes", might live in the colony as long as they did not resist "Church Authority" although they were taxed for the support of the churches along with the regular church members.

Continued persecution of the Puritans in England under Charles I, together with heavy taxes, sent greater

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numbers to the colonies every year. Particularly was this true during the troubled years of the "Personal Rule with­out Parliament" of Charles I. During the 1630's two hun­dred ships carrying nearly twenty thousand colonists with their belonging and supplies, came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony making it the richest and the strongest of any of the early English settlements. While it is true that the desire for religious freedom figured prominently among the causes which led to colonization; nevertheless, it must be recognized that large numbers of people came to these shores seeking opportunities to establish homes and make their living unfettered by the conflicts and restrictions of Stuart Kings, The building of houses, and the clearing of land for the growing of crops was fundamental. Soon ship­building and fishing became important enterprises together with fur-trading. Within seven years of their landing, the Plymouth Colony was able to take up the debt which they owed to the London merchants. This was made possible through the profits in fur-trading and fishing. While con­stant vigilance had to be exercised to prevent surprise at­tacks from the Indians, no full-scale war was waged by the natives until the ferocious uprising of the Narragansct Indians, known as King Philip's War, wiped out many of the unprotected settlements. Life in the sea-coast towns, particularly in Boston, rather quickly took on the well-ordered routine of daily living. There was work for all, and, under the stem discipline of the Puritan controlled society, all were working. Thus it was when in 1637 we find the Tidds in Charleston going about their daily work with the others.

Several geneologies, including historical geneologies, contain information relative to the early Tidd families of Massachusetts. (It might be well to state here that not the slightest trace of any other immigration of Tidds has been found anywhere in any of the early colonies.) No single genealogy contains all of the names of the earliest Tidd family; however a compilation of the genealogies gives us, as nearly as possible, a complete and accurate account. Thus, it is found that in the year 1637 a certain John Tidd and family were living in Charlestown of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Whether or not this is the exact year of his immigration is not important. Related incidents have led historians to accept 1637 as the year of his settlement in the colony; at least, it is known that he was living in Charles­town at that time. In his will, probated several years later, he identifies himself as "being a tailor". His former place of residence is given as Hertford, England. Upon making application he was admitted to ehurch membership on March 10, 1639 in Charlestown; whieh fact lends credence

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to the acceptance that John Tidd was established as a worthwhile and dependable citizen, because church mem­bership was not extended to persons until a reasonable period of "testing" had proved the applicant's qualifica­tions conformed to the rigid church requirements. An in­teresting point shows up here in the record—Joshua Tidd, a presumed brother of John Tidd was also admitted to church membership on March 10, 1639.

On April 23, 1638, the Charlestown Proprietors had land laid out to them "on Mystic side" toward what later became Maiden, and at that time John Tidd received lot No. 86 on the basis of a taxable estate of £10/20s, while Joshua Tidd received lot No. 74 on the basis of a taxable estate of £5/15s. Neither one removed to that locality.

A few words will suffice relative to Joshua Tidd, for, according to all geneologies, he did not figure prominently in establishing a direct perpetuating line. His wife, Sarah, died in 1677, He soon married a woman named Rhoda; however, this marriage did not last long for he died in 1678 at the age of 71, Thus his date of birth stands as 1607, which fits nicely into the picture as being a brother of John Tidd, Joshua became quite prosperous; the record shows that he owned a small vessel for the purpose of fur trading, several pieces of land, and a salt-house for the curing of fish.

As time went on, John acquired eight pieces of land in Charlestown, as well as one and % "cow commons",

• having purchased the % portion. The pieces of land varied in size from one acre to several acres. He must have be­come fairly prosperous for, when Thomas Moulton was re­moving to "mystic side", John was able to purchase the

i Moulton home in Charlestown. In May, 1640, Charlestown petitioned the General

Court for additional land which was granted, and in Decem­ber, 1640, thirty two men who planned to settle on it, signed the "Town Orders" as original proprietors of what

• in 1642 was named Wobum. John Tidd and Francis Kendall were among the signers and they soon removed to the new location where land must be cleared, houses built, and the whole process of pioneering gone through with once more.

t John Tidd lived in this place the remainder of his life. He was made sergeant of the training band in Wobura in 1643 and again in 1646, becoming the "first citizen of Woburn named by a military title in the records". The earliest extant tax list shows that he was taxed for the

* "country rate" (colony tax) in 1645. He was, in the same year, chosen "surveyor of fences", an important position in a pioneer locality. In 1646 he had the task of "ringing the bell for church and town meetings", for which service the

A

town "owed" him £l/10s. In 1647 he helped collect the local taxes, and later served as "Commissioner for the Country Rate". All information points to the conclusion that John Tidd was a prominent and respected citizen of Wo­burn ; and that he was fairly prosperous is evidenced by the fact that at his death in 1656 his net worth was appraised at £163, no mean sum for that early period.

One item of considerable interest portraying his mettle and courage appears in 1653, when, with others, he signed a petition to the General Court which dared to express an opinion entirely divergent from a ruling of that body. That petition has throughout the years been called the "Wobura Memorial for Christian Liberty", and they who signed it were dubbed "the bold petitioners".

John Tidd was born in or before 1600, His children were all bora before his coming to the colony of Massachus­etts. His wife was named Margaret, and the following were their children, although possibly not listed in the proper chronological order: Hannah, Samuel, Elizabeth, Mary, John, Joseph, and James.

John Tidd's wife, Margaret, died in Woburn in 1651; later he married Alice, who out-lived him and was men­tioned in his will. His daughter Hannah, married William Savell in 1641; to this union were born four children: John, Samuel, Benjamin, and Hannah. His daughter Mary, married Francis Kendall in 1644; to them at least one child was born, named John Kendall, His daughter Elizabeth, married Thomas Fuller in 1643; to them at least one child f was born, named Thomas Fuller. John Tidd's son, Samuel, married and to them was born a daughter. John Tidd's son, John, was bora in England in 1625, and in 1650 he married Rebecca Wood in Woburn, where he resided for several years. Later he removed to Lexington, known early as "Cambridge Farms*'. To John and Rebecca were born eight children: Hannah, John, Mary, Samuel, James, Joseph, Rebecca, and Daniel. As to John Tidd's son Joseph, and son James, there is no further genealogical record. Neither son was mentioned in the father's will. It is thought possible that each son might have been given a portion directly by the father before his death; or that distance or other causes had so separated them that their whereabouts was unknown. There is no record that either son ever lived in Wobura again.

On April 9, 1656 John Tidd made his will, and on April 24 of the same year, he died. The will was proved on November 10, 1656, by Thomas Danforth, Recorder. (Only the pertinent items will be reconstructed).

"I, John Tidd, senior, of Wobura Town, in the County of Middlesex, Tailor, being in good and perfect memory—

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bequeath to my beloved wife Alice the house wherein I now dwell together with the orchard and land thereunto belonging—until the day of her death or six years after her next marriage, providing it be kept in good repair, and then to come and remain to my three grandchildren Ben­jamin Savell, Hannah Savell, and my son Samuel's daughter, equal between them.

Item - I give to my (other) two grandchildren, John Savell, and Samuel Savell, twenty shillings to either of them.

Item - 1 , John, do give to my son John the value of £5 to be paid within two years of my decease—It is further my will that my son (in-law) Savell shall keep the portions bequeathed to my grandchildren till they become of age as well as my son Samuel's daughter, as his own.

Item - I give to my two grandchildren, Thomas Fuller and John Kendall, sixteen acres of land lately purchased of Thomas Chamberlain equally to be divided between them, and one parcel of meadow lying in Step Rock to be divided between them also".

Attached was a copy of appraisment made in July, 1656. "An Investory of the lands, goods, chattels late belonging to "Sargeant" John Tidd of Wobura. Total value £163. duly signed - Edward John, John Monsall, Samuel Walker, duly recorded - Thomas Danforth, Record­er".

It is apparent from the foregoing will that Samuel • Tidd had died prior to the death of John Tidd. A search of

records has revealed two very important pieces of informa­tion. (1) That under date of August 26, 1650, a grant of land was made to Samuel Tidd. (2) The following "testa-

• mentary paper" probably written by his wife, but was en­dorsed by the Court as "Samuel Tidd's Will, 1651". "Samuel Tidd upon his death bed did wish and desire me to give unto his three brethern, to each of them, one of his suights (suits) and the rest of his estate I to have to myself. Thiis

• my husband spoke the day of his death being in perfect memory and understanding. The mark of Samuel Tidd Accepted by the Court".

The great importance of this "testamentary paper" » is as follows: (1) If John Tidd gave to son Samuel a grant

of land six years before his death, it is reasonable to sup­pose that he, John, might have settled some portion of his belongings on his other sons, Joseph and James; hence it would not have been necessary to have named them in his will. In other words, the fact that Joseph and James were not mentioned in the will does not in any way prove that they did not exist. (2) If further evidence is necessary to prove the existence of Joseph and James as sons of John

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Tidd, let us again look to the "testamentary paper" which was accepted by the Court as "Samuel Tidd's Will, 1651". In it we read "Samuel Tidd upon his death bed did wish and desire me to give unto his three brethern, to each of them, one of his suights (suits)". Turning to the list of children of John Tidd we find the following names: John, Samuel, Joseph, and James. Taking into consideration the fact that we are critically appraising the will of Samuel Tidd, it becomes very obvious that his intenton was to give to John, to Joseph, and to James, each, one of his suits.

A cursory reading of the geneologies dealing with the early Tidds could easily lead to confusion and misunder­standing as it has so obviously done in the past. Historians, hunting for the beginnings of the early familes of New England, and elsewhere, often jump to conelusons without having made a thorough and critical examination of the material and information available. Sometimes the infor­mation is so confusing and meager that the most astute searcher becomes guilty of precipitance. When others try to build upon their faulty premise, the result is often a com­plete distortion of the facts. This has been the case whereby certain conclusions drawn and perpetuated by careless or incompetent persons has caused considerable misunder­standing when read in the Tidd geneologies.

An item of information appeared at one time concern­ing a John Tidd, 19 years of age, who was a servant (in­dentured) of Samuel Greenfield of Norwich. Said John Tidd sailed from Yarmouth, England May 12, 1637, land­ing in Charlestown, Massachusetts the same year. Informa­tion was also accessable that a John Tidd joined the church in 1639 in Charlestown, Mass. Also that a John Tidd signed the "Town orders" in 1640 which brought into being the town of Woburn. The avid, though precocious, historian finding so many John Tidds in the same general area and at about the same time, jumped to the conclusion that they were one and the same person. But when he tried to arrange them geneologically and chronologically, he ran into the following difficulties—how could he correlate the fact that in one case John Tidd had three daughters, all marrying between the years 1641 and 1644, with the fact that in the other case, John Tidd, age 19, sailed from Yar­mouth, England in 1637. Obviously there was no possible correlation. Therefore this unscientific researcher glibly proposed the idea that the John Tidd, father of the three daughters, actually was the same person who sailed from England in 1637 but that he falsified his age in order to procure ship-passage. Another would-be historian suggested that the John Tidd who sailed from England at the age of 19 was the son of John Tidd, the father of the three daugh-

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tera. This was only slightly less absurd than the first pro­posal, because John Tidd, the son of John Tidd, was born in 1625. It can easily be seen that in 1637 he would have been but twelve years of age, and could scarcely have passed as a person of 19 years of age. No other proposals were forth­coming, and there the matter rested. A reader of the geneologies of the Tidds could accept either proposal or substitute one of his own; consequently, work of this type has done much to discourage and confuse the person who must rely on the information available.

Time passed and no additional light was shed on the subject until 1949, when Mary Backus, working on the geneology of a New England family, traced Samuel Green­field, his family and servant, John Tidd, from Charlestown in 1637 to Salem, thence to Hampton and finally to Exeter, New Hampshire, where, on May 12, 1643 the two men signed a petition to the General Court. .As John Tidd, he was still listed in Exeter on November 4, 1647, This carried him well past the days of the early settlement of Woburn during which time John Tidd of Wobum was playing a prominent part in the daily life of the Massachusetts town. Thus the mystery of the double identity and the absurd accusation of age falsification has been cleared.

The founding of Wobura (1640 - 1642), in which John Tidd played an important part, was representative of similar activities by all of the sea-coast towns. The thousands that poured into the Massachusetts towns during the decade of the 1630's necessitated the movement into the interior. While at first, the new areas to be settled were contiguous; nevertheless, the adventurous pioneers were soon pushing into regions well back from the coast line. Thomas Hooker had led his group of "petitioners who desired to transport themselves and their estates unto the River Connecticut, there to reside and inhabit", in what became a major en­terprise. The towns of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethers­field were established on 'the long river"; and by 1650 several settlements were made in the vicinity of what is now Springfield. Several reasons were responsible for this "hinterland push". The attraction of the rich valley land of the Connecticut River was tremendous when one com­pares that land with the thin, stony soil of eastern Mass­achusetts. In addition to the richness of the soil from a farming standpoint, numerous sites had been found where "bog ore" occurred in sufficient quantity and of a quality that merited smelting operations. The rapidly increasing demand for iron products (such as kettles, fire-place equip­ment, common hardware necessities, and guns) had sorely taxed the capabilities of England to provide; consequently, every effort was made to find and use nearby supplies of

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minerals. Only slightly less important, within the field of mineral deposits, was the discovery of "clay pits" that gave rise to the rapid development of the "glazed earthenware" industry which provided all types of crockery-dishes-and jugs, for which the pioneer housewife could find no sub­stitute. The immense natural resources of the forests gave rise to one of the most important of the Colonial industries— that of ship-building. Large quantities of lumber of all types and for all purposes were shipped directly to England to augment its diminishing supplies. Not only were the colonies self-supporting from the standpoint of major food pro­ducts, but very soon they were shipping large amounts of food to the mother country. English officials looked with pleasure upon the prospects of large quantities of raw materials being supplied by the colonies; in fact, the lead­ing figures in England considered this to be the main bene­fit of colonization. Thus, unhampered by restrictions, the economic life within the colonies was one of expanding activity. Some road-building was attempted; however, the rivers were the main arteries of travel and transportation. Although the area along the lower reaches of the Hudson River was closed to the English colonists, they had pene­trated to the middle areas of the Hudson River Valley and had established several settlements within this region long before the end of the 1600's.

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Henry Hudson, an experienced English navigator in the service of the Dutch East India Company, in 1609 sail­ed up the river that bears his name. Just prior to his dis­covery of the Hudson River, he had sailed into and explored the lower reaches of the Delaware River. The claim of the Dutch on this area was further strengthened when Cap­tain Jacob Mey of Holland, in 1613, landed and built a fort on what is now Gloucester Point, New Jersey. Later, in 1631, Fort Oplandt was built and a settlement was established. This settlement was well supplied with cattle, seed, agri­cultural implements, and household furnishings. Consider­able progress was made by this group until the leadership passed into the hands of Giles Osset, who soon aroused the enmity of the Indians. Things went from bad to worse, with the result that the Indians massacred most of the inhabit­ants and burned all of the buildings. The place was entire­ly rebuilt by the Dutch, only to be destroyed by the English

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in 1664. Peter Minuit, in 1638, established a settlement at what is now Wilmington; this too, was captured by the English at the time when the Dutch power in the New World was broken. A few minor settlements were made by the Dutch only to be taken over by the Swedes, who were their early colonial rivals in this area, although this enmity did not involve the mother countries, who were allies, at least on the surface.

Queen Christina, of Sweden, afflicted with a mild case of "colonizing fever", desired to establish some Swedish colonies; therefore, she was instrumental in equipping an expedition under Captain Printz, who, in 1643, built a fort and established a settlement farther up the Delaware River on Tinieum Island. Despite the fact that this fort changed hands several times, the building itself stood until the year 1800. The Swedes were very successful with their settlements, partly due to their industrious work habits, and partly to realizing that farming must be the fundamental enterprise within a new colony. Soon prosperous Swedish settlements dotted both sides of the Delaware, Governor Printz built the first grist mill on Cobbs Creek, a tributary of the Schuylkill River. His daughter received land and built a very fine house at Parintz Village, near what is now Chester, Pennsylvania. Incidentally, this house was slept in by William Penn on the first night of his arrival in America. Successful tobacco culture, the growing of grain, and the production of cattle-horses-and hogs, added to the reputation of Printz as a colonizer. He soon built a fort at the mouth of Salem Creek to challenge all intruders.

Fort Casimir, built by the Dutch, was surrendered to the Swedes and renamed Fort Trinity. The Dutch planned and executed a sweeping victory on the Delaware in 1655 which ended for all time any colonial claims of Sweden. Their victory was short lived however, for the English had for some time been resentful of the Dutch control of the Hudson River and the splendid harbor at its mouth. Therefore in 1664, Charles II of England granted to his brother, the Duke of York, all lands between the Con­necticut and Delaware rivers. The first knowledge of this act came to the Dutch when the English fleet entered the harbor and demanded the surrender of all of Holland's possesions in the New World, With no chance of resistance, New Netherland fell without a blow. In a short time, both the former Swedish possessions, as well as the Dutch pos­sessions on the Delaware, were in the control of the Eng­lish.

The Duke of York leased all of the territory between the Atlantic Ocean and the Delaware River below New York to two of his friends, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret,

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The latter had been governor of the Island of Jersey in » the English Channel, and in his honor the territory was named New Jersey. These two men divided the province into two parts. East Jersey going to Carteret and West Jersey to Lord Berkeley. %

Carteret, as early as 1669, sent agents into Connecti­cut and particularly Massachusetts to "publish consessions" (advertise terms) and induce people to come to his part of New Jersey to settle. The proposition looked alluring and many persons removed to this region. Soon arguments de- m veloped over questions of rents and ownership, and these people in considerable numbers moved into northern New Jersey where they were unmolested by problems of titles and ownership for many years. Both parts of New Jersey were later combined and became a Crown colony under a Royal governor.

Well before they lost control of their possessions in the New World the Dutch had found mineral deposits in the upper Delaware valley, particularly on the Jersey side. These deposits were comprised of iron, copper, zinc, lead, some coal, and limestone, and several grades of pottery clay. Dutch miners had displayed at expositions in Holland rich samples of these ores, and by 1700 were engaged in actual production of several metals, chief among which was iron.

Eastern Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey from the very beginning excelled in iron and steel products. This region enjoyed the favor of iron ore, coal, and limestone. • The opportunities presented by this unusual combination of ingredients in close proximity were attracting an in­creasing number of skilled workmen. Thomas Rutter, a blacksmith (one of the first to establish iron works in the i Delaware Valley) was by 1717 "making iron of a quality that the best of the Swedes' iron doth not exceed." The Durham Furnace of Hunterdon County, New Jersey, early became famous for its high-grade iron products. The fol­lowing note, although somewhat premature, shows the I important trend and is given for that purpose: "Official records pertaining to the Revolutionary War, show that the Delaware Valley with the nearby Susquehanna Valley furnished more rifles, cannon, cannon ball, and powder for m Washington's army than any other region of the colonies."

Rather early in the history of New Jersey pottery works were established and glass making soon exceeded that of any other colony. "The clean sharp sands of the Delaware were found to be well adapted to glass making f

and were being used in quantity as early as 1683," While early in the colonial period England had wel­

comed the production of pig iron, it was with the idea in ft

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mind that this pig iron would become a raw material product and would be shipped to the home country for manufactur­ing purposes. However, it did not work out as planned; the colonial production of metal goods aroused the resentment of English foundrymen, and immediate steps were taken to control iron and steel manufacturing by stringent laws. After 1700 the English laws tightened drastically on metal working of any kind in the colonies.

There was but one bright light in this otherwise gloomy picture—the mines and foundries were, for the most part, situated in remote and inaccessable places. Ocean going ships, that might carry officers of inspection and enforce­ment, could not ascend the Delaware River above the Falls which are located at the present city of Trenton. Also these same officers had no liking for a long and arduous trip into the back-country. Therefore, in spite of the English laws to the contrary, mining with its allied occupations continued. These occupations were calling skilled workmen long distances and from far away places. When the "bog ores" of Massachusetts and Connecticut became exhausted the blacksmiths turned to the mining areas of northern New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania.

Years earlier in England, when the Puritans were being persecuted, many sought refuge with the Ulster Scotch; now that the tables were turned, the Ulster Scotch thought that the Puritans of Massachusetts would be friendly. Thus many of the Ulster Scotch landed in Boston and went on to Worcester and Springfield. Failing to find hospitality ex­tended as they expected, they left these places, crossing the Hudson River into the Kingston area of New York State. "Their restless overflow met and joined the natural overflow from Massachusetts into northern New Jersey and from there many crossed into eastern Pennsylvania by way of the forks of the Delaware at Easton." Settle­ments were scattered thinly from New York State into upper New Jersey and the Delaware Valley, Two groups in particular established settlements in which Presbyterian churches were founded as early as 1738. These were located in what became Northampton County, Pennsylvania. One at East Allen and the other at Mt. Bethel, a little more than half way between Easton and present Stroudsburg. These groups containing Ulster Scotch, pioneering people from Massachusetts and New York State, and others, form­ed the northern frontier of Pennsylvania and the western frontier of New Jersey and bore the brunt of the many Indian raids that came later. These people were "noted for their several abilities including agricultural and indus-tral skills; some were well educated and many were skilled artisans. » *

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Thus, we can see how many people of varied interests and capabilities came into this region. Also, light is shed on how it was possible for certain people to be where they were when we find them again. Particularly is this under­standing necessary when we again find the Tidds, this time in the Delaware Valley. t

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On a smoky, hazy November day of Indian summer in the year 1738, a young man, following a trail that hard­ly deserved the name of road, emerged into a clearing from the heavily wooded higher ground. This clearing of some twenty acres was on the bank of a river. On the farther side of the open space, and near the river, stood a tavern which was a welcome sight, for the hour was noon. Since shortly after dawn the traveller had followed this road up and down hills, some of which were quite steep. In some areas level land would be found a mile or more in width. These level places, crossed by the road, usually were swampy; and the many deep ruts in the road attested to difficult passage by wagons. However, not many wagons used this route due to the lack of improvements. Whatever goods were transported this way were carried by pack-horses, and most travelers rode horses. Fewer than a half dozen houses had been passed during the half day's walk, confirming the fact that it was rightly called a wilderness road. The day had warmed considerably which was typical of the season. Early morning frost had lain upon the leaves; and upon fallen logs in open places it had been thick and white. The stillness of the woods was broken at times by the whir of the partridge, and in ravines where the wild grape vines furnished protective coverage as well as abundant food, the gobble of a cautious male turkey gave evidence of good hunting; however the young man in question was not hunting. He did carry a long black rifle, the absence of which would have aroused more sur­prise than its presence; his powder horn hung at his side, suspended by deerskin thongs looped over the opposite shoulder. The belt, which ordinarily would have encircled his waist, had been removed and placed in a pocket, due to the increasing warmth of the day; allowing the deerskin • hunting shirt to hang directly from the shoulders, giving maximum freedom to the body. Deerskin breeches, over­lapped by leggings which fitted closely below the knees.

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and Indian moccasins, completed his attire. He wore^ a smooth leather cap. His size would not have made him conspicuous in a group for he was little taller than aver­age. If he should have attracted any special attention it would have been because of his general appearance, which was clean-cut; his step quick and springy denoting many years of life in the woods. He carried his shoulders erect, yet with ease. His clothes were clean, suggesting a certain degree of pride. His face was clean shaven.

He approached the tavern as one not entirely un­familiar with the surroundings for he had passed through this way less than a week before, and had left his canoe in one of the out-buildings, although he had not gone in­side the tavern itself. His plan for the return trip was that he expected to arrive here by noon, eat dinner, and then proceed down river in his canoe. Consequently, he prepared for dinner. A basin and pail of water had been placed on a large block of wood at the side of the building, and a coarse towel hung on a peg nearby. The condition of the towel plainly told of its previous use; however, one comer was found sufficiently clean for use. While accomplishing this chore, he noticed several pack horses and four or five saddle horses, suggesting that others would be eating dinner also.

This tavern was situated on the north side of the Pe-quest River which flows in a westerly direction, emptying into Hie Delaware. It rises in the hilly, lake-dotted region of upper New Jersey. The river is not large, but does carry a fairly constant amount of water. The channel is quite narrow; therefore the current, in most places, is rather swift and deep. At a time when bridges were uncommon, crossing a stream necessitated either fording or ferrying. Obviously, safety in fording required a very moderate current and shallow water. This condition prevailed for only two or three months in late summer, the remaining months of the year required ferrying, with the possible exception of times when unusual cold would provide a safe crossing on ice, A logical site had been chosen some years before, that would provide for easy ferrying and where the depth of water would permit fording in summer. This site, including the tavern, and a few acres of meadow land, belonged to a man of Dutch ancestry by the name of Ansul Van Paulluns. The place was known as "Van's Inn" or "Paulluns' Ford". At this time Van Paulluns was some­thing over sixty years of age, his wife considerably young­er. A brother helped Van in the growing of a few crops and caring for livestock. During the summer some hired help was kept, but this was held at a minimum for Van was one to "watch his coins"; however, no one could say

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they ever left his table hungry, or that he watered his rum more than the next one.

The tavern itself was merely a double log cabin, double in length but regular in width, with a lean-to on the back side which accomodated the kitchen and storeroom. The east half of the building was used for the inn proper, while • the west end served as the private quarters for the Van Paulluns. The entrance to the inn was a door on the south side and at the right hand corner. The young traveler walk­ed through this doorway into a room about twenty feet wide and thirty feet long. Immediately in front of the en- * trance and against the east end of the room was the bar. At the opposite side of the room from the entrance was a door leading into the kitchen. In front of the bar and 4 occupying a portion of the middle area was a long table that could seat ten or twelve persons. Near the long table, but on the farther side of the room, stood a table, that would seat no more than four persons. On the west side of the room was the huge fireplace with both front and back . f sides open, showing that it was used for heating both the bar-room and the private quarters for the family. Next to the fireplace and in the same wall was a door leading to the private room of the owners. One large window -occupied part of the south or front side of the room, and ' between the window and the entrance stood a small table large enough for not more than two.

Six or seven men were seated at the long table, and two were eating at the smaller table on the farther side of * the room; consequently, the young man took a chair at the table by the entrance, with his back to the wall. This placed the entire room with its occupants in front of him. Van Paulluns, short and fat, was standing behind the bar; and, § as the latest arrival took his seat, Van gave him a nod of welcome and at the same time tapped a small bell, as much as to say to the people in the kitchen, "Another plate." A girl, obviously the waitress, walked from the kitchen to his table and said, "It's stew today." "Good enough," he answered, "one plate and a small mug of rum."

He had not long to wait as the other men had already been served. The girl soon appeared bringing two plates, one filled with stew and on the other a large slice of corn-bread had been placed, with a knife, fork, and spoon. As she placed these on the table she said, "I'll get the rum." Returning from the bar with the drink she asked, "Why a small mug of rum when a large mug goes with the meal?"

"Well, gal, it's like this, I don't rightly favor the stuff, but sometimes it's needed as a wash. When I'm at home, and it's handy, I drink milk, but I don't figure to rob the kids. They need it mor'n me." And with this speech he

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raised his eyes and really looked at her for the first time. • He looked into a pair of cool grey eyes that were neither

bold nor afraid; their coolness and sincerity was refreshing. Her light brown hair was combed back and tied or pinned in a knot at the back of her head. Her features were regu

• lar. Although she was somewhat reserved in manner, her facial expression was one of friendliness on guard. Her height was not above average; her general appearance was one of neatness. Her dress was of the greyish-brown mater­ial known as linsey-woolsey. She wore elbow length sleeves

• which exposed a pair of smooth round arms that denoted strength. The hands, fairly small, showed evidence of hard work. A short apron, and a pair of moccasins completed her

m attire. Her movements were graceful and unhurried. When not actually serving she remained within the kitchen yet seemed to know when service was needed.

The food was very acceptable and appeared to be well prepared. The chunks of beef in the stew were well done

m but not tough; the vegetables, mostly potatoes and cabbage with a few turnips, were good. The cornbread, covered with a liberal amount of wild honey, was excellent. The rum, neither better nor poorer than any other, was still rum and served as a poor drink following the fine flavor of

• cornbread and honey. The men at the long table seemed intent on satisfying

their hunger; hence little conversation was allowed to in­terfere with the main occupation of eating. Not so, however,

ft at the table of the two men. One appeared to be about forty years of age, while the other was hardly thirty. The latter had had his rum mug filled three times, and the ef­fects were plainly in evidence. His face was becoming quite flushed and his talk rather loud. With the third fill-

• ing of his mug, he had made some remark to the waitress which had caused her to say, "Better mind your manners if you have any." This reprimand went unheeded. The older man seemed to be trying to restrain his companion, but with little success. The young man by the window had tak­en notice of the situation, and heard Van Paulluns mutter to himself, "Must be a total stranger," which meant little at the time. Soon a call came from the thirsty one for an­other mug of rum. He was sitting with his back to the fire­place and his companion was sitting at the opposite side of the table. The girl walked to the table and placed the mug in front of the fellow. As she did so he laid his hand on her arm. She quickly moved her arm to avoid his hand. He became angry and grabbed her arm and said some­thing to the effect, "He'd show her a thing or two," and at the same time started to rise from his chair while still holding the girl's arm. The young man by the window had

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noticed that she set the mug of rum on the table with her left hand, and that the right hand was in the side pocket of her dress. The next action was so rapid that the eye could hardly follow. There was a sweeping flash of a white arm, a straight over-hand blow and as it descended, the girl seemed to rise to her tip-toes, and as her fist struck, every ounce of her weight and energy were concentrated in the blow. Her fist landed flush on his mouth. There was a roar of rage and pain, blood spurted from his mouth, a front tooth dropped to the floor; he turned to spit into the fireplace and another tooth klinked on the iron grate. He put his fingers to his mouth and out came a third tooth.

Damn! what a blow," thought the man by the window. A total stranger," muttered old Van Paulluns. The girl

moved back a step or two and waited, her left hand quiet­ly at her side, the right hand in the side pocket of her dress. Her eyes, no longer cool and grey, burned with an intensity that boded ill to any further insult. The whiteness of her face and her rapid breathing were the only other evidences of emotion. Apparently no further demonstrations on the part of the drunk were contemplated. His companion hustled him out of the room and to the pail of water out­side on the washing block where he rinsed the blood from his mouth. The men at the long table, having finished eat­ing, paid for their meals at the bar and left. Old Van went outside to collect for the other two meals, some argu­ment ensued as to whether or not the bill would be paid. The older man said that his "companion had been mis­treated." This drew such a laugh from the other men that he finally paid. After the coins were safe in Van's pocket he remarked, 'T knowed he was a total stranger, but they sometimes hafta leam the hard way."

The young man had not yet left the table when the girl came to get the dishes, He said, "Gal, a while back you asked me a question about why didn't I get more rum; now, can I ask you one?" With the faintest of smiles at the com­ers of her mouth, she replied, "I guess it's your turn."

"Can I see your right hand?" he asked. That's not a question," came the answer. Gal, that's the biggest question that ever got stuck

in my mind. Please, can I see your hand?" Slowly she laid her right hand on the table, palm down. He looked, and then he stared. The skin over the knuckles was somewhat reddened, but that was all; no bones broken—the skin not even bruised. Then he looked at her, amazement, un­belief, incredulity written on his face.

She smiled, "What did you expect?" He merely shook his head, then said, "You are the only

girl I ever told that I would favor getting acquainted with.

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But that is what I am telling you now. Is there a chance?" • She looked at him thoughtfully, and replied, "After

the mid-day work is finished, and before supper must be started, I'll walk with you by the river a short while." With that, she picked up the dishes and went to the kitchen.

• He arose from the table, paid for the meal, and picking up his rifle, walked out of the tavern and toward the river. Just below the buildings, possibly two hundred yards, gleamed the river in the mid-day sun. Van Paulluns' ferry­boat floated at the bank nearest the inn. As the tavern

• clearing had been made to provide land for Van's crops, some trees along the river bank had been left standing, among which he found a well used path and followed it. About a mile above the inn a white birch tree stood, easily

• visible from the tavern. The path led to that tree, but no farther. He sat down on a log and pondered. Here he was losing a half day of travel time and for what—to meet and walk with a girl whom he had never seen nor heard of two hours earlier. Why had he told this girl that he wanted to gain her acquaintance? What had he actually asked? Then his mind turned to the tavern incident. This girl was the innocent victim of a drunkard's vile desire. But what a defense she had put up. What a marvelous co-

• ordination of mind and muscle had been demonstrated. What a mountain of nerve energy lay within her control. The more he pondered the less he knew; he had never been troubled by questions such as these before. Why? Ac-

• tually he knew the answer. He had never looked into a pair of cool grey eyes before; in short, he had never seen such a girl before. The passing of time prompted him to return to the ferry, mid-afternoon was approaching. He followed the path back and, finding a log, sat down to wait.

• The wait was not long, for soon the girl walked from the front door of the tavern toward the river. Her attire was the same as it had been, minus the apron. The young man was standing by the path.

m "I see," said she, "you have found the path. Up the river a mile stands a birch tree, it takes littie more than half an hour for the trip and that's all the time I'll have. The best way to get acquainted is for you to do the talk­ing. What's your story?"

• "Well, that's not the way I'd planned it," he answered, but knowing he had asked the favor he would take things as they were. Her quiet statement left little choice; there­fore, as he fell into step beside her, he began his story.

• "My name is John Tidd. Ever hear the name Tidd?" "Yes, I have heard of a place below Easton's trading

house, called 'David Tidd's settlement'." "Good! David Tidd is my father, and with my mother,

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brothers and sisters, lives on a farm below Easton; but he is a blacksmith and spends most of the time working iron. I pound iron all summer. I can just remember when we moved there from up in York State. My grand-daddy, name of James, was a son of old John Tidd as what came from England a long time back. Granddad and his father had a fall-out. Old John, that's where I got my name, wanted him to be a tailor, James didn't hanker for that, so he cleared out. Took a job learning how to smelter and pound iron. It's tough work but bettera sewing clothes. Father's story is that Old John died fair rich, but grand­dad didn' get much. Just enough to buy a pack of tools and a hand forge. He raised his family in the back-country of Massachusetts and that's where father got mother. Later dad went over into York State to help open new ore pits. When these emptied he heard of ore being mined by the Dutch in Jersey so he packed and fell in with a lot headed this way. Some dropped out in Jersey. Uncle Jacob did; he burned clay, didn't like pounding iron all the time. Dad found some land to his liking west of the big river (Delaware) and stayed put. Mother used to say she'd packed far enough. Father learned that he could buy "rough iron" aplenty for his needs. We make harth irons, hinges, and other things. I have just been to visit Uncle Jake; aim to once a year. Aunt Rinda is dead, uncle is alone now but he may pick a wife. He never had no kids. Mostly, to see Uncle Jake I took the Musconetcong River, but I had to be at the Water Gap to deliver a bake oven; so, to save miles I took this river and cut across. That's how I'm here."

AB he paused, she asked, "What do you do when not pounding iron?"

"Well, I hanker so much for the woods that I made a bargain with my father; I help him half of the year and I favor myself the other half, I am a trapper and hunter. I made a private treaty with the Indian Chief, Tadame, for a territory in the Pocono Mountains." While saying this he took from an inside pocket a piece of tanned deerskin the size of a dinner plate. On this smooth surface was drawn a rough sketch showing the area between the Delaware and the Susquehanna rivers. Within the Pocono Mountains the crude map showed plainly a region, forty miles wide by fifty miles in length, marked with definite boundary lines. Around the outer edg^ and pierced through the deerskin were four bear claws; equi-distant between these claws were four panther claws. Pointing at the encircling row of claws, John said, "The bear claws are Old Tadame's signature, I used panther claws," He carefully folded the map and replaced it in his pocket. While looking at the

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sketch, they had both stopped walking. As they resumed their way he remarked, "I have divided the region into two parts; I trap one part, then give it a rest for a year while working the other part, I have a good shack at each end; so placed that I use them every year. I follow my trap line one day and stay at the far shack that night, then back on the line the next day." He proudly added, "I own thirty steel traps; more than any other trapper hereabouts. I use quite a lot of deadfalls besides my steel traps."

"Do you have much trouble with the Indians?" "Not with the Delawares, or Munseys, but sometimes

a few thieving York State or Northern Injuns come through. If they won't hold by the map and Tadame's treaty, I some­times have to ask Betty for help."

"Who is Betty?" He affectionately tapped the barrel of his rifle, "This

is Betty, but she hasn't had to help often." "Do you expect to keep on pounding iron in the sum­

mer and trapping through the winters?" "I had never give much thinking to that," he answered,

"Ma always says that will change when I hook up with some girl." As he looked thoughtfully out over the river, he add­ed, as though to himself, "I never had give much thought to that question." They walked silently for a short time, suddenly John realized that they had been to the white birch tree, and were more than half way back to the ferry.

"Say, gal, this hasn't been exactly fair, I've done all the talking. I don't even know your name. What's your story?"

"I am sorry if it's not fair, but we have been getting acquainted, and that's what you asked for."

"But I want to know something about you, what's your name?"

"Again, I am sorry, for our time is spent." A determined look now appeared on his face, "Listen,

young woman, I'll not be put off this way, what's your answer?

By this time they had nearly reached the ferry. They saw Van Paulluns working the boat across the river to pick up a horse and rider. She turned and looked at John and slowly said, "I never walked by the river after dark, but if you are still here and wish to, I will again walk with you .after supper work is done." And then in a lighter mood, she added, "Which do you want, my real name or my nick­name ? "

"I want both." "There isn't time for both," and with what looked like

a mischievous smile she said, "They call me, 'Ollie, the Wildcat'." With that she turned and followed the path to

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"th© tsv©m. "Well, I'll be damned," muttered John, "Ollie, the

Wildcat." The recent encounter with the drunk in the tavern could in no sense be considered comparable to the biting, scratching attack of a wildcat except for ferocity and singleness of purpose. Well, time would tell. Did he expect to stay for the evening? He had not even thought to ask himself the question. He knew that he would be stay­ing.

The rest of the afternoon was spent in taking a walk through the nearby woods. Upon hearing a gobble in a thicket of wild grape vine?, he cautiously approached until, through an opening, there could be seen a big turkey standing guard while a half dozen others were feeding. The opportunity was too good to pass, so he quickly check­ed the pan of his rifle for sufficient powder. Taking deliber­ate aim he brought the bird down with one well placed bullet. Carrying the heavy turkey, he went to the tavern, and seeing Van Paulluns in the yard, he offered him the bird. "For this, you shall receive a free supper, and bed, if you stay for the night," exclaimed Van. "You think you stay ? "

"Yes, I think I'll stay," replied John. With supper finished, John returned to the river to

wait. He had waited many times before and in many dif­ferent situations; but this was the first time he had ever waited for a girl, a girl with whom he was to again stroll by the river side. The full moon of Indian Summer had already arisen and begun its short journey across the southern sky. It hung full and red in the hazy atmosphere so characteristic of the season. The air was mild now but there would be frost again by moming as there had been this morning. Was it only this morning that he had left his uncle's house twenty miles away? It seemed much longer, perhaps a week. Things were happening to John Tidd con­cerning which he was unaware. A door opened at the inn, and against the light of the candles she stood for a moment a silhouette, the door closed and she was lost to view; however, her quick step on the path soon told of her ap­proach. He stood to meet her. "Welcome to the peace and quiet of the river," he said.

"Yes, I come here often to rest in the evening, especial­ly in the summer time."

"Tell me," he questioned," how did you get your nickname of Ollie the Wildcat?"

"You should not have been surprised by that name after seeing what you did today; however, as it is part of my story, I will tell you. One time after a similar in* cident, I overheard one man ask another, 'What is her

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name?* " She was silent for a few steps, "My name is Olive Martin, my father was Timothy Martin. In the conversa­tion already mentioned, the man gave my name as 'Ollie Martin'; the other man said, 'Hell no, she's no marten, she's a wildcat', and the name stuck. It's not my fault that I have no father or brother to defend me against the vile insults of low-down drunkards. As you saw today, I al­ways aim for the mouth. I have a book in which I read, 'Out of the abundance of the heart, the mouth speaketh.' Some of these men must have mighty black hearts." They walked a little while in silence. What comment could be made to this assertion, coming from a girl, who, by neces­sity, had to fight her own battles. She continued, "Some years ago my younger brother and I, with father and mother were living on a creek which flows into the west side of the Delaware River. This creek was known as 'Martin's Creek' because of our living there. One day my mother became nervous, said she had heard a turkey gobble where she had never heard one before. So, she sent me and my brother to tell father to come home, and cautioned us to be careful, as she always did. She had been brought up in the settlements and always was afraid

9 of the wilderness. Not knowing exactly where father was, my brother and I separated, he went downstream while I went upstream. Not far from the path my brother and I had, some time before, found a large soft-maple tree that

m was hollow. We had cut notches on the inside to a height of about twenty feet. We had then cut a small hole on each side of the tree trunk which enabled us to see the house, and in the other direction we could see quite a dis­tance upstream. I decided to slip up our 'inside ladder* as

# we called it to see if I could see father or get an idea of his whereabouts. Almost as soon as I looked out, I saw father approaching, and as he came through a thicket I saw four Indians jump from hiding. Two of them raised their guns and fired from close range. Father was hurt

# bad, but attempted to fight back. It was hopeless, for with­in a minute they had killed and scalped him. At almost the same time three Indians attacked mother in front of our cabin, killing her on the spot and scalping her. These

ft savages took what they pleased from the cabin and then set fire to it. Nothing except the fact that I had climbed up inside our tree had saved my life. I dared not come down before dark. During the night I started to run to the

# nearest neighbor who lived five miles down the river; it was nearly noon the next day before I reached there. The following day a small party went back to our home; they found and buried father and mother. No trace of my

m brother was ever found. It was generally thought that the

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Indians had captured him, taking him back to their country. Some men said that this group of Indians were from away up north. I w.as sick for several days, and wished many times that I could die; however, I lived. I stayed with those people for some time. When I became fifteen years of age it was thought necessary for me to go to work. They heard about this place here at Van's, so arrangements were made and I came here. I worked free the first year getting nothing except food and a place to sleep. Later I got my clothes and one shilling a week, although not many clothes. 1̂ got by without being bothered by men until I became eighteen, since then I have had to defend myself the best way that I could. I have been here five years. My mother was a smart person, she taught me to read and write and to have pride in myself. She said, 'If you have no pride in yourself there is little for you,' this I have found to be true. It's been, at times, a tough battle but I still am on top." During the telling of this story she had at times wiped a tear from her eyes. John had walked at her side with mixed emotions: sorrow for her sorrow, humiliation that he had ever found fault with trivial annoyances in his life, respect and ad­miration for her as she had waged a fight against such odds, and there was rapidly developing another feeling, one which he had no way of understanding because it was so new. As she had neared the end of her story they had stopped at the bank of the river where a tall pine tree cast its shadow. He turned to her, and said, "I am sorry your life has held so much sadness." He placed his hand upon her shoulder, and added, "You poor girl." It could not have been the words alone, it might have been the hand upon the shoulder, it probably was that something that defies explanation; for in the next instant he had taken her with­in his arms. After one full embrace he said, "We will wed tomorrow." It was not a question; however, he became very happy as she slowly but surely nodded her head and whispered "Yes/*

When they resumed their walk toward the inn she inquired, "But how? There's not a churchman within days of travel/'

"Yes, there is," he replied. "No more than a full day will allow us to reach a new place called Mt. Bethel, not far from the Delaware Water Gap. A church has been established this past summer, and only last week I was within a few miles of the place. A preacher was there then." They entered the tavern, and finding it empty, went on into Van Paulluns' private living room. The girl's presence occasioned no surprise, but Mrs. Van Paulluns was quite surprised to see this man, who to her, was a complete stranger. Olive turned to Van and said, "This

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man, whose name is John Tidd, has something to say to you."

"Yes, yes," he answered and turned to John. "Mister and Madame Van Paulluns," began John, "1

have come to tell you that tomorrow Olive and I are to be • married."

"No! No!" expostulated both Van and his wife. "Yes, it's true," said Olive, "and we must leave early

in the morning. Good night all." And with that she left the room. Above the bar-room a bed was provided for John.

• Early dawn found John carrying the canoe to the river and making ready for the departure. Immediately after breakfast Olive appeared with a bundle containing her belongings. Mrs. Van Paulluns kissed Olive and wished her, "God's blessings" while pressing into her hand a small package, saying, "for you." Van shook hands with both and wished them "Goot luck." As the early sun cleared the eastern hills, John and Olive began the westward

m journey that would soon bring them to the Delaware. Little was said on this phase of the trip. John dug his

paddle deeply to aid the current for he knew that upon reaching the big river their journey would the be up stream. They reached the confluence of the Pequest River and the

• Delaware before noon, and landing, ate the dinner given to them by the Van Paulluns. While eating, Olive said, "We haven't talked much about future plans."

"No, we haven't," replied John. "I have been think-• ing that after our marriage, I would take you to my

father's place below Easton. You are sure to like him and my mother. The winter will not be too long. I will come to you then, and we can decide what to do at that time."

She had listened without moving even so much as her • hand; however after John's statement had been finished,

she raised her eyes to his and said slowly and positively, "If I have a husband today, or tomorrow, or any day thereafter, I go where he goes, I stay where he stays."

• "But Olive, you don't realize how lonely and dangerous it would be for you to be by yourself much of the time."

"It will be no more lonely for me than for you. After all, I know how to handle a rifle." He looked at her as though seeing a different person. His admiration was ob-

• vious. "I hope you have not misunderstood me," he said. "I

suggested going to father's place because I could think of nothing else."

• Her only answer was, "Then it's settled." The trip up river, although arduous, was accomplished

by late afternoon. Mt. Bethel Church was reached by dark. The preacher was found and told of the desire for marriage.

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He and his wife and three children lived in a new log cabin, near the church. It was decided to have the ceremony per­formed in the minister's own dwelling due to the fact that no candles were available to give light in the church, while in the home, the service could be performed by the light of the fireplace. Two neighbor women had been in- ft formed, and preparations were underway to have some­thing extra for the supper to follow. Soon all was in readi­ness, a solemn hush fell on the group as the service was read and Olive Martin became the wife of John Tidd in November, 1738. Hearty congratulations were expressed ft by the simple people of Mt. Bethel, and a few presents were given to the bride. After supper it was learned that they had no place to go for the night and, the hour being far too late to prepare a camp in the woods, the minister's • wife strongly insisted that the couple remain for the night. Her husband supported her in this invitation by saying, "John and I will take to the loft and you and Olive and the children can have the bed." The amusing part of it was that there was no loft; nothing except a partial plat- * form at the end of the cabin under the eaves. Olive saw the situation in its humorous light and quickly accepted the hospitality offered by her new friend, the minister's wife.

During the evening the minister told of their difficul- $ ties in traveling through Massachusetts and failing to find the hospitality extended that they had expected; and how they had gone into New York State along the Hudson River, finally to go into northern New Jersey and to their # present location on the Delaware.

The plans of John were that they would go on to the trading post at Old Fort Penn. This was the northernmost of the chain of forts stretching from the upper Delaware to Chesapeake Bay. This particular location was built upon by Col. Stroud, and although the fort itself had ceased to be used, the place was known as Old Fort Penn until finally, although much later became known as Stroudsburg.

With the blessings and best wishes of the few people living at Mt. Bethel, the Tidds resumed their journey the next morning, with the expectation of reaching the post before mid-day. A second paddle had been secured, due to the insistance of Olive, which aided materially to their progress up the Delaware River. Not long after their de­parture, Olive turned her head and said to John, "I am now married. You are my protector. I have no further need for this." As she spoke, she took from her pocket something wrapped in a small piece of cloth, and holding her hand out over the water, she dropped the object into the river. The rapidity with which it sank proved that it was metal of some kind.

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What was that?" asked John. That," came the reply, "was my 'friend'. If you re­

member, the other evening you told of sometimes needing the help of your friend 'Betty'. Well, I never gave my 'friend* a name; nevertheless, on occasion, it was my 'friend*. The rest of the secret is mine." She resumed her paddling. Soon John veered the canoe into the mouth of a stream called Analomink Creek, this stream received the waters of Pocono Creek just above Fort Penn. After a few miles they landed at the trading post. John had met the man in charge of the store on several previous occasions. Added to the list of staple food items there must be ample suppUes of lead, powder, flints, and steels. At least two extra blankets and additional clothing must be gotten. A large supply of wool yam and knitting needles were added. Then came the task of buying a new rifle. The supply offer­ed included the regular size bore. Finally the proprietor brought out a beautifully finished rifle of the size desired.

What is the price of this gun?" John asked. £ 5," was the answer. I am not an Indian," stated John. "The price should

be £ 3 ^ . " "What it should be and what it is might be different,"

# replied the trader. "Do you have any bullets molded?" asked John, For

answer the man untied a small bag, took out some flints, a bullet mold, and several bullets. John took the rifle,

# bullets, a flint, and powder and walked out. Soon a shot was heard and later another sounded. John returned, laid the rifle on the table and said, £ 4, and not another pence."

£ 5," was the answer. Do you remember two years ago the Shawanese

Indian that I warned you about, and later you said that had it not been for the warning you probably would have been burned out?"

The trader thought a moment; laid beside the rifle, # the bullet mold, several flints and steels, a two pound bag

of powder, and a very nice powder hora. Turning to John, he said "You win, £ 4."

Soon all was in readiness. "We travel about five miles by water, then we take to the trail for over twenty miles,"

# remarked John. "Good luck, see you next spring," said the trader, as

he carried part of the supplies to the canoe. The current of the creek proved more difficult as they advanced. Be-

# fore the five miles were covered, it became plain that camp must be made for the night. They landed in a small grove of pines. Several small saplings were bent and tied together at the top and covered with large pine boughs thus provid-

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ing a good shelter. Arm loads of smaller boughs with the blankets spread over them made a good bed. Soon a fire was • burning and supper was in preparation which was to con­sist of boiled beef, and commeal mush sweetened with small pieces of maple sugar. After supper, while sitting by the fire, John turned to his bride and asked, "Are you i happy?"

She laid her hand on his arm and replied, "John, I am happy, and I am going to be happy. I am now free—for the first time in my life I ara free. You, who have always been free, cannot understand the meaning of freedom. ft This new feeling which has just come to me called love, I do not understand yet, but I will."

John stood up and placed his hand on her head for a moment, then he stepped into the shelter and came out • with the new rifle which was a thing of beauty. He said, "Olive, I, too, am happy and I am going to be happy with you. This rifle I give to you as a wedding present. It is the most accurate rifle that ever I saw put to a shoulder."

John Tidd and his wife Olive went on to their trapping • grounds. John ran his trap lines and was away every other night at the far end of the line. Each cautioned the other to extreme vigilance. No unusual incident happened to mar their daily living. The Indian resentment occasioned by the % infamous "Walking Purchase of 1737" had not yet been whipped up to its later fury. John often talked to Olive of this outrage and how the Whites had tricked the friend­ly Indians in making a treaty for certain lands. The extent # of the lands to be determined by the distance that a person could travel in one and one half days from a certain point, the understanding was that the person was to walk, and follow the course of the river; however, the white man doing the measuring started at the given point, but went • at right angles to the river, and instead of walking he ran most of the time. Thus a very large tract of land was claim­ed and held by the Whites. One prominent historian of the period writes, "The alienation of the Delaware Indians was the cause that led directly to the fearful years of #

bloodshed and strife. With the Delawares went also the Shawanese and Senecas of the West. This alienation start­ed with the nefarious Walking Purchase of 1737, by which the peaceful Delawares lost their most prized lands." John • said more than once that "for every acre of land obtained in this fraud, an extra white scalp would hang from a warrior's belt."

The trapping season had been good. As the pack of • furs grew, their plans kept pace. His desire now was to establish a home for his wife and promised family. April found them ready to break camp and begin the trip out

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of the Pocono mountains. They stopped at the trading post and stayed over night. While visiting during the evening the trader remarked, "Looks like I am going to have com­petition soon."

"How is that?" asked John. * "A fellow by the name of Brodhead, who claims to

have a trading permit from old William Johnson himself, is moving in a little ways down the creek. Also claims he bought several thousand acres on both sides of the Anolo-mink and reaching almost to Du Puys."

• "Well, that's news," said John. "Started work yet?" "Yes, just begun a clearing opposite where Cessnick

Creek flows in. Has a few men helping him. You interest­ed?"

"Could be." The next morning, soon after leaving the trading post,

John and his wife saw several men working on the left bank of the Anolomink. Two log cabins were being built and land was being cleared. They landed and walked to­ward the group. A large man somewhat past forty years of age, stepped out to meet them.

''Welcome, strangers," he said as he extended his hand. "My name is Daniel Brodhead. I am preparing to

# establish a settlement here, and am on the lookout for people that might want to move in. What do you do besides trapping?"

"Glad to meet you. How did you know that I am a * trapper?"

"The trader said last week that a young trapper would soon be coming through," and he nodded his head in the direction of the post. "What else can you do, young man ? "

• "I am a blacksmith. I make harth-irons, hinges, bake ovens, and most anything else needed."

"Good," said Brodhead, "I'd like mightly well to have you join us in this settlement."

"Do you own here?" asked John. To this question Brodhead made careful reply, "I am a trader holding license issued by Sir William

Johnson, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. I have leased a considerable area here, with right of purchase, from the

• Penn family. This lease includes the right to sub-lease or sell portions of this area as soon as the surveys are com­pleted. The area covered by this lease lies on both sides of the Anolomink Greek back about five miles, and on the

• east, extends to Du Puys." "Does any of this lease fall within the Walking Pur­

chase?" "I don't really know, mister," answered Brodhead.

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"It might pay to find out. There is a small tract of land lying on the Osoconnick Brook which flows into the Anolomink from the west that I have always liked the looks of," said John.

"I am of the opinion that would be just beyond my limits, sir, but I'd be mighty glad to have you for a neigh­bor. What did you say your name was?"

"My name is John Tidd and this is my wife. Later I may wish to see you again." Brodhead acknowledged the introduction to Olive with a bow, and shook hands again with John.

Daniel Brodhead was born in Ulster County, New York, in 1693. He engaged in the Indian trade, and some­time later, held a trading license from Sir William Johnson. Between 1735 and 1738 he negotiated for, and secured the lease already mentioned. He settled at the junction of McMichaels Creek and Anolomink Creek in what later be­came Northampton County. He called his settlement Dans-bury, but it became known as Brodhead Manor, and upon a portion of it now stands East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Part of Brodhead's Manor lay within what became Lower Smithfield township.

John and wife Olive preceded down the Anolomink. They had not gone far before John pointed to where the Du Puys had settled. Soon they were on the Delaware which, at this season, was a mighty stream of water. They stopped for a short visit with the minister and his wife at Mt. Bethel. Early on the second day of their travel down river they arrived at Easton. John disposed of his furs, and with the bounties paid for wolves and panthers, he received nearly £ 30. After making several purchases, par­ticularly items that his wife would need later, they went on down river; their destination, John's father's place.

Great was the surprise and pleasure within the David Tidd family upon the arrival of John and Olive. The sin­cerity of the welcome put Olive at ease at once. An older brother of John's, named Benjamin, was already married and had children. One sister was married and lived near­by. Considerable interest was shown when John later told of the new settlement at Brodheads.

In June, John and his brother William started for the new settlement and possibly on to Osoconnick brook. They stopped at Brodheads where continued activity was much in evidence. Daniel Brodhead was away, so John and William went on up the Anolomink Creek until they reach­ed the brook upon which John had decided to build a cabin. Not more than a mile up this brook, the small valley widen­ed to a half mile in width. Within this area were several acres of natural grassland that would not have to be labor-

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ously cleared, affording plenty of grass for pasture and hayland. Just before reaching the open area, John selected a friendly open spot on the south bank of the Osoconnick brook and began the building of his cabin. The brook was well supplied with fish, and the marsh above was full of

• wild ducks. Other forms of game were plentiful. Work progressed rapidly on the cabin. The door open­

ed at the east end, and the stone fireplace occupied the west end. There was a window on each side. A loft, with full standing room in the center was included. The glass

ft for the windows was purchased from Brodhead, who was pleased to have these people so close; actually they were considered as part of his settlement. In talking with Brod­head, William had become more than a little interested in

# this area and its opportunities. John had noticed an increas­ing eagerness on the part of William to push the work. Late in July, William had remarked, "If we hurry, we can be finished in a week, and in two days from that we can be home."

# "I believe you're right, William. Anything special waiting for you?"

"You would be surprised if you knew," was his only reply.

%' True to William's predictions, they were home before the middle of August. John's anxious inquiry was satisfied as to the health of his wife. His mother said, "You're in time, thank goodness." William disappeared soon after

* supper. "Over at Sarah's likely," was the younger sister's re­

mark. At the breakfast table next morning, William asked, "Are you ready to build another cabin, John?"

"Why, yes," he answered, "Just as soon—just as soon," • and looked at his mother, who had not appeared surprised

by William's question. "You'll have time to cool your heels for at least a

couple of weeks, William,** said the mother. • "Not me," said William. "Sarah and me are getting

married at the end of this week, and next Monday will find us on the way up river. We are going to settle and build at Brodheads."

"That's fine," said John. "I'll be with you as soon as • Olive's condition will permit."

The days passed, and early in September, 1739, a baby boy was born to John and Olive. The next day, while John was sitting by the bed, his mother came in and asked, "Do

• you two have him named yet?" John replied, "He has been named for a long time."

Olive opened her eyes questioningly on John who said, "There is only one possible name that could be given this

boy, and that is Martin." Olive gave his a hand a little squeeze, and smiled faintly as two tears rolled down her cheeks.

Martin Tidd soon took command of the situation. If feeding time was not promptly attended to, he bawled lustily. He never missed a meal and from all appearances every meal added to his strength and size. In three weeks Olive said to John, "I know you are eager to be off to help William build his cabin as you should be. Try and be back to get us so we can get settled in our cabin before winter."

"I'll do just that," he answered, and kissed her good­bye.

When John arrived at Brodheads he found that Will­iam and his wife were well started with the cabin. Three sets of hands made fast progress. By October the house was ready for occupancy. In this settlement a celebration was held every time a new cabin was finished and occupied. A little liquor was drunk, a few presents, when possible, were given, and most important, many sincere expressions of friendship were in evidence. John completed a few necessary tasks at his place such as installing the hearth crane, making the frame for the bed, and making a few chairs. By the time John was ready to go for his wife and baby, Squaw Winter was raging. The beautiful days of October were past.

John was pleased that squaw winter was spending itself now, for it would give him the beautiful hazy, smoky days of Indian summer in which to move his wife and baby boy to their new home. He found Olive well and strong. Martin had doubled in size. Arrangements were made to have his tools and forge, with a quantity of iron delivered to the Anolomink next spring after the high water had subsided. An extra canoe—to be handled by his brothers, Benjamin and Peter—was filled with things to be used in the new cabin. With many blessings and well-wishes the group began the journey up the river. At the mouth of the Pequest River they stopped to eat dinner, almost exactly a year from that well remembered day of their first trip. Olive wanted to stop at Mt. Bethel long enough to show her baby to the minister's wife. This re­quest, John could not refuse. Everyone on the frontier need­ed these moments of happiness, these little visits; for the time was not far off when this area would be scorched with a searing iron of terrible intensity.

At last the cabin was reached and occupied* The good people of the Brodhead settlement came, bringing a few presents and lots of cheer. They all praised the baby and mentioned his sturdiness. Some within the group would remember this when years later they looked to Martin Tidd

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for strength and protection. James, John, and Benjamin Hillman were among the party at the house warming. Benjamin Tidd, brother of John, met and had considerable conversation with Daniel Brodhead at the party. On the way home the following day he stopped and talked again with Brodhead, the result of which was that Benjamin Tidd moved to the settlement the following summer, at which time John and William turned in and helped build a large cabin. There were already five children in the family. This cabin was built in a rather isolated part of the settle­ment, a small valley leading from McMichaels Creek. By this time the name Anolomink Creek had, by usage, been changed to Brodhead Creek, and so appears on the maps today.

John made plans to mn again his trap line but on a modified scale which would allow him to be at home every night. This he did, and although his catch of furs was much smaller than the previous winter, it was still good and furnished him an income that he otherwise would not have had.

The following summer his forge and tools were de­livered. A small log building was erected as a shop,, and John was ready to pound iron again. Orders for andirons, hearth-cranes, hinges, nails, and many other items came in faster than they could be filled.

In December 1740, another boy was bom and was promptly named John, Young Martin was walking by this time, a sturdy boy and a delight to his father and mother. Time passed. Each day was a busy one. The sound of John's hammer in the shop gave Olive a sense of security; and their daily living filled her with a happiness that she h?d not believed possible. Their love grew and deepened, and became as solid and steadfast as the mountains. Two years later a baby girl was born. It was now John's turn to select a name and there was no doubt as to what it would be. The name was Olive.

Brodhead's settlement on the Anolomink grew and prospered. New people came in and built their homes. Peace and contentment were theira during the early years of the 1740's. McMichaels Creek had been dammed and Culver had built his grist mill and saw mill. Clay pits had been found and put to use. Coopers, carpenters, smiths, and potters were numbered among the artisans in the area. Weavers had added their skill to the growing enterprises of the settlement. The produce from the farms within a period of five years made the settlement more than self-supporting. A tannery had been established which soon supplied the region with leather. Brodhead had built a large and substantial house on the bank of the creek that

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bore his name. Up to this time little trouble had been caused by the Indians: however, there were undercurrents and rumblings which caused the thoughtful some worry*.

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The last two of the Stuart kings, Charles II and James II, were servile friends of the French monarch, Louis XIV. But when, in 1688, William of Orange came to the English throne this "bowing and scraping" to the French ceased. There followed a series of wars between the English and French which lasted, with intermissions, for a period of seventy years. The earlier of these wars were felt in the colonies only through increased Indian raids on the frontier settlements, the Connecticut River forming the main high­way for the raiding parties of the Northern French Indians. • Continued agitation on the part of the French in Canada brought about a defection within certain Indian tribes that had been friendly. Some of these abandoned their loyalty to the English and moved openly within the influence of fy the French, while others, on the surface, appeared to re­main friendly; however, this latter group seemed to be waiting for events to prove which group of the "White Fathers" would be successful in the clash for control of 4 the great area lying immediately West of the Allegheny mountains.

While the English colonies had been busy filling the rather narrow region between the Atlantic Ocean and the Allegheny mountains, the French, interested mostly in • the fur trade, had been expanding their activities until the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Kiver were entirely within their influence and control. The overt act which "broke the lull that preceeds the storm," came when the French # decided to solidify their position in the Ohio Valley by building a chain of frontier forts from Lake Erie to the Ohio river by way of the Allegheny river. Virginia disputed the right of the French to do this. In 1753 the governor of Virginia sent young George Washington to warn the French against further intrusion into territory belonging to the "Crown of England." This message the French politely ignored. The following year Washington was sent with a detachment of troops to forcibly prevent the French from gaining control of the Forks of the Ohio (now Pittsburgh.) This expedition under Washington was met and defeated by a force of French soldiers and Indian allies.

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In 1755 an army under General Braddock began the toilsome journey through the Pennsylvania woods to evict the .French who had fortified the Forks of the Ohio. General Braddock was met by a large detachment of French and Indians. Handicapped by the tactics of the enemy who took

• advantage of the dense forest, Braddock was thoroughly defeated. This disaster, coupled with the loss of Oswego and Fort William Henry, exposed the entire frontier to the attack of the French and their savage allies. To many of the Indian tribes, playing the game of waiting to see

• which side looked stronger, the defeat of Braddock tipped the scales in favor of the French,

Two events, prior to the defeat of Braddock, had oc-g curred which acted as a background in which resentment

and disaffection could grow. The first was the mendacious and fraudulent Walking Purchase of 1737, already men­tioned. The second was no less disastrous in its effects. In 1742 an Indian council was held in Philadelphia between

m the officials of the Penn family and representatives of the Six Nations. It often was the policy of colonial officials to allow the Indians to control member tribes, and sometimes when the tribe in question was not a member. The Dela-

^ wares were not members of the Six Nations; however, the • Council accepted and approved the action taken which was

an order to the Delaware Indians to concentrate within the general area of the Susquehanna River and have the Wyom­ing Valley as their recognized center of location. This

• action had two serious results. First: this area known as the Wyoming Valley was already occupied by the Shawanese Indians, the most savage of the Pennsylvania tribes. It precipitated a war between the Delawares and the Shaw-

i anese. The former, by weight of numbers, drove the Shaw­anese out of the valley and toward the west and south. The bad feature of this was that it aroused "tribal pride" and a war-like spirit which had been dormant for many years. The second result of the Council action (which was in­

ft tended by the Penn officials) was that the Delawares were farther removed from the lands taken from them by the trickery of the Walking Purchase. This forced move into the region of the Susquehanna fanned the smouldering re­sentment into a white heat of fury that erupted later with volcanic intensity. A young chief named Teedyuscong had now come into leadership within the Delaware tribe. To placate his feelings, the governor of Pennsylvania had a house built for Chief Teedyuscong on the bank of the Sus­quehanna River. This Chief is a difficult person to under­stand. In name he was a convert of the Moravian mission­aries and at times counseled moderation; however, there is much evidence to show that he constantly and secretly

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urged his followers to vengeance. With these ominous and foreboding influences at •

work it is little wonder that the entire region was uneasy by 1750. After many requests the Pennsylvania officials tardily erected Fort Hamilton west of the present site of Stroudsburg and Fort Hynshaw some seven miles east- ft ward. Samuel and Aaron Du Puy had rebuilt and strength­ened their house until it resembled a blockhouse. Similar improvements were made by Daniel Brodhead. A system of notifying remote settlers in case of danger was suggested but not adopted. The Six Nations had become uncertain, ft the Minisinks or Munseys were irreconcilable, and many of the Delawares were disaffected.

Sorrow and sadness had already visited the home of John Tidd. His wife Olive had been stricken by a fever. i The course of this fateful malady was swift and sure. The third day she lay in a stupor from which she revived only long enough to press the hands of her loved ones, and whisper, "In God's care." Just before the end she had drawn John's head down and kissed him, and whispered," My • rifle to Martin." With grief beyond the power of tears to lessen, John wrapped her in a blanket and laid her to rest in a grave by the side of the clearing that she loved FO much. He found a stone and chisled the single name £ "Olive." This, he placed at the head of the mound of earth, and looking into the distance of heaven, he repeated, "In God's care."

Stories of Indian depredations became more numerous, but still no blow had yet fallen upon this immediate region; however, a petition was prepared and sent to the Provincial Government of Pennsylvania asking for aid in defense against the impending evil. Among the names on this peti­tion are James and John Hillman, Aaron and Samuel Du-Puy, Daniel Brodhead, John McMichael, and John Tidd. This petition was sent early in 1755, and still little wa? done by the officials of government. In the light of this procrasti­nation of the Pennsylvania officials to furnish suitable de­fense, it is easy to understand the following extract from the papers of a New Jersey officer concerning a situation that occured later in the same year. " that New Jersey troops marched into Pennsylvania across the Delaware to aid a distressed call for help- the Jersey men cursed the cowardly dispositions of the Pennsylvanians, and think it hard to assist any people that won't help themselves, but that parts of Northampton county are settled by Pres­byterian people-otherwise they would not go forth with so much good will."

The fury of the storm broke on November 24, 1755. The defenseless Moravian Mission about thirty miles south

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and west of Brodhead Manor, was ruthlessly attacked. • Every building was burned and sixteen persons were slaugh­

tered. Following a few days of ominous quiet, the Hoeth family was massacred early in the morning of December 10,1755. A sudden call of warning was hurried to the Brod-

• head settlement. Men dashed about trying to warn all and have them come to Brodhead's house for protection. A runner went to the home of John Tidd with the warning.

"Has Benjamin Tidd been warned?" .asked John. "Yes, he is being warned,*' came the answer. John

• and the boys gathered such things as food, clothing, and the guns, and with Olive, now a girl of thirteen, raced to Brodheads. All was confusion. John saw young Benjamin Tidd, the oldest son of his brother, and asked, "Has your father been warned?"

"They say here that a messenger was sent, but he is not here yet.'*

John felt uneasy about this. He was fearful that in the confusion only Benjamin, Jr., who lived in a cabin of his own, had been warned. John was about to start out to make sure that his brother had been notified when a num­ber of shots were heard and bullets spat against the logs. One man standing in front of a side window threw up his

• arms and dropped to the floor, blood spurting from a hole in his chest. The battle was on. Every man with a rifle was stationed at a loophole. John saw to it that his three children were with him. He said, "Martin, I'll use your

ft rifle today, it carries farther with accuracy than the others. save your powder until you get a good target." Even young John was at a loophole with a gun.

A feeling of depression had settled upon John. His brother Benjamin, living in that isolated valley with his

• wife and eight children, had not gotten to Brodheads. Every moment their fate seemed more certain. Also his youngest brother James was nowhere to be found. William and his wife and children were here. The battle raged. It looked as

• though nearly a hundred Indians were in the attacking force. They hid behind trees—damn those trees that had been left too close—also the outbuildings were used as shelter for the howling savages. Another bullet had crashed through a weak spot; another man lay on the floor of a

• back room covered with a blanket. The beautiful rifle, which brought back memories of better days, spoke at times and when it did there was one less Indian to fear. It soon became evident that at least during the daylight hours,

• the horde could be held at bay. But what of the night? Gould enough guns be ready to resist a concentrated rush in the dark? Some degree of order had been brought about following the early confusion. It was decided that five men

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with ten rifles be held in readiness to move quickly to any part of the house where the attack was hottest. Just before dark an attempt was made to storm the front. This was good, for the largest number of loopholes were on this side. The Indians had to cross thirty yard of space without cover. A telling fire was poured into their number as the attempt was made. More than a dozen Indians met their death in this rash move. The rest fell back to protected positions. "I'm sure glad they tried that before dark," one man remarked. Later in the evening the barn was fired. It did not stand near enough to the house to endanger the lat- • ter, but it did furnish enough light to enable the men to shoot with deadly accuracy.

The concentrated attack on Brodhead's house lessened somewhat as the Indians turned their attention elsewhere-Soon glowing spots appeared all over the settlement. With a shout of anguish the besieged saw their homes going up in flames. Individual glows of light could be recognized and identified. It did not need a later count to show that Benjamin Tidd's house, Culver's saw and grist mill, Atkin's house, McNabb's house, William Tidd's house, and many others were destroyed. John Tidd watched in two direc­tions, a faint glow appearing where his brother Benjamin lived gave proof that his house was burning. But what of • Benjamin? Sometime later another faint glow showed against the north-western sky. His cabin was going up in flames. Young Martin had also been watching in that direction. He came to his father and said, "Father, it's ft burning."

John laid his hand on his shoulder and answered, "Yes, son, it's burning. Let's be thankful that we are here," and then he continued "Martin, if anything should happen to me, you must look out for John and little Olive—yes, for • little Olive."

"Yes, father," he answered. The Indians, apparently surfeited with their gory

occupation of the day and night, withdrew early the next « day, taking their dead and wounded with them. By noon it appeared safe to venture outside. Then the full story of the horrible butchery became known. Every cabin in the settlement was in smouldering ashes. The families liv­ing in isolated places had not been warned. John Rush, wife * and two children, dead, Benjamin Tidd, wife and eight children, dead. And so the records piled up until finally it was learned that seventy-eight persons had been killed that afternoon and night, and over thirty houses had been burned. Later reports showed that Brodhead's settlement was not the only one that suffered. Almost every settlement on the upper Delaware was wiped out. The following ex-

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tract of a letter written at Easton and reprinted in the "Pennsylvania Journal" is indicative of the situation. "The country all above this town for fifty miles is chiefly ruined excepting the neighborhood of the Du Puys and a few families that stood their ground there. The people that are left are mostly fleeing into the Jerseys, taking with them what few things that remain. The enemy have taken but few prisoners-murdering almost all that have fallen into their hands of both sexes." A few additional words will tell what happened to James Tidd, younger brother of John. James Tidd, Henry Dysart, and Job Babkorn, were at Culver's mill when sometime before noon many shots were heard in the direction of Brodheads. This group with the Culvers and a few others, went quickly to McMichael's house which stood on higher ground. From there they could see what looked like a hundred Indians, attack Brod­head's house. Realizing what their fate would be, this group immediately set out for the trail that led to Easton. When they reached the top of the mountain and looked back they saw Culver's mill and other houses in flames. From this distance it looked as though Brodhead's place was still being ably defended. They turned and fled to Easton.

Samuel Du Puy sent word to the survivors at Brod­head that all should come to his place for greater safety. Several thought that because of their recent success against the Indians they would be safe where they were. Improve­ments were made that would enable them to better defend themselves. The nearby trees which had provided such good protection to the Indians were cut and drawn away. All cattle that had eluded the marauders were slaughtered and the meat stored for food. Scouts kept the survivors informed as to the proximity of Indian war parties A period of anxious waiting came. John Tidd had visited his home. The cabin was completely burned. The shop had been broken into, its contents in disorder, but he collected some of his best tools to take with him. He stood for a moment beside the little mound which had now become completely covered with short grass, and said, "Olive, these are trying times but I'll do my best to protect our children."

Some of the guns at Brodheads needed repair, flints and steels needed adjustment, and many other tasks must be completed. John kept himself busy. Soon word came of Indians on the move. Near the beginning of January an­other attack was made, but was easily stopped. Soon, how­ever, it became plain that they were to be besieged and not just attacked. A messenger was sent to Du Puys telling of the situation. Du Puy sent word to the officers of some Jersey troops across the river. Due to increased numbers

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of Indians surrounding Brodheads, their condition was be­coming serious. In late afternoon of the second day after the messenger had been sent for help, the Jersey troops appeared. After a sharp skirmish the Indians were beaten back. Under protection of the troops all occupants of the Brodhead house left for Du Puys. The glow of the flames of the Brodhead house was plainly visible before the group reached the safety of the fortified house of Samuel Du Puy. The next morning the officer in charge tried to per­suade Du Puy to immediately evacuate his place and cross the river to greater safety, but he was unsuccessful. In his report the officer wrote, "Samuel Du Puy seems to be very near being in the same deplorable condition and will un­avoidably share the same fate with his neighbor, for the fatal blow is impending." These words were almost pro­phetic, for January had not yet passed when fires at Du Puys could be seen from the Jersey side of the river. Captain Salnave with twenty five soldiers crossed over and found the out-buildings all in flames and the house itself "beset by upwards of fifty Indians, some busily setting fire to it. Notwithstanding the inequality of numbers he engaged them so warmly that they were obliged to withdraw, taking their dead with them on horseback. Upon entering the house he found two dead men and three badly wounded and some twenty others, men, women, and children; all of whom would soon have been reduced to ashes." The Pennsylvania Journal for Febmary, 1756, carries the item, "Mr. Du Puy, finding it unsafe to remain, removed to the Jerseys. Immediately his house was fired and burned by the Indians." Only one more act was needed to complete the devastation of the period within the Brodhead area.

The few survivors found homes and accommodations in New Jersey. William Tidd settled there and remained permanently. In the spring John started with his three children for his uncle Jacob's home. He did not know if his uncle lived yet or not, but he had known that he married again and had some children. Martin was a sturdy lad of sixteen, with the light brown hair and stocky build of his mother, and the blue eyes of his father. He had already given promise of the strength and nerve energy, so much in evidence in the make-up of his mother. John, just turned fifteen, was more like his father with the quick easy grace of the woodsman. Little Olive, thirteen, was developing in such a way that her mother could be seen in her looks and every action. Martin had a very definite picture of his mother in his memory but little Olive's memory was much less vivid, she depended more upon the father's description and stories relating to the past.

The little group arrived at the substanial cabin of

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Jacob Tidd late in April. Jacob, now well into his seventies, was in good health. His wife, much younger, received John and his family with hearty welcome. She took little Olive into her arms with a motherly instinct that completely captured the girl's heart. "I have no little girls of my own," she said. Their oldest son, Henry, and John were the same age. Their second son, Jacob, and Olive were of the same age, while the third son, named John was three years younger. The father, with the help of the older boys, still worked at his trade of potter and operated his own clay kiln.

The stories of Indian raids on the west bank of the Delaware grew much less frequent. As one person said, "There was nobody left to kill." John, thinking that the danger had largely passed and feeling homesick for his little valley, decided to return and rebuild his cabin. He had grown strangely silent of late. The catastrophe that had befallen his brother rested on him. Added to this was the fact, that although he loved his children and wished to protect them in all ways, his heart was buried in the little clearing on Osoconnick brook. With the coming of June, John Tidd and his son Martin started on the journey that took them back through the region of the recent massacre. No signs of human life were seen anywhere in the Brodhead settlement. Port Hynshaw, with its small garrison, stood to the north and east. Fort Hamilton, to the west, was still occupied with its handful of soldiers. John met Captain Van Ettan, commander of both forts, who strongly advised against the plan of trying to rebuild the cabin; however, John was obdurate. He had set his heart on this task.

They immediately began the work of cutting and hew­ing the logs for the new cabin. The original hearth-stones were still in place and usable. With much toil the side and end logs were notched and rolled into place. Now they were ready for the rafters. Just over the hill and to the east, a grove of small straight pine trees stood from which John and William had gotten their rafters for the first cabin. Martin was given the task of cutting and mmming these trees. Good progress had been made in this work, and Martin sat down to rest. The day, June 23, 1756, was hot, and no breeze penetrated this pine thicket. The boy was drowsy-he went to sleep. Quiet prevailed. Suddenly he was awakened by the terrible yell of Indians, He noiseless­ly slipped to the brow of the sharp hill-a horrible scene met his eyes. Some ten savages had encircled his father and were closing in. John fought swinging his axe with all his strength, but to no avail. In less than a minute a tomahawk had crushed his skull. With a fiendish yell of

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triumph his scalp was ripped from his head. Martin realized instantly that nothing except quick flight could possibly save himself, he could give his father no help now. He slipped back to where he had been working and picked up the axe and his rifle-his mother's gift- and ran lightly and quietly to the eastward. Apparently a stray war party, passing near, had heard John as he worked, and had silent­ly crept up to a close distance before their presence was known. From that second on John had not a chance. Martin's little nap had saved him. No sounds of his axe had told of his whereabouts. Just before dark he arrived at Fort Hamilton and told his story. Captain Van Ettan's report reads' "Upon receiving news of an Indian raid, he, the next morning, took six men and went out. They found i John Tidd killed and scalped. They gave burial and re­turned to the Fort." Martin returned the next day with the troops. The Indians had disappeared. Nothing was left to be done except the burial of the body. A grave was dug beside the little mound at the edge of the clearing. John • was laid to rest beside the woman whom he had loved so deeply. This scene brought back to Martin memories of the other time, when the smell of the freshly opened earth mingled with the perfume of the few wild flowers gather- f ed by his own hands. In that other day his father had stood by the grave and said, "In God's care." In respect for his mother's faith and his father's acceptance of that faith, Martin silently repeated those words. A responsibility was setting upon his young shoulders. He had a younger brother and sister that now claimed the fulfillment of the promise made to his father for their care. The few tools and John's rifle were taken back to the fort, at which place Martin spent the night. The following morning the journey was t begun which would take Martin back to the difficult task of telling his brother and sister of the sad experience through which he had just passed. It was with sorrow that the story was told and received.

Young John had taken a lot of interest in the pottery * work along wih his uncle and cousins. Martin had been taught much of the work of a blacksmith by his father, and had a fair assortment of tools. He went to work in a nearby shop and completed the learning of the trade as « well as earning some money. Olive helped the aunt in the many tasks of housework. Slowly the wounds of sorrow healed, but often Martin would stand on a high hill and look toward the west, a land and region that beckoned • to him. When possible he and his brother spent many hours in the woods hunting. The older brother sometimes said that maybe he would become a trapper.

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Early in the summer of 1760, with the French nearly defeated and their hold over the Indians broken, Martin Tidd and his brother John and sister Olive decided that it was time to do for themselves. Their great-uncle Jacob had died, and it was nearing the time when cousin Henry would be bringing home a wife; therefore, now was a good time to strike out on their own. Martin wanted to go back to the Brodhead area but not to Osoconnick brook. Soon they were on their way. They found several families al­ready rebuilding in the vicinity. The Hillmans and the McMichaels had rebuilt, along with some new people. A site was chosen, arrangements were made with Daniel Brod­head's heirs, and the building of a cabin begun. A young man named James Hillman, nephew of John and Benjamin, came over to visit them and offered to help in hauling in the logs with his uncle's oxen. This was gladly accepted, for the timbers were too far to roll. It soon became evident that Hillman's interest was not confined to hauling logs. Olive's fresh young beauty and wit would have won her admirers anywhere. The building of the cabin proceeded rapidly and by early autumn was ready for occupancy. This cabin, designed on a different plan from the earlier type provided for two rooms in the loft, one in each end with the wall ladder and walk-way in the middle. Much of the planning had been done by James Hillman who was a carpenter by trade.

The house warming was a jolly affair. Nearly thirty persons made their appearance, the women bringing gifts and dishes of food. A tall slight boy of not more than eighteen years brought a long box. He seemed to be known by several persons present although Martin had never seen him. This boy, although shy, was a likeable fellow with a ready smile. After much talk and many remarks of admira-

9 tion for the cabin, supper was eaten. One of the men said, "Now, Dave, it's your turn." "That's right," several added, "Where's the box?"

David Randall, for that was his name, opened the box # and took out a fiddle. After some tuning, he struck up a

lively air; soon he called in time with the music, "Choose your partners and here we go, grab her quick and don't be slow." The music might have been poor, and the dancing might have been crude, but they had fun; good clean fun.

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at a time when there had not been enough fun in the lives of manly people. As they broke up to go home, someone said, "We have had such a nice time tonight, let's hope that soon there'll be another cabin built." Just by chance, Martin happened to catch a look in the eye of James Hill­man, and turning his head to follow the direction of the look, he saw Olive's face color just a bit and he knew that she had seen the look; probably understood its meaning better than he did. That night as he lay on his tightly stretched deerskin bed, he was disturbed and worried about little Olive, his little sister whom he had promised to protect. But there was no need for worry. The forces that were at work, and the wheels that were turning, would work and they would turn, and nothing would stop them. After all, James was not so bad, he was honest, a good worker and, he supposed, good to look upon. But Olive was his little sister. Yes, his little sister, but she was eighteen years old and girls of eighteen are no longer little sisters. Well, he would think it through tomorrow.

"Who is this Dave Randall?" he asked a neighbor the next day.

"Dave," answered the man, "is a boy whose father was killed a few years ago in the Indian raids. His mother went to Philadelphia and married again. Dave and his step-daddy didn't hitch, so he cleared out. All he had was that fiddle and his father's rifle. He kin handle one about as well as the other. Takes a good eye and maybe a little luck to beat him. .Everybody likes Dave. He lives with a family up creek."

At a "bam raising" a few days later Martin had a chance to see Dave again. As was sometimes the custom at a "raising" the owner, to make things more interesting for the help, would put up a prize in some manner. Some­times it would be in the f onn of a guessing match in which the women could participate. Today the owner had made ten targets, and ten men could have a shot apiece for the prize. This was not a shooting match, just a little fun after dinner before going back to work. The targets were placed and ten men took their positions. Each would fire before any of the targets were looked at. Martin fired number five and Dave fired number nine. A good eye could see where the bullet marks appeared on the targets along the line. As Martin fired he heard Dave make an exclamation, for the bullet mark showed very close to the center. Dave's rifle seemed much too heavy for him, nevertheless, the bullet hole looked good. The last shot was made and each walked over and got his target to show to the man who acted as judge. The prize was to be a choice between a steel trap and a jug of whiskey. Considerable interest was

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shown in Martin's and Dave's targets, as no other bullet hole was close enough to offer any competition. Both tar­gets were handed to the judge, he looked at each and then began to measure. Finally he asked for the help of the owner in making a decision. Soon, in agreement, they an­nounced it a tie, but gave Dave lirst choice, quickly he said, "I'll take the trap providing my friend don't want it."

They turned to Martin who replied, "Give him the trap, but I don't want the liquor."

"Let them shoot off the tie," someone said. "No, there was to be only one shot apiece," said the

owner, "I have another trap, so everybody will be favored." All were satisfied and went back to work on the barn. At quitting time Martin saw Dave looking at his rifle, he said, "That's a beauty. Can I see it?"

"Yes," Martin smiled, "but not to shoot it. I don't very often let anyone touch it."

Dave's eyes glistened with admiration as he lifted the rifle to his shoulder and lined the sights on an object. He said, "If she shoots like she holds, I don't blame you. I'll never shoot in a match against that gun. There would be no use."

£ Martin felt pleased at the frank statement in praise of his most prized possession. "Say," he said, "how about coming over to my place soon. I'd like to get acquainted with you."

"Thanks, I'll do tha t" * That was the beginning of a friendship that lasted for

over fifty years. Through thick and thm these two stood side by side. Each saw in the other something which he, himself, did not have. They were opposites in many re-

t spects. Dave could out-run Martin, but in a "rassle" or rough-and-tumble he was as putty in Martin's hands. Their ability to shoot was never questioned, but it was something of a question which was the better shot. Dave could easily hold his own against Martin when Martin used some rifle

• other than his own. Dave never would shoot against the "Beauty" as he called it. Always said, "There would be no use," John entered into the friendship, and many times the three would go hunting together. Dave was learning

a the trade of "cooperage." "We ought to be able to help one another," he said, "we all follow different trades,"

John and another man had started to open a clay pit and build a clay kiln. A good market for pottery should

# exist here, for there was no other kiln for many miles. More of his time was being spent at the clay kiln, he was eating dinner every day now with the co-owner of the pottery. Martin remembered that this family had been at the house warming and that John had danced several times with

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one girl in particular. Later he learned that her name was f Susanna.

One day while hunting, they were sitting on a log talking, Dave said, "I'd like to spend the winter trapping if I had more traps."

Martin thought a while and answered, "Wouldn't • mind, myself. Did I ever show you the Indian map that father had from old Chief Tadame, with the territory in which he could trap, all marked?"

"No, I never saw it, but I'd like to." The next day Martin got the deerskin map. It looked

little different from what it had nearly twenty-five years earlier. He showed the map to Dave, who became quite excited. Dave said, "That region is just as wild now as it * was when your father trapped there. If we only had more traps."

"Father had about thirty steel traps, and he used a lot of deadfalls. I have ten traps now. How many do you have ?" t

"I own fourteen, and I think I know where eight or ten more could be found," Dave replied.

"John has a dozen steel traps that he used over in Jersey; maybe I could get them," Martin said, half to him- ^ self. That John might want to go trapping also, and use • his own, was the thought that came to Martin. A few days later while talking with James Hillman, Martin remarked that he wished he knew where he could get some more steel traps.

"Thinking of spending the winter in the woods?" asked James.

"Dave and me have been talking about it." "What about John, would he be going also?" inquired

James, "I doubt you could get him away from the kiln,"

answered Martin. "I don't think," James said with a laugh, "It's the kiln

half as much as it's Sue." "Do you really think that?" asked Martin with some

surprise. "Looks that way to me," answered James. He paused

for a moment and added, "While we are on the subject I might as well say a word or two for myself. Do you have any objection to me as a husband for your sister, Olive?"

Olive is too young," answered Martin. She is eighteen and past," said James, "Many a girl

is married before that." #

"Have you said anything to her about it?" questioned her brother.

"Well, not exactly, but unless you object, I intend to

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soon, and I probably will anyway." The two looked at each other. The last remark was

not a challenge and there was no disrespect intended. It was just a plain statement of determination. After all, the two were of about the same age and it was quite absurd to think under the circumstances that permission could be granted or withheld by a young man of twenty-one. "James, I have always liked you, and if Olive must have a husband, it had better be you."

On this they shook hands, and James added, "My two uncles have a string of traps which, I am sure, they will not be needing."

The following Sunday James was a guest for dinner and after having finished eating, he said, "Olive and I wish to announce that next week we plan on getting married."

No surprise was shown by anyone present. Martin expressed his wish for their future happiness, as did John, who added to his remarks, "If you two have no objections, it might be possible to make it a double wedding." This was a surprise, at least to some, and after some discussion the plans were tentatively made. John immediately left to see Susanna.

The double wedding was held in the new cabin in early November 1760. The two couples expected to live there during the winter. James and Olive planned on build­ing their own house the next summer. Martin and David Randall went to the Pocono mountains for the winter's trapping. One of his father's shacks was found and repair­ed. The area had not been covered by trappers for some time and their catch of furs was good.

The next summer a new cabin was built and occupied by James Hillman and his wife Olive, John and Susanna remained at home. On October 12, 1761 John and Susanna became the parents of a baby boy who was named John William Tidd. This boy grew up and always went by the name William, however, on October 3, 1770, he was bap­tized as John Tidd. About a year after the birth of John William Tidd, a baby boy was bora to James and Olive Hillman, October 27,1762. This boy was named James.

Each winter Martin and David returned to the wild and desolate region of the Pocono mountains to run their trap lines. During the summer Martin worked in his black­smith shop and Dave worked as a cooper. He spent many nights playing his fiddle and calling for dances. The people remonstrated against his being away all winter in the mountains, for they said they needed his cheer and music.

One day in the winter of 1764 while sitting out a blizzard, Martin said, "I suppose, Dave, that we should find

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ourselves some girls and get married. This life in enjoyable but it's not getting us anywhere. Do you know where there are some likely girls?"

.After a minute's thought, Dave replied, "Not far south of Stroudsburg there is a settlement in which lives a family by the name of Marvin. There are two mighty • likely girls there, about nineteen and twenty years old by now. If they haven't already been ketched we could da worse. Boy, you should see them. They sure know how to handle a rifle and swing an axe."

"Dave, the way I feel right now I don't care whether • or not they can swing an axe, what I'd like to know is can they swing a leg?*'

"If you mean, can they dance, I'd say they can hold § their own on any floor. Never could understand why they haven't been picked up. Maybe they have by now. I saw them last summer."

"What's their names?" asked Martin. "The oldest is Betsy and the sister is Sally, They look g

enough alike to be twins but they ain't. Their father says as how any feller fooling around his place with wrong in­tentions will carry home a load of bird shot."

"How about drawing cuts for them," suggested Martin as he picked up a splinter of wood and broke it into two • unequal lengths. "The long one is for Betsy and the short one is for Sally. You draw." Dave drew one of the pieces from Martin's hand.

"It's the short piece alright, so I get Sally." .After a • moment's reflection Dave added, "Suits me/ '

One Sunday afternoon in early summer Martin and David presented themselves at the Marvin home. Martin always earned his rifle, but Dave carried his fiddle box. A hearty welcome was given David which, after introduc- * tion, included Martin.

"Young feller" asked the father, a tall rawboned man, "what do you carry that gun fer?"

"Why, to shoot," answered Martin. « "When any young feller claims to be able to shoot,

he's got to prove it before he visits my gals," stated Marvin, and added, "Step out here and we'll see."

"Not on Sunday, Paw," remonstrated Mra. Marvin. "Sunday or no Sunday, we air going to find out," per­

sisted the husband. The remark about "visiting his gals" had embarrassed all, and to ease this tension a move to the outside was welcomed. The father pointed to a post some distance away and said, "See that stone on the top • of that post? Well that's your target."

On the post there appeared a tiny object, so small that the sights of a rifle would entirely cover it. The shot was

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almost impossible and Martin did not care to be placed in a bad light, so he said, "Mister, a person can't hit some­thing that he can't see. You put up a reasonable target and I'll do my best." A pleased smile passed over the features of the tall man. At least this young fellow could not be pushed into making a fool of himself. He picked up a flat stone about two inches in diameter and placed it on the post, coming back to the group he said with finality, "Go ahead and shoot."

It still would take excellent marksmanship to hit this object. Martin looked to the priming of his rifle which he slowly raised to a level with the target. When a full level had been reached, the rifle stopped for an instant, then was fired. The stone was broken into bits. Exclamations of surprise and pleasure were heard. While reloading the gun Martin heard the father say as he walked away, "Mighty good shooting."

Dave entertained for part of the afternoon playing, among others, some church songs. Later, the two couples prepared to go for a walk. Mrs. Marvin said, "Supper will be ready by sun set." Dave had maneuvered it in such a way that Betsy was paired off with Martin. The girls were all that Dave had represented. They were fairly tall and well proportioned, and were of pleasing appearance.

"Sometime, I'd like to shoot that rifle. It's such a beauty," said Betsy.

"Sometime you may do so," Martin replied, and then he told her about the Indian attack on Brodhead's and how his father had used the rifle then, but that it never had been shot since by any other person.

"Then why did you say that sometime I could shoot i t?" asked the girl,

"Well, it's like this, I feel that I have known you for a long time."

She laughed as she said, "Yes, you have known me about three hours."

"No, I got acquainted with you away last winter while running my trap line up in the Pocono hills. I got so well acquainted that I was willing to draw cuts to see whether I'd have you or your sister."

"It looks to me," retorted the girl, "as though you were taking a lot for granted. Listen, Mister," she added some­what nettled, "I have watched other young men shoot at the stone on the post. That's father's way of getting ac­quainted, but the results of shooting at a stone has no par­ticular influence with me."

"Well spoken, young lady, well spoken. When Dave told me about all the young people he had known, I decided

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to meet you. My intentions are strictly honorable." "Although I still think you are somewhat forward,"

she replied, "Let's talk of other things." This they did and soon it was time to return to the house for supper. As Martin and Dave left during the evening, Martin said to Betsy, "We'll come over next Sunday." She nodded her head slowly.

True to his word Martin and Dave made their appear­ance at the Marvin home the following Sunday afternoon. Again Dave played his fiddle for their entertainment, and again the two couples strolled in the early evening. Mter several topics had been discussed, Martin stopped in the path and turning said, "Betsy, I want to marry you next week."

"Martin," she slowly answered, "I knew last Sunday that you would ask me this today, and-and I knew that my answer would be yes." Their first kiss and long embrace sealed a love that never faltered, and was able to stand the test of time.

They were married in mid-summer. Martin took his bride home to live in his, and John's, cabin on the banks of Brodhead's creek in Northampton County, Pennsylvania. A strong attachment between Betsy and John's wife, Sus­anna, developed. Some time later David Randall married Sally but remained in the Marvin neighborhood. Trapping as a way of life for Martin was ended, although David de­pended on it quite largely for earning a living for many years.

Late in 1765 a daughter was bora to Martin and Betsy, and was named Ann. The work in the blacksmith shop con­tinued. While not busy filling orders, Martin hammered out another full set of hearth-cranes and end-irons. Once Betsy asked why he was making these if he had no order. His answer was. "We'll need these in our next house."

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In 1662 the Connecticut Colony received its charter from Charles H in which the boundaries were designated as " according to its present width and from sea to sea." The people of the colony took this literally and, as popula­tion increased and the better lands were taken, they began to look with desire toward areas that might absorb the growing numbers. In a letter of reply to a question regard-

V V I S J . aJ 'WWW

GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY OF THi CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST

OF U i m p A ^ I N T S

ing its conditions we find the following, " the land that was left was mountainous, full of rocks and swamps; that most of it fit for planting had already been taken and that what remained must be subdued as it were by hard blows and for small recompense." In the light of this situation, and with reports that had come in of large acreages of rich land to the westward, well within their territorial bound­aries, it is little wonder that expansion was planned.

In July 1753, in Windram, Connecticut, a group of men formed the Susquehanna Company for the purpose of "Westward Settlement on the Susquehanna River." Little thought was given to the fact that this region was well within the charter boundaries of the neighboring colony of Pennsylvania. The following year found this Susque­hanna Company sending agents to negotiate with the In­dian chiefs of the Six Nations assembled in Council at Albany. Treaty terms were made at this council which included a purchase price of £ 2000. When news of this treaty became known, the Delaware Indians remonstrated, saying the lands in question did not belong to the Six Nations but to themselves, the Delawares; therefore, they claimed no legitimate sale had been made. The governor of Pennsylvania wrote to Sir William Johnson, Commission­er of Indian Affairs asking for his help in nullifying the sale made by the Six Nations. In turn Sir Willam Johnson wrote to the governor of Connecticut, remarking "of the dangers of settlement until the title of said lands should be adequately cleared."

In 1755 the Susquehanna Company secured from the Colony of Connecticut permission to begin settlement. A small group, including surveyors, went to the region in question for further information as to the best locations. Braddock's defeat and the ensuing French and Indian War intercepted further efforts of settlement for the time being.

In the summer of 1762, a group of one hundred and twenty men went to the Wyoming Valley and settled at the mouth of Mill Creek. The term "Wyoming Valley" refers to a stretch of the Susquehanna River valley in upper Penn­sylvania about twenty-one miles in length and three to four miles in width. It is a beautiful valley of fertile land and en­closed by lowlying mountains. It extends from just below present Wilkes-Barre up to and including Pittston. This in­itial group of men built several cabins, planted a few acres to wheat and did considerable fencing. They returned to Connecticut late in the fall with the expectation of going back the next spring. The Delaware Indians protested to the governor of Pennsylvania asking that the intruders be driven out; the request was ignored.

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The spring of 1763 brought an even larger group of settlers from Connecticut (the people from Connecticut will sometimes be referred to as "Yankees"). Indian enemies of Chief Teedyuscong from within the Six Nations saw a chance to cause trouble, so they secretly f supplied liquor to the Delaware chief. The same night, while the chief was lying drunk, they burned his house down over his head. Blame for the deed was craftily layed to the Yankees of nearby Mill creek. Not knowing that they were being blamed, the Yankees went about their business unaware of the approaching storm. The resentment smouldered ail summer until, on the night of October 15, 1763, the Indians fell on the settlement, burning several cabins and massacring twenty of the Con- i necticut settlers. Panic followed. Without even waiting to bury their dead, the Yankees streaked it back to Con­necticut. Colonel James Boyd was sent by the governor of Pennsylvania to restore order. When he arrived no Indians could be found so he buried the dead and returned home. ft This massacre stopped settlement for some time.

In 1765, Captain Amos Ogden from New Jersey se­cured from Sir William Johnson a permit to establish a trading post in the Wyoming valley, which was done. In g 1768 at the Councl of Fort Stanwix, the officials of the Penn family secured from the Delaware Indians a "Treaty of Purchase" for the same area that was covered by the Albany Treaty of 1754, Having advance information that the Susquehanna Company was about to resume operation in the Wyoming valley, the Pennsylvania officials late in 1768, leased the entire Wyoming valley for a seven year period to Charles Stewart and Amos Ogden. The stipula­tions of the lease included the statement that they were «t to "establish themselves and a trading post in the area, and to defend same against aU enemies and intruders." Stewart, being Deputy Surveyor for the region, immediately began the surveying of the valley from "mountain to mountain."

It was to be Amos Ogden's job to hunt up some help. #

During his travels he had met and talked with several persons living in the new settlement at Brodheads. Think­ing that some of these men could be interested in the Wyom­ing valley, he and his companion went to see Martin Tidd ft on Brodhead creek. He told Martin and John of the fertil­ity of the land of the valley and the opportunities that were almost certain to open there. Martin had known of the attempt of the people of Connecticut to settle there, and * had even talked with some of the persons that had fled from the massacre of 1763. He also had known of Ogden's trading post on the river. Ogden was enthusiastic about the lease and told that Stewart was already at work on the

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surveys. "Are you hiring men for this purpose, or are you giv­

ing them land?" asked Martin. "We are doing both," answered Ogden. "We are pay­

ing monthly wages including living until such a time when land can be cleared and crops raised. In the meantime the men are to help us fulfill the part of the lease which says, 'establish themselves and a trading post in the area and defend same against all enemies and intruders'."

After a little thought Martin said, "I might be tempted to go under certain conditions: Allow me to choose a site of 100 acres upon which I can build a house and set up a blacksmith shop not later than two years from now; also agree that not more than half my time be requiredto help you fellows in your 'protection' needs. One more point, that your group will, when I am ready, transport my belongings including my shop equipment to the valley." Ogden realized that here was a substantial person and that if he could be persuaded to go to the valley, others would go also.

"I'll take you on those terms, Martin. We need thirty or forty men by the middle of December."

Soon the Hillmans, John Tidd, and several others de-# cided to go. Martin sent word to Dave Randall to come

along and also to bring his wife to live with Betsy and Susanna during the coming winter. Several men from Ogden's town in New Jersey, including his two brothers,

* arrived in Stroudsburg the first week in December 1768, and by the middle of the month all were at Mill creek in the Wyoming valley. They found several houses in livable condition which had been deserted by the Yankees in 1763. Immediately, work was begun on Ogden's blockhouse.

• Charles Stewart and his helpers had surveyed the entire valley, and as per agreement, Martin selected a site some two miles below where Forty Fort was later built. This site of Martin's was on a high steep bank directly on the

m Susquehanna, which at this place made a bend; thus mak­ing it impossible to approach the house except from one general direction.

Simultaneously, the Susquehanna Company had, late in 1768, decided to resume settlement in the Wyoming

• valley. In February 1769 Zebulon Butler, of Indian fight­ing fame, led forty men to the valley. Much to his surprise and consternation, he found it occupied by a determined group of Pennsylvanians. Ogden ordered Sheriff Jennings

• to arrest the leader and two of his aids and march them to Easton jail, sixty miles away. They were immediately re­leased on bail; whereupon, thirty more of the Yankees were arrested and jailed at Easton. They, too, were soon

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released and tramped back to the valley. Butler now pro­ceeded to build what became Forty Fort. In May of the same year a certain Captain Durkee, from Connecticut, appeared on the scene and built Fort Durkee. In June the Pennsylvania governor sent Colonel Francis to the valley with orders to the Yankees to "evacuate their positions and get out." Nothing happened; therefore, in September, the governor ordered Sheriff Jennings to raise a posse "to evict the intruders," but admonished "that there be no effusion of blood, not to fire unless fired upon." There now followed m SL series of events unmatched in American history: a series of armed conflicts in which cannons were used in open battle. These events covered a period of nearly fifty years. Only those parts will be dealt with that are important be- * cause of their relationship to the Tidd family.

Sheriff Jennings and Captain Ogden raised a body of two hundred armed men and demanded the surrender of Port Durkee. Ogden had secured a pair of "four pounders" which had a definite effect on Butler and Durkee; they surrendered the fort. Durkee was arrested and taken by Jennings and Ogden to Philadelphia, the fort being left in the hands of Ogden's men. The rest of the Yankees went home.

During the summer Martin and James Hillman, with some help from John and David, had begun work on their own house. Martin said he wanted it large enough for four families.

"Expecting a siege?" asked James. "You never can tell. It may pay to be prepared," was

the answer. Martin and James had answered the call of Ogden to aid in the capture of Fort Durkee.

By now, Ogden had twenty-eight men on his payroll. These divided themselves into two groups, taking turns in garrisoning the fort. John and Martin, during their month off duty, went back home to Stroudsburg.

When it was time to return to the Wyoming valley, Betsy asked, "Is there much danger, Martin?"

Martin laughed as he shook his head. "Lots of fighting but no blood spilled and nobody getting hurt."

It happened while Martin and John were serving their turn in the fort. A Lazarus Stewart from Connecticut raised a motley group of armed men and surprised the handful in the fort.

"Now we'll see who goes to jail," shouted the Yankees. Martin and John soon found themselves in the new

jail. "Well, we don't have to walk to Easton," said John. Jail life irked the freedom—loving brothers. From time to time Dave or James were allowed to visit through the

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bars. They told how the Yankees had broken open Ogden's house and removed the two cannon. Also, that quite a settle­ment was developing nearby and had been named Wilkes-Barre.

Early in the summer of 1770, while Martin was still in jail, an Irish bully with quite a reputation for fighting appeared in Wilkes-Barre. Stimulated by a few drinks of rum he began his usual campaign of trying to find a per­son who would fight with him. He swaggered up and down the main part of the town having a good time.

"Isn't there anyone in this town with guts enough to fight?" he would ask. Finally on the second day of this tirade, Benjamin Hillman said that there was one man in the area that could whip him,

"Well, where the hell has he been hiding?" asked the bully, "Bring him on." A group appealed to Lazarus Stewart to give freedom to Martin Tidd if he would fight the bully, Stewart agreed to this. The group went to the jail and told Martin the circumsances.

"No. He wouldn't fight. He didn't know the man, had nothing against him, and would not fight." Crestfallen, the group returned to town and reported. The insulting lan­guage and ragings of the bully increased to the point where they could be no longer endured. The group went back to the jail and told of the additional insults. Still Martin would not fight. Finally Hillman said, "Martin, this bully says you are a damn cowardly Englishman, and that you are the son of a coward, and that your whole damn family were cowards."

"Open up this door, jailer," demanded Martin. The door was unlocked and John was permitted to leave with Martin. The group returned to the town.

"Haw, Haw-here's my meat," mocked the bully. The odds were strikingly in favor of the braggart; he was at least six feet tall and weighed all of two hundred pounds. Martin Tidd measured less than five feet, nine inches, and weighed about one hundred seventy pounds.

It was common practice for fights of this kind to be fought across a tight rope. Soon a rope was stretched tight­ly across an open space and the opponents took their places. The only rale governing this kind of a fight was that there could be no kicking under the rope. A consider­able crowd had gathered to watch the fight. A shot was fired and the fight was on. The bully charged like a roaring bull. One of his sledge-hammer blows reached home. Tidd was knocked down. A groan of disappointment came from the crowd. Was their only hope to be so easily overcome? Martin got up. He had been floored by the power of the

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blow, not because he had been hurt; however, he would need to be careful. The fight was on again. Martin dodged what blows he could, and those he couldn't dodge he took where they would do the least harm; but he always traded two for one. The rage into which the bully flew, after receiving several punches, actually benefited Martin. His blows were swinging at random; dangerous, it is true, but more easily avoided. As the in-fighting became hot the bully was steppng back more often. This was decidedly to the disadvantage of Martin. After several more times of stepping back to avoid well aimed blows, Martin Tidd 9

yelled, "By the Holies, he'd show him how to stand up and fight." He placed his hands on the rope and jumped over. Now the fight was on with deadly intent. The tremendous 4 nerve energy which Martin had inherited from his mother became recognized. His blows literaly rained upon the upper body and head of his opponent, who was now busy defending himself. Several hard punches to the jaw had the bully staggering. Soon the opportunity came; a sharp * left turned the bully's head sidewise, and, concentrating all his energy into one blow, Martin drove a terrific right to the point of the jaw. The bully was out, and he stayed out for some time. By evening he was barely able to sit up. The next day he walked a few steps, but they were his last. That night he lapsed into a coma from which he never revived. He died within the week.

Martin and Jonh, with Dave and James Hillman who had seen the fight went to the new house. Martin was #

pretty sore from the blows which he had received, when something was said about the fight, he remarked, "The less said about that affair the better."

"Although John had to serve one more time in a po?se ^ raised by Sheriff Hacklin, of Northampton county for which he received £ 6Vlf Martin never again mixed in the quarrels and battles between the Yankees and the Penn-sylvanians. He said, "You can't do business with the people you're fighting, and I am going to be in business." i

All concentrated on the work of the new house. It was completed by October, and John and Hillman returned home to get the family. Their goods were delivered in the course of time, and Martin set up a shop near the house and prepared to follow his trade. Zebulon Butler was in control of the Yankee settlement and the Fort,

With the rapid growth ot Wilkes-Barre and the other nearby towns, many opportunities for work existed on every hand. Martin was kept busy in his shop. James Hill­man continued his work as a carpenter, and because there were no clay pits near, John worked with Hillman. David

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• Randall worked in a small cooperage in Wilkes-Barre. The two older Hillmans lived on their farm in the lower valley. Martin. John and James with their families all lived in the big house. Dave and his wife lived in a cabin

m nearby. Times were prosperous and all were happy. Young James Hillman was now a boy of nine; John William, a growing boy of ten, spent much of his time at his uncle's shop. Betsy had another baby bora in 1772 named John. Dave had a couple of boys named Henry and Samuel. By

m 1774 another baby girl was bora to Martin and Betsy. This girl was named Sally in honor of her Aunt Sally.

The relationships between the Yankees and the other people of the settlments were, for the most part, friendly,

> and little trouble was experienced. The orders of the Penn­sylvania officials were executed in the name of a sheriff posse and not by Provincial militia. The rise and fall of "Plunkett" and his armed expedition against the Yankees in 1775 caused little disturbance among the common set-

• tiers. A call came from Butler for all the able bodied Yankees to gather in defense of his well chosen positions. Martin, watching these proceedings, said, "Plunkett won't have a chance against old Zeb Butler." This proved to be true, for, after less than a half day's fight Plunkett with­drew. No further attempt to dislodge the Yankees was ever made by the Penn family.

However, two events of importance took place in the spring of 1775. John's wife Susanna gave birth to a daugh­ter, who was given the name of Nancy. The mother did not regain her strength and health in a normal manner. It soon became evident that her condition was serious. All was done that was possible under the circumstances, yet

• she died in June. John was badly shaken by his sorrow. Betsy and Olive assumed care of the baby.

News reached the valley of the outbreak of fighting at Lexington and Concord. In an effort to bring about a complete change that might help his brother John, Martin remarked at the supper table one evening "I hear that Lt. Steele and Captain Chambers are raising a force to fight the English around Boston." The seed was planted, and within two days John announced he was joining the

• army. After a tender look at his baby daughter and a fare­well hand clasp with his son William, John picked up his rifle and left. He walked to the shop and shook hands with Martin. No words were needed.

ft John became a member of Col. Thompson's Battalion of Riflemen under Capt. James Chambers and Lt. Steele. They marched to the vicinity of Boston, but were transfer­red to Gen. Arnold's command which was preparing to

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invade Canada. Soon after leaving Fort Weston on the Kenneback river, Gen. Arnold found it necessary to select a "special group of scouts of unusual activity and courage." Lt. Steel was given his choice from the entire Battalion. He chose eight men, among whom was John Tidd, Beset by many difficulties among which was lack of food, the expe­dition cut its way through the wild? of New England, and fi­nally appeared before Quebec in December, The attack was made, but after heroic fighting they were forced to sur­render. The survivors were paroled and exchanged late in 1776, among whom was John Tidd. He later re-enlisted in the First Pennsylvania Regiment. The re-enlistment ex­pired July 1, 1779.

Following the surrender of Burgoyne in 1777, the activities of the Tories and the Indians were directed against the colonial frontier with terrible effect. News of a concentration of Indians and Tories at Tioga on the Sus­quehanna river in New York State was heard in the Wyom­ing valley in the early summer of 1778. Petitions for mili­tary protection were sent to the Pennsylvania Assembly and the Continental Congress. No aid was forthcoming. The militia of the Wyoming valley was under the command of Zebulon Butler. He strengthened Forty Fort and made what preparations he could. Martin listened to the news of the concentration at Tioga and watched the perparations for defense with considerable worry. One evening he called in John and Benjamin Hillman, David Randall, the nearby Williams family with their neighbor, a Henry Hatton, and said in all seriousness, "I don't like the looks of things at all. Old Zeb Butler can't defend this entire region even if we pitch in to help him. Either we prepare to defend our­selves or we must get out of the valley, for there are bloody times ahead." A quiet fell on the group. All knew that every word spoken was true. No one wanted to leave, but how could this handful defend themselves if Butler with his troops could not? This was the question.

"Well, we have certain advantages," went on Martin, "we are protected by the river on one full side, and by cut­ting a few more loopholes in the other side, and with plenty of guns we could give a pretty good account of ourselves." Several seemed to agree.

"If that's your final opinion, men, then we better get busy, there is no time to loose. If a couple more men can be found worth their salt bring them in; but above all, get rifles. We need forty rifles. Dave, that will be your job. You buy, borrow, or beg if you must, as many good rifles as you can find, but do it quietly, we want no excitement. James, you cut several more loopholes where needed. The

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rest of you men get a lot of barrels and casks to hold water, and have as much food as possible ready to bring in here. We might be shut in here quite a while."

Each man went about his task. When Martin saw Dave again he said, "Be sure to get the bullet molds for any odd size rifles you may pick up." Martin made purchases of extra powder and lead, and suggested that others do like­wise. He moved all the shop equipment into the big house and stored it out of the way. News came that the forces at Tioga were on the move and headed down river. Martin sent word to his group to get ready for any emergency. Scouts brought to Butler the word that the horde of Indians and Tories and English troops were within twenty miles. Now Martin gave the word to move in with all the food that could be gotten. The water barrels were filled. Dave had done his part well; he had gotten over twenty rifles. "Didn't have to steal a one," he said. Supplies of bullets had been made, and extra flints were on hand.

On the evening of July 2, 1778, Benjamin Hillman visited the Fort for the latest news. After dark he return­ed to the big house with haste, and said, "Butler and the officers have just had a conference. They have decided to leave the Fort and give battle up the river about two miles."

Of all the damn fools," someone cried. Gentlemen," said Martin, "The valley is lost. There

won't be enough people left to bury the dead." The next morning Martin's cattle were shut in the

small building used for the shop. Last minute preparations were completed. By noon a group of terror stricken women and children appealed to Martin for safety. He refused none, told them that when the fighting began they would have to stay in the loft out of the way. Scouts brought the last word, the enemy forces were within five miles. Butler, guilty of a tactical error, led his troops out of the Fort and up the river to give battle. By mid-afternoon Martin and his little group could hear the rapid firing of guns. Butler was now in battle. For an hour the firing con­tinued, then slackened and finally stopped except for isolated shots. Martin and his group stood on a high point which enabled him to see the Fort. Soon a few of the troops were seen running wildly to the Fort. "The slaughter is on up river," someone said. Women and children were running to the woods from the settlement. Soon, small parties of frenzied Indians were seen in the distance search­ing for the fleeing women and children. Death and destruc­tion were settling down over the valley. Martin stood for a while on the bank of the river. Quite often bodies of men,

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women and children could be seen floating down with the current. The entire group went inside, and took their posi­tions at the loopholes. Fourteen men, counting young Will­iam and young James Hillman with Dave's two boys, stood ready, Betsy and Sally with a few other women were ready to reload the rifles when the firing should start. Benjamin Hillman said to Martin, "Reminds me of Brodhead's, years ago." Martin nodded. At Brodhead's, he had stood beside his father who had used the rifle that he now had in his own hands,

A shout from young William told of Indians near. Approaching down the river bank in full view were ten savages bent on murder.

Martin said, "Take it easy boys, let them come fairly close, pick your man and fire with me." Eight rifles were leveled, Martin counted: one-two-three-fire. A deafening thunder of noise filled the room, seven of the Indians lay on the ground. Quickly other rifles were aimed and fired and two more savages dropped.

"Nice work, boys. Too bad we didn't get the other one, for he may be back with help," said Martin. They had not long to wait; a band of nearly thirty were approaching from the front while a dozen were coming down the river,

"James, you take care of these by the river. I'll go to the front," said Martin. "Men, it's everyone for himself now." The firing depended on no counting. The extra rifles now came into good use. Betsy and the other women silent­ly and grimly poured in powder and ball, and handed the gun to a man at a loophole, taking his empty gun to reload. With half of this onslaught of savages shot down, the re­mainder withdrew. Martin remarked, "If the soldiers don't rush us, we may be able to hold our own." Before dark, another attempt to take the house was made, but was beaten back.

With the coming of night, the looting and burning of Wilkes-Barre began. The slaughter continued as long as victims could be found. By morning the nearby town had not a house left standing nor a living inhabitant. Forty Fort surrendered on the morning of July fourth, and soon went up in flames. The English troops, with the Tories and Indians, began the return march up the river by mid-day. The savages were loaded with scalps and loot of all kinds. Such a scene of desolation and death had never before been witnessed on this continent. Over three hundred persons had been killed within twelve hours. Many expressions of thanks and gratefulness were made to Martin Tidd and his group by the many who had sought refuge in his block­house. No person was more thankful than Martin himself

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for their successful defense. Few people returned to the Wyoming valley that year.

During the early summer of the following year prepar­ations were under way to raise a force to deal with the Indian menace on the frontier. Gen. Sullivan was put in command of this force which finally numbered over two thousand fighting men. They concentrated at Wyoming and by mid-summer ascended the Susquehanna river. An important battle was fought and won in New York State. Then followed a systematic destruction of the hostile In­dian villages and their food supplies. This broke, for all time, the power of the Six Nations to wage war on the frontier.

As men were being recruited for the campaign which became known as "Sullivan's Expedition," young James Hillman enlisted and served under Capt. John Morrison during the activities against the Indians. Later he enlisted and served under Capt, Fulton as Artillery Teamster in Col. Chandler's regiment. He was at the siege of Yorktown at which time he was taken prisoner and sent to the rear in the charge of an armed English officer. As they passed through a lonely spot James attacked the officer with his bare fists and administered such a beating to him that he was able to make his escape and rejoin his regiment.

With the Indian menace past, people began to come back to the Wyoming valley and started the work of re­building the settlements. The part played by the English regulars and the Tories in the Wyoming massacre caused a growing hatred to develop in the heart of Martin Tidd; therefore in 1779, when Capt. Robinson was recruiting for his "Rangers" Martin signed up and marched off to do his share in the war that freed the colonies from English rule. While Martin was away at war in 1779, his second son was bom and named Samuel. John had just completed his second enlistment and had returned home.

While Martin was away, William got permission from his father, John, to visit some of the cousins in New Jersey whom he had never seen, but, had heard much about. He found his great uncle William whose son William was serv­ing in Washington's army, living in Hunterdon county. This William Tidd became a corporal and is so designated in the records of New Jersey. Not long after his arrival in New Jersey, William was met by a recruiting officer and urged to join the New Jersey troops, which he did. He never obtained any rank and is listed as "William Tidd, Private, who served with the New Jersey State Troops from Hunter­don county." .After his term in the armed forces expired, William found his other cousins, the descendants of the

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Jacob Tidd with whom his father. Uncle Martin, and Aunt Olive lived following the Indian massacres at Brodhead's.

He found his cousin John living in the northern part of Hunterdon county. This cousin had served twice in the armed forces; once in the Second Regiment from Essex county, and also in Capt., Craig's company of State Troops. He became a corporal and is listed in the New Jersey records. This cousin had a boy of five years of age by the name of James Tidd. He also met another cousin, Jacob, who had a daughter by the name of Elizabeth, about fifteen years old. All during his absence, William, who had in­herited his dark hair and dark eyes from his mother Sus­anna, could not entirely forget the blue-eyed, fun loving cousin back in the Wyoming valley. He often wondered why the picture of this girl remained so constantly with Mm.

The ending of the war brought happiness to the Tidd family of Wyoming. William was home from New Jersey, Martin had been home for a year; John was home. Young James Hillman was safe and would be home soon. Another son, named Charles, was born to Martin and Betsy in 1782.

The last act of the tragic warfare between the Yankees and the Pennsylvanians to involve the Tidd and Hillman families was shaping up. Patterson, in trying to enforce the offer made by the Pennsylvania Assembly, to the Yankees, had driven many from their homes. Under the leadership of John Franklin, the Yankees turned suddenly and des­cended on the valley like a scourge. They recaptured the Fort, and threw many peaceful settlers into jail. James Hillman, husband of Olive, was walking home from Wilkes-Barre when a group of these irate Yankees seized him and, regardless of his claim that he had never taken up arms against them, threw him into jail. To make matters worse this was the week that his son James returned. It was with anger and a readiness to fight, that the son visited his father in jail. The father cautioned him against any rash act, "James, you can't lick a dozen Yankees all at once, so just sit tight. I'll be out soon." He was correct. Within the week the father was home,

"I'll tell you what let's do," said the son, "I have signed up to serve for a year under Gen. Harmar to fight the Indians beyond Pittsburgh. That is going to become a great country. Why not let these Yankees and their claims go to hell. You and mother go out to the Ohio country and I'll meet you there in a year."

The prospect looked good, the father said he would think it over. When James told Martin about it later, Martin said, "It might be just the thing to do. In fact, I might do

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the same myself, later." The die was cast. Within the year • James and his wife Olive left for the Ohio country. As

Martin and Betsy said goodbye, Martin added, "Let me know how things are."

John had heard that some distance down the river • some clay pits were being opened. When he asked his son

William if he thought he would like to go down, William answered, "I think I'll be a farmer. I have my eye on a nice piece of land which I may try to buy," Actually he had his eye on more than a piece of land.He had not been able to

• get that picture of a blue-eyed girl out of his mind, and now, with the girl to be seen every day the mental picture had become an obsession. Little did he know that a recipro­cal feeling throbbed in the young heart of his cousin Ann.

Leaving his daughter Nancy with her Aunt Betsy, John went to the clay pits. He found that some years be­fore, a man by the name of Bristol had found some clay and was in the process of opening a pit and building a kiln

• when he was killed by some lurking Indians. His wife and little boy had found safety in a nearby settlement. After the war had ended a brother of Bristol, who was also a potter, planned to re-open the pit. John offered to help build the kiln. This offer was gladly accepted. As John ate

• his meals at the Bristol cabin he was daily in the company of Mrs. Bristol, the widow. Mutual feelings of sympathy for the sorrow that had visited each soon became mutual feelings for companionship that opened the way to mar-

• riage. Therefore, John continued with the establishment of a pottery partly his own.

Martin Tidd finally secured the deed to the one hun­dred acres of land which he had selected years before. In addition, he had made application to buy an adjoining tract of three hundred acres. This application was accepted and completed. The records of "Warranties and Convey­ances*' of land in the County of Northumberland, Penn­sylvania shows that on July 1, 1784 a deed for three hun­dred acres of land to Mjirtin Tidd was recorded.

In 1785 a daughter was bom to Martin and Betsy, the father insisted that this girl be named Betsy. The mother said, "Must be getting near the end, if the name Betsy must be used."

Martin replied, "Not the reason at all, dear, not at all." Time passed. Their last baby was bom in 1789. Betsy

said it was her turn to name this one, "His name is Martin.'* "Why, Betsy," said the father, "I had planned on

naming him Hillman if it was a boy." "If Hillman must be in it, then it will be in second

place. His first name is Martin." Therefore the name stood

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as Martin Hillman Tidd, although he always wrote his name as Martin H. Tidd.

The actual circumstances under which William's secret and Ann's secret became known to each other was never told; However, one aiternoon William walked into the blacksmith shop just as Martin was hanging up his leather apron and said, "I have a very important question to ask you."

Well, I am here, ask ahead," was the reply May I marry your daughter, Ann?"

With surprise and consternation, Martin answered, "Why, boy, she's your cousin."

"Yes, I know. But we are not much alike and we wish to marry."

"How do you know? Have you, asked her?" question­ed Martin.

We have talked it over, Sir.** Boy, this is a surprise, ifs a terrible surprise when

you're asked to give your first daughter in marriage. But if it must be, it must be." He walked out of the shop.

Later William Tidd and Ann Tidd were married. He bought a tract of land nearby, and a cabin was built. In 1792 a son was born to William and Ann, he was named John David Tidd. Martin said, "I am glad to hear that name, David; it belonged to my grandfather, the man who established 'David Tidd's settlement' on the Delaware river."

Early in the 1790's a man walked into Martin's shop and said, "My name is Robert Tidd; my father was James Tidd, the youngest son of old David Tidd who lived below Easton."

"Mighty glad to meet you," said Martin as they shook hands, "Betsy will be pleased to have you for dinner, and it's almost time." As they ate dinner and visited for awhile afterward, it appeared that Robert was in the lumber business and had been wanting to establish a branch of his business in the Wilkes-Barre region. His father James was dead. His Uncle Peter was living in York county. Of course old David was dead, but he had lived until he finally got a deed to his hundred acres in 1747. Yes, he had a young son named William. No, he didn't know too much about the Jersey Tidds, but had noticed in a New Jersey paper that just a few years before (1784) Elizabeth Tidd, daugh­ter of Jacob Tidd, had inherited £ 100 from her grand­father, Henry Dilts, of Hunterdon county.

"If you finally decide to invest in this region," said Martin, "I know where a mighty fine piece of property of four hundred acres, well timbered might be bought.*' Robert thanked him. They shook hands again and he left.

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Not long after this visit a letter was received from Olive Hillman, telling of the wonders of the Ohio river valley. James had settled just below Pittsburgh. The region was filling up rapidly. Plenty of work for all who wanted to work. James was busy building houses in Pittsburgh and liked it because nothing but sawed lumber was being used; no more log houses in that town. She went on to say that their son James was married and doing well. The letter ended with a suggestion from her husband that Martin "come to the Ohio river country."

John, Martin's oldest son, now past twenty years of age, had learned his father's trade and stood at his own anvil and forge. The next son, Samuel was also learning the same trade. Sally was a young woman. The younger child­ren were growing rapidly. Martin and Betsy were proud of their family.

In the autumn of 1793, Robert Tidd again paid a visit to Martin. .After the usual greetings, he said, "I am now ready to establish a branch of my business in the Wilkes-Barre region. I remember that you said you knew of a likely site of timbered land."

"It all depends," replied Martin, "on what you call a likely site. What do you have in mind?"

"Well, I need, to start with, a location on the river. Also there must be a stream of water and a site suitable for a dam to furnish power for a saw mill. The towns down below," and Robert waved his hand toward the west and south, "are demanding sawed lumber for building; no more log cabins—and it's my business to supply their needs. I raft the lumber down river. Harrisburg, right now, is a good market. There should also be timbered land available for later needs."

"It could be that I have just what you want," answer­ed Martin. "I have a good front on the river. I have four hundred acres of land, most of which is in woods, and if you was to buy the adjoining tract you could have a fine dam for waterpower."

"Let's look it over," said Robert. They spent the next day in going over both tracts of

land which totaled nearly a thousand acres. The timber pleased Robert very much. The creek and site for the dam looked good to him, although he said he would need to have his mill-man look into that part. The river frontage would provide adequate facilities for building the lumber rafts. The question now was, "can the adjoining tract be

ased ? " "Let me handle the finding of that answer," Martin

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"I'll be through here again next week," stated Robert. The next day Martin went to visit his neighbor, and •

after the usual conversation concerning commonplace sub­jects, he asked, "Joe, did you ever think of selling here and moving?"

"No, I never have," answered the neighbor, "but my « wife has a sister and a brother living in a town near Harris­burg, and she has said a lot of times as how she would like to live down there. If I was to get a good offer for my place here, I might take it."

"How much would you call a good offer?" • "Wal, that's hard to say, I have over five hundred

acres, and it's sure worth three dollars an acre." After some thought Martin answered, "I think you're

right, Joe. What would you say if I could get you an offer 4

ol two thousand dollars?" "I would take it,'* stated Joe. "Is that positive?** continued Martin, "I wouldn't

want no fooling at the last minute." "Martin, when I say I'll do a thing, then that's straight." €

The following week Robert Tidd was back, and this time he brought his mill-man, a Mr. Meeker. They care­fully examined the proposed dam site and mill-race loca­tion. Meeker gave his nod of approval. Martin and Robert # walked slowly toward the house,

"What luck did you have with your neighbor?" "Mighty good luck for you," answered Martin. "What was his price?"' "Joe has between five and six hundred acres and he

says he'll take two thousand dollars." After a moment's thought, Robert said, "That's not too bad. Now what's your price?"

My price, Robert, is three thousand dollars." • Why, Martin, if your neighbor will take two thousand

for over five hundred acres, how come you must have three thousand for four hundred acres ?" This was said with con­siderable agitation.

"The answer to that is simple," quietly answered Martin, "my property includes the river front. Joe's land does not border on the river."

Although Robert knew all that, he argued, "But Martin, this is a deal between cousins." •

"Friend," cooly stated Martin, "blood relationship has no bearing on a bus;ness transaction. I wouldn't sell this to my own son under the price stated. But I can tell you what I might do, I just might go into the lumber business • with my sons. It looks pretty good to me."

"Martin, you're a shrewd man. Give me some time to think it over."

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"Yes, I will. I'll give you until tomorrow." As Martin fully expected, Robert Tidd was back the

next day with papers to sign for both properties, and one hundred dollars to bind the bargain in each case. Possession was to be given sometime after the first of the coming year. The Pennsylvania records show that on Januery 30, 1794, a deed was recorded for this property in the name of Robert Tidd.

Martin, John and Samuel were busy throughout the winter building bodies for two wagons, both of which would have canvas covered tops. The blacksmith equipment must be taken, then everything else would be taken for which room could be found. An additional yoke of oxen were purchased. A strong chain was made for double teaming through mud holes and up steep hillsides. John and Samuel were each to drive a pair of oxen. Upon Sally and her mother fell the burden of preparing the food on the jour­ney. Charles and young Bessie were responsible for keeping the cows following in line. Little Martin, a boy of five, rode in the front wagon with his mother. Martin walked ahead, or gave help wherever it was needed, A letter had been sent to sister Olive and her husband telling them of the planned journey westward. Ann and William faced the de­parture of the rest of the family with regret. Brother John said to Martin, "Keep me informed as to possibilities in the Ohio country."

All was in readiness, and early in May 1794, Martin Tidd with his family began the long journey to Pittsburgh over roads that hardly deserved that name. On the morning of departure Martin and Betsy lingered for a moment as the wagons moved away from the big house. Much had happened here. Six babies had been bora to Betsy. A fight for life had faced Martin at the time of the massacre. Twenty-four years of their lives had been spent here. The years had been good; they had been happy. They had pros­pered in a material way. Martin Tidd had established a reputation for honesty and fair dealing. His advice was sought and respected. They turned, and faced the West with the courage, and faith in the future that put the American pioneer in a class by himself.

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Young James Hillman completed his enlistment in Gen. Harmar's forces and left the service at Fort Mcintosh

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at Beavertown, Pennsylvania, in August of 1785. He had received word from his mother than she and his father, « James Hillman, had settled just below Pittsburgh, on the north bank of the Ohio river. It was a happy reunion for the little family when James arrived at the cabin. His mother's hair was graying,but she still was the same vigor- < ous person that his father had married some twenty-five years earlier. James was not a tall person, about five feet, eight inches, in height. He was stocky in build, similar to his Uncle Martin. His good nature and pleasing ways made friends for him wherever he went. His unusual strength • and endurance were well known; his fearlessness and good judgment made him a natural leader. He worked with his father during the winter, but that type of life had no appeal for James. In the spring of 1786 he made the acquaintance of two business men of Pittsburgh, Mr. Duncan and Mr. Wilson, who had contracted to supply and deliver a quant­ity of flour and bacon to the mouth of the Cuyahoga river on .Lake Erie. This contract was made with the firm of Caldwell and Elliot of Detroit. An Englishman by the name #

of James Hawder, who had a small sailing vessel, was to receive the flour and bacon at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river and carry it to Detroit. James Hillman entered into an agreement with Duncan and Wilson to become their 4 packhorse man to deliver the goods at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river. He began this work in May 1786. He had, at times, as many as ten men and ninety packhorses in the train. The route was as follows: they took the Sandusky # trail, an old Indian trail, to where it crossed the Cuyahoga river, then followed the east side of the Cuyahoga to where Tinker's creek enters the river. Nearby there was a small village of Moravian Indians. The river was then forded, and the west side followed to where it flowed into Lake Erie. Six * trips were made during the summer and autumn of 1786. On one trip during the bad weather in autumn the sailboat was not there to receive the flour and bacon. James knew that shelter must be provided, so he set the men to cutting small trees. Improvising collars for the horses out of their blankets, and using raw elkskin and deerskin thongs for tugs to pull the logs to a central place, James Hillman built the first cabin at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, where Cleveland now stands, just ten years before Moses Cleave­land ever saw the place that bears his name.

Later, for two years, James Hillman became the agent for Duncan and Wilson at Beaver, Pennsylvania. On the evening of November 22, 1789, James attended a husking bee nearby. He noticed a nice looking girl for whom a con­siderable amount of interest developed. During the danc-

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ing that followd, James danced with her several times. He was pleased with her, and proposed marriage, which she accepted. A squire being present, the dancing halted tem­porarily, "The squire assumed the magisterial look and office, the magic words were said, the nuptial knot was tied, and Catheme Daugherty became Mrs. Hillman."

By 1790 James had become an Indian trader on his own. His territory included the valleys of the Beaver, Shen-ango, Mahoning, and Cuyahoga rivers. His contacts with the Indians were such as to develop their confidence in him. He learned enough of the Seneca language to enable him to carry on a fair conversation with them.

While returning from one of his trading expeditions he was paddling his canoe down the Mahoning river late one afternoon and noticed smoke arising from a camp fire on the east bank of the river. He stopped to investigate, and met two white men by the names of John Young and Alfred Wolcott. The former explained how he had received this particular tract of land in the drawing by which the mem­bers of the Connecticut Land Company had distributed the various plots of land in proportion to the amount of money the individual had invested in said company. He was here with Mr. Wolcott, a surveyor, for the purpose of surveying his township, preparatory to opening it for settlement. As it was late afternoon, John Young invited Hillman to stay for the night. The only thing that James had to add to the enjoyment of the evening was a quart of whiskey. When this was offered, John Young said, "that as host he should provide everything;" but, upon searching his pockets he found no money. The only item he possesed that could be used for a trade was a deerskin that he had been using for a bed. This was offered in trade and accepted. (Years later the grandchildren of John Young humorously told the story of their grandfather trading his bed in Ohio for a drink of whiskey.) The evening was spent in congenial con­versation. Just before retiring for the night, Hillman invited the two men to go to Beaver with him the next day which was July 4,1797. While there, John Young met James' wife Catherine. He immediately offered her a present of fifty acres of land within the area which he had been allotting for his future village which became the city of Youngstown, Ohio. Catherine accepted his offer and became the first woman to own land at this place. She and James went back with Young and Wolcott, They built and lived in the first cabin in Youngstown. This made her one of the very first women to settle in the Western Reserve,

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Late August 1794, found Martin Tidd and his family completing the long journey over the Pennsylvania mountains. Their trip had been free from sickness, and only minor accidents had been encountered. But, those terrible mountains! Each one had to be climbed by double-teaming which was a slow and tedious task. Each one had to be des­cended, at least the steeper parts, by dragging a tree behind each wagon to serve as a brake. Otherwise the steep parts could have been made only by snubbing. Martin did not f

have ropes long enough for that purpose and he would not pay money for someone else to snub him down; therefore he cut trees to haul behind the wagons. Sometimes grass for i the cattle had to be cut and carried with them, for not al­ways did night find them where feed was available.

Therefore, it was with great relief and satisfaction that the group pulled into the yard of James and Olive Hillman. "John and Samuel were men," said Olive, "hard as nails # from the work of the trip. Sally was a young woman, and still single? Well, she wouldn't be long. And here was Charles, no longer a small boy," as she remembered him. Now for the two new ones, "Betsy, a girl of nine; going to look just like her mother. And this is little Martin, why 9 you little rascal, come here to your Aunt Olive." Thus be­gan little Martin's adoration for his aunt. During the next years he spent much of his time with her. How much he was like her own boy! Aunt Olive loved all, and in turn was | loved by all, but with little Martin, it was more—he wor­shipped her.

On a small acreage close by, James had begun a house for Martin and Betsy. "This house is different," said Betsy. Yes, it was, for it was being built from sawed lumber, no logs in this. Martin was pleased. Soon the house was finish­ed. It was a never ending delight to Betsy and her daugh­ters. Real separate bedrooms. Martin and the boys soon had a shop built. There was lots of work here near Pitts- ft burgh, many horses to be shod, and many wagon tires to be set. Martin drew the line at horse shoeing and said, "Boys, you can shoe all the horses you want to, you're wel­come to the work. I have enough else to do." Much of the time they kept two forges going, and the ring of their ham- #

mers made merry music. Martin now had access to more kinds of metals and began to experiment with their blend­ing in making small bells. Different metals and the blend­ing of them made different tones. Also the tone and pitch • could be changed by the tempering. He also found that by more or less pounding the tone of the bell could be changed. He developed a reputation for bell making which he main-

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tained the rest of his life. Among the neighbors with whom the Tidds became

acquainted was a family from Maryland. Actually there were two families. A Robert Lawton, wife and small daugh­ter had left Maryland about 1792. A young man named

m James Hill and his young sister Rebecca were also desirous of going to the new Ohio river settlements. Their father, a soldier, had died either during the Revolutionary War or immediately after; and their mother had died shortly after the war. The brother and very young sister, thus orphaned,

* had lived with an uncle for several years. The uncle had died and family difficulties had arisen. James, having heard much about the new country to the westward, felt

§ that he could provide for himself and his siser as well there as elsewhere; hence the two joined a wagon train headed for Pittsburgh. He hired space in a transport wagon for their few belongings. Rebecca soon became acquainted with the small Lawton girl, and the Hills and the Lawtons

# came to know each other. A strong friendship developed between these two small groups. They had decided to settle, at least for the time being, near the growing town of Pitts­burgh; therefore, they built a double log house on the north bank of the Ohio river about two miles below the

• town. Robert Lawton died in about two yeara, thus upon James Hill fell the responsibility for support of both families. James was a shoemaker and set up his shop in a back room of the double cabin. James Hill was a tall,

• dark-eyed man thirty years of age. His sister, Rebecca, was much younger but gave promise of the type of brown haired, dark eyed beauty that needed only time to fulfill. A strong attachment developed between James Hill and Sally Tidd which resulted in their marriage.

James Hillman and his wife Catherine, came to visit his parents in the autumn of 1797. He told of the new settlement on the Mahoning river in Ohio. These glowing accounts of opportunities in a new settlement gave Martin the itch to travel again.

"But why," asked Betsy, "do we need to tear up and leave here? We are already about as far west as there is any civilization, and we are living in the best house we ever had."

"Betsy, you don't understand. This region is getting too thickly populated," answered Martin.

"Yes, it must be too thickly populated," she said, "there are seven houses in two miles." Nevertheless, Martin told young Hillman to pick him out a choice plot of some­thing less than a hundred acres. This was done, and in the spring of 1798 Martin and family again prepared to head for the West. Young Martin was to stay for the summer

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with his Aunt Olive. At the last minute James Hill and Sally decided to go to Ohio with them. There were two reasons for this decision. The first was to fulfill an old desire to settle in the "Ohio country." Secondly, Mrs. Law-ton had said that she was getting married that summer; thus James felt that no further obligation of support was required from him. Mrs. Lawton had suggested that Re­becca remain with her, at least, until James had establish­ed a home in the new country. This suggestion was gladly accepted by James,

Martin had sold his house and shop to a young man who had a wife and three small children. When the young man saw that the amount of business would be beyond his ability to meet, he offered to hire either John or Samuel to remain and help him. Martin felt that he needed John in moving and building in the new settlement, but would permit Samuel to stay if he cared to, Samuel said that he would stay. Betsy slowly nodded her head when she heard of it, for she had noticed that he had been spending more time than usual at the Hill-Lawton home. Martin said they would take only one wagon, and that after a house was built John could come back and get the other load and young Martin. Only two things pleased Betsy, the distance to Youngstown was not as formidable as the trip from the Wyoming Valley; and there were no mountains that must be crossed.

In June of 1798, Martin Tidd and his group became the fourth family to settle in Youngstown. He was the first man to drive an ox wagon into this new town, and the first to set up a blacksmith shop. Hillman had chosen a site for him near the river. Some of his land was thickly covered with high grass, and Martin put up two stacks of hay for winter feeding for the cattle. With many hands to work, the building of a double cabin progressed rapidly. By Octo­ber John and Charles were free to return for the rest of their goods and equipment. They brought back, among other things, plenty of iron to pound and enough leather to keep Hill busy.

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John Tidd, youngest son of Jacob Tidd of New Jersey, followed the trade of potter as did the father. As will be remembered this was the Jacob Tidd with whom Martin, John and Olive lived for several years after the Brodhead massacre and the death of Martin's father. This youngest son John was therefore well acquainted with the two brothers and the sister Olive. He served in the Revolution­ary War forces and became a corporal. He married and had at least one son born in 1775, who was named James. aAs this boy grew up and heard the stories told by the father, he developed an intense desire to visit these Pennsylvania cousins. His father always concurred in this desire but sug­gested that he wait until he had thoroughly learned the trade of potter. He began the daily work of clay mixing, turning, molding, and firing. At the age of twenty, James felt that he had gained sufficient experience in this field, and that now was the time to visit Pennsylvania. There­fore, in 1795 a young man appeared at the home of Will-

g iam Tidd of Wyoming Valley and introduced himself. Will­iam remembered that he had seen a boy of six when he visit­ed in New Jersey, but of course could not recognize in that boy this tall handsome young man.

"Well, well, we are very glad to have you with us. • This is my wife Ann, and our little boy John David."

Later, William took him down river to the Tidd-Bristol clay pit. This John to whom he was being introduced was the person with whom his father had played as a boy.

• Young James fitted well into the family life of Will­iam. He had a very high respect for Ann, and enjoyed playing with the little boy. They talked often of Martin's trip to Pittsburgh and of his family. He seemed to be very interested in the few letters that told of young James Hill-

1 man in Ohio. During the following winter James Tidd met a girl in the neighborhood by the name of Sarah Allen. She was a girl that any young man would be pleased to know. Their acquaintance ripened, and during the summer they

• were married. Now James had a responsibility, and so went to work in the Tidd-Bristol pottery. The following year, 1797, a baby boy was bom and named James. Time passed, and in about two years a baby daughter was bom and was named Polly.

• In the year 1800 John Tidd received a letter from his brother Martin telling that he had moved to a new set-lement in Ohio by the name of Youngstown and that he liked it very much, and that about eight miles northwest

• there was a place called "Salt Springs." In addition to salt there was iron and some coal, also there had been found considerable quantities of clay. No pottery work was being done—That it looked as though this would some day be-

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come quite a populated region. There followed the sug- ft gestion that it might be well for him to move to Ohio. This letter caused John to dispose of his interest in the Tidd-Bristol pottery and go to Ohio in 1801 with his daughter Nancy, his wife, and stepson, Thomas Bristol. James Tidd was much enthused by the letter, but with two babies he could hardly attempt the long journey. However, he told John that in time he might reach Ohio.

The "Salt Springs" toward which John Tidd was head­ed were known to white men as early as 1765. The area was visited by Indians from the entire region, and it was generally accepted that any group would not be molested by war parties while at the Springs. In some way it had come to the attention of Samuel Parsons of Middletown, Connecticut. He applied for, and received a grant of 36.-000 acres in this area under order of the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut, for which he received a deed on December 10, 1788, signed by Samuel Huntingdon, Gov­ernor of Connecticut. This was the first grant of land made by Connecticut, and was made prior to any survey; how­ever, the boundaries were definite enough to cause the Connecticut Land Company to respect the r'aims oi ehe heirs of Samuel Parsons, In 1789, General Parsons went to his purchase to establish the manufacturing of salt, which was a very scarce article on the frontier. Later the same year, while on his way to Connecticut, he was drown­ed at Beaver Falls. Several minerals were found in this area and a particular strip of higher ground was named "Mineral Ridge" and bears this name at the present time. The Salt Springs lay within what became Weathersfield township. The early settlers of this township were almost entirely from Pennsylvania. Among the very earliest were John Tidd and Peter Reel who came in 1801. The Tidd family included John and his wife, his daughter Nancy, and wife's son Thomas Bristol.

The following year, 1802, James Tidd, wife, and two children, James and Polly, arrived. These groups, all pot­ters, immediately began the industry of pottery making. Their efforts, at first, were confined to hand methods; nevertheless by 1816, two commerical potteries turning out substantial production were in operation. One was run by Orrin Dunscom, and the other was operated under the name of Thomas Bristol. The quantity of clay in Weathers­field was not inexhaustable; for by 1830 not a single mem­ber of the Tidd families interested in the pottery business remained in Weathersfield. The historian of the period mentions that, "When the discovery of clay elsewhere be­came known the potteries moved to other locations."

The settlement at Youngstown grew rapidly. Ten

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families were there by the end of 1798, and by 1800, over fifty families were counted. John Young brought his wife to the new town. Young Betsy Tidd assisted her with the care of the house and children during part of the year 1801. Mrs. Young never enjoyed the life on the frontier; hence ,the entire Young family moved back to Whitestown. John Young returned upon occasion to the town which bore his name, but the business was left largely in the hands of his agents.

An interesting incident was later told by Thomas Gid­dings, one of the first settlers of Vernon township; that in the spring of 1798, he was hired to go from Hartland, Connecticut, to Pittsburgh and from there he was to drive three cows to Vernon. He went by way of Youngsown. He had been having so much trouble driving the cows through the woods, that, upon arriving at Young's little settlement and seeing the stacks of hay, he left the cows with Martin Tidd.

From time to time Martin had heard from his old friend, David Randall. It seems that Randall had left the Wyoming valley and had lived ior a time near the Mononga­hela river, and had later moved to Marietta in southern Ohio. He had written Martin, asking about the opportun­ities in Young's new settlement on the Mahoning. In 1799 Martin answered by saying that Dave should move into this new country while it was still open. Therefore, it was a pleasure to Martin and Betsy to think that the Tidd and Randall families were to be together again. Dave with his ox wagon and belongings and several children moved into Youngstown early in 1800. Some of Dave's boys, like Martin's, were grown men. It was the same easy, friendly Dave of long ago. He still loved to fiddle and call for dances. He had a host of friends, even if he didn't have much money; Betsy remarked alone to Martin, "but you can't eat your friends."

Two events of importance occured that same year. Governor St, Clair issued a proclamation that formed the entire portion of the Reserve into one county, which was named "Trumbull" in honor of the governor of Connecti­cut; Warren was chosen to be the county seat. The other event was fraught with great danger and caused the settlers much worry and anxiety, A group of Indians, who were encamped not far from the Salt Springs, became in­volved with some white men in an argument over whiskey. As a result two of the Indians, named Captain George and Spotted John, were shot and killed; also a squaw and her baby were wounded. Consternation spread throughout the settlement and fear of revenge by the Indians was felt in every cabin. There were indications that this group was

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trying to influence other Indians to acts of violence. The squaw of Captain George had, before the tragedy, visited the Randall cabin and was friendly. James Hillman and David Randall followed the Indians and persuaded them to allow the "action of the law to follow its course." The Indians accepted the proposal, and as a result Joseph Mc­Mahon and Richard Storer were arrested and marched to the jail in Pittsburgh. Upon notice, Governor St. Clair set a time for the trial, which took place late in the summer. This trial was the first event of its kind and received con­siderable publicity. B. J. Meigs, Benjamin Ives, and Gov­ernor St. Clair acted as judges. George Tod was the prose­cuting attorney, while Benjamin Tappan served as defense counsel. Richard Storer had escaped, but McMahon was returned and stood trial. He was finally acquitted on the grounds of self defense. The Indians felt that they had been unfairly treated, but caused no further trouble. James Hillman was acclaimed as "Preserver of the infant Re­serve.** Few people know that David Randall played an im­portant part in this "preservation.**

By 1880 it was not uncommon to see men r i d i n g through or stopping at Young's settlement as they went on to their lands farther into the Reserve. Martin had noticed one man in particular by the name of John Kins­man who had visited his land in 1799. Again in the spring of 1880 he had stopped at the settlement on the banks of the Mahoning river. In the fall of the same year Martin overheard this man telling John Young that he had begun the survey of his property and had built one log cabin, and expected to continue the following year. Early in the spring of 1801 a group of men stayed overnight at Youngstown. The names were those of a remarkable group of men: Perkins, Tod, Pelton, Edwards, Peese, Kirtland, Kinsman, and Reeve. Most of these men were landowners and at Youngstown they separated, each going to his own area.

John Kinsman, with Tracy and Coit, had drawn the township which bears his name. He bought the interests of Coit and Tracy, thus becoming the sole owner. With Ebenez­er Reeve, Kinsman went on to his holdings in 1801. Two men, named Cummings and Matthews, soon followed him and assisted in building two more cabins and clearing land for Kinsman who returned to Connecticut that same autumn. While passing through Youngstown, Kinsman made a point of calling on Martin Tidd. Dave Randall hap­pened to be there at the time.

"Mr. Tidd," began Kinsman, "I have a very good piece of country twenty-five miles north of here that I intend to open for settlement. I should be most happy to have you consider moving up to my area. Most of the surveying is

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finished and you can have your pick of the plots." He went on describing the region and his plans.

Have you got a sawmill yet?" asked Martin. Yes and no. I have two men clearing land for a dam

now. On my way home I expect to hire a man to build the dam and install a mill by next summer."

How about a grist mill?" inquired Martin. I expect that will follow as soon as the sawmill is

in operation," replied Kinsman. His map of the surveyed area was shown. Martin

selected a plot marked 206 acres. "What will that cost me?" asked Tidd. "How much land do you have here?" countered Kins­

man. "I have sixty acres," answered Martin. Kinsman thought a moment and said, "I'll trade you

one hundred acres up there for your sixty here and sell you the other one hundred six acres for $212."

"I'll think it over," remarked Martin. "If he decided to take," volunteered Randall, "I'll take

the piece next to it. And if you need someone to run your sawmill, I might be available."

"Glad to hear it," answered Kinsman, "I'll see you in the morning."

Thoughts of a new settlement were exhilarating to Martin and Dave, but to Betsy, and Sally, Dave's wife, it was something else.

"Maybe once more," was Betsy's answer. The next morning Kinsman stopped at the shop to hear the answer.

"I think I'll take it," said Martin. "And does that answer for your friend Randall?"

asked Kinsman. "I'll answer for Randall," said he as he walked in the

door, "I'll be moving with Martin next spring," Again preparations for a new home were under way.

Hearth crane and end-irons were made along with hinges and a considerable quantity of nails. Glass was gotten and the sashes for four windows were made. Again, as with the last move, Martin would take only one load, for he had but one yoke of oxen. The distance was not too great. It was thought that the trip could be made in two days. Food was prepared and all was ready. A young man by the name of Robert Henry who worked nearby as a carpenter help­ed load the wagon. Martin paid no particular attention, but it did not escape the eye of his wife. Well, after all, young Betsy was seventeen. The eagerness of Martin the father was matched by Martin the son, who now was thirteen and thought he was ready for anything. His job

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it would be to keep the two cows in line. The evening be­fore leaving, Martin in good humor said to Dave, "I'll wager my anvil against your fiddle that I'll pull into this new place ahead of you."

By how much?" asked Dave. By at least three hours." But suppose there is a breakdown?"

"That will be the tough luck of the one in trouble," answered Martin.

"The bet is on," said Dave as they shook hands on it. The stars had not yet begun to fade on the morning in

late April 1802, when the two wagons slowly rolled out of the village of Youngstown. No wagon had ever been driven to the new site to be known as Kinsman. A slight # trail, made only by horses ridden to and from Kinsman, lay before them. It was pretty much a task of "Pick your own way"; however, an early spring had allowed the ground to became settled. The forest was quite open, and not too many streams had to be crossed. The Randall boys, with Charles Tidd and James Hill made short work of obstruc­tions in their pathway, and what couldn't be moved were by-passed. The road cleared on this initial trip was the one used between Kinsman and Youngstown for several years. Good progress was made. About noon on the second day * Randall's wagon broke down. Martin looked at it and said, "Dave I wouldn't be of much help in fixing it so I'll just push along and clear the way." Late that afternoon Martin Tidd drove his ox wagon into Kinsman to become the first settler of that township. Prom the location of the cabins, near what is now the square, Martin found the line of blazed trees that directed him to his land which was a little more than a mile to the east. He crossed a small creek which later became known as Straton Creek, and followed the line part way up a low hill. Here he found a fine spring of water and a likely site for a house, and said, "Well, Betsy, I guess this is it." The tops of some young saplings were tied together, and the outside covered with branches; and when the interior was cleared, a fairly good shelter was available. A fire was kindled, cora meal mush was soon ready, and the Martin Tidd family ate their first supper in this new location. All were tired, and without further ado, blankets were spread within the shelter and they slept.

Early the next morning, with breakfast over, Martin gave some directions. "John, you help your mother and the girls improve upon the shelter for we'll need to sleep in it till a cabin can be built. Hill and Charles and I will begin • girdling trees, for we must have an acre ready for com planting within two weeks. Martin, your job is to herd the oxen and the cows where there is grass; we crossed plenty

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m last night down by the creek, and while you're doing it catch a pail of fish, for we've all got to eat."

Just to the east lay a fairly level area of about an acre upon which several large trees grew and which was quite

§ free from underbrush. "This is just what we want," said Martin as he tested the depth of the soil with a shovel. "Look at that dark rich soil, it surely will grow corn." They immediately began the task of cutting a notch of five or six inches deep all the way around every tree trunk. This is

m called "girdling." The tree cannot fill with leaves for the sap-wood has been entirely cut out, thus the sun shines through the bare limbs, and corn can grow. It is the quickest and easiest way to get a small area ready for planting. All

i small saplings and brush are cut and burned with as much of the accumulated leaves as possible. Within the week the girdling was finished, then followed the arduous task of working the ground with grub hoes. Every available hand was needed at this job. Young Martin and his sister Betsy

ft took turns grubbing and herding the cattle. The tending of the cattle was not too hard, for each animal had a bell with a different tone. As they grazed one could easily pick out the different tones and thus account for each one. Soon the animals became accustomed to the trip from their little fenced enclosure to the grazing area down on the flats by the creek. Betsy was not as adept at catching fish as was Martin. This task of herding the cattle sometimes gave them an opportunity of visiting the Randalls for they were located down the hill and nearer the creek. Betsy thought it was odd that Dave Randall was doing things just the way her father did and she said so to her mother one day. To which her mother replied, "Your father knows how to put first things first, and if Dave is following Martin's example it's a sign that he's learning."

By almost super-human efforts they had the acre ready and planted to corn by the middle of May. This became the pride and joy of Martin throughout the summer. He would say with enthusiasm, "Betsy, look at that com grow, you never have seen anything like it."

Then began the job of building a cabin. Betsy said, "Build it with the idea in mind that it's to be lived in only three or four years, for if John Kinsman gets his sawmill working we are going to have a house built of sawed lumber with separate rooms, and that is that." Her determination left no room for argument. Therefore a large single cabin was planned with two rooms in the loft. As this cabin pro­gressed, Martin could not help thinking of that other cabin which James Hillman had helped build on the bank of Anolomink creek over forty years ago in which his brother John and sister Olive were married. Well, cabins were built

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to be married in and lived in. Late one afternoon as young Betsy drove the cattle *

back up the hill from their grazing, Martin straightened up from his task of hewing logs long enough to see a young man carrying a good sized pack walking beside the girl. As they approached, Betsy said, "Father, you remember Robert Henry, don't you? He helped build those two houses near us last summer."

"Why, yes, I believe I do,*' answered Martin as he shook hands with the young man, "You a carpenter?** he added.

"Yes sir, I am a carpenter, heard as how you was building a house, so thought I'd offer to lend a hand."

"Hands as what know how to work are always wel­come. Betsy, tell your mother to set an extra plate for supper," said Martin. More help made for faster headway on the cabin. It was completed and ready to be occupied by August. Some mention was made of having a house warming. The next day Robert Henry finding Martin and his wife by themselves said to them, "I have a suggestion to make as what would be a good celebration for the new cabin."

"Let's have it, young man," answered Martin. We could, with your permit, have a wedding." # Why boy, you haven't known young Betsy two

months," said Martin with some heat. I have known her much longer, sir," replied Robert,

I got acquainted with her last summer. And, sir, why do 9 you suppose I walked all the way up here from Youngs­town ? "

"Martin, there is no need for further argument," in­terrupted his wife, "I've seen it coming all along. But I don't see how it can be done, there's no preacher around * here."

"John Kinsman is a magistrate," said Martin, "Could be that a marriage might be held after all," With Martin making this suggestion, his consent was taken for granted. Kinsman was asked for his help which was gladly promised. The wedding was held the following week, and Martin's last daughter was married. This was the first marriage con­summated in the new township of Kinsman. It was surpris­ing, the number that were present. Included were the Randall family, Mr. Reeve with his two daughters, Hannah and Deborah, Paul Rice and his mother, Alexander Clark and Oriel Driggs, as well as a few of the men working on the dam site and saw-mill construction. The first dance of the settlement followed the supper, with the calling and fiddling done by Dave Randall.

True to his word, John Kinsman hired a mill-wright

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named James King from Pennsylvania. Early in the summer of 1802, Kinsman hired several workers to push the building of the dam and the flume. Among this number were a Mr. Barnes, and his two daughters, who were to do the cooking for the men. They soon became homesick and left. Their places were taken by James and Sally Hill. The dam and sawmill were ready for use late in the autumn of 1802. Kinsman engaged David Randall to run the sawmill and provided him with a house near the mill, thus Randall did not have to build at that time. This pleased no one as much as it did Mrs. Randall. She gave birth to twin daughters late in 1802 and named them Sally and Phoebe. These were the first babies bora in Kinsman. (Years later they were married to men from the nearby township of Williamsfield, R. Brown and Charles Woodworth; and lived the remainder of their lives in Williamsfield).

Late in 1802 Charles Case and his son Zopher arrived in Kinsman. The son immediately went to work with Dave Randall in cutting and hauling logs, also in running the sawmill. During the days when her husband was busy else­where, Mrs. Randall set the saw in the mill. She was a woman of great strength and courage. She said, "It was nothing to set the saw, but it was rather hard to tread back the carriage with her feet." Zopher Case made rapid pro­gress in a social way, for early in 1803 he married Anna Randall and before the year ended they were the parents of a baby girl. During the same year Sally Tidd Hill and her sister Betsy Tidd Henry gave birth to baby boys, the first boy cousins bom in the township. One was named Martin Hill and the other James Henry.

The year 1803 brought several new families to Kins­man among which were those of John Wade, John Little .and Walter Davis. Also Isaac and John Matthews with their sister arrived and settled on the farm that later became known as the "Kinsman Farm." In addition to these set­tlers, William Tidd from Wyoming, Pennsylvania, with his wife and boy, moved into Kinsman and settled on what later became known as the Alexander Wade place.

To show her interest in the women of the new settle­ment, Mrs. John Kinsman sent calico cloth to the new mothers of sufficient amount to make themselves dresses. This offer apparently was made only in the one year of 1803. Mrs. Randall, Mrs. Case, Mrs. Hill, Mrs. Henry, Mis. Robert Laughlin and one other received their gifts of cloth from Mrs. Kinsman.

1804 found more families moving to Kinsman. The same year also brought the first death and burial in the new settlement. In April John Tidd, son of Martin and Betsy, was stricken with fever and died at the age of

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thirty-two. He had never married. The first July 4th celebration was held in 1804. In

the morning, the men gathered with their guns. They went up the Pymatuning creek, soon the sound of gun shots were heard. Boys and young women followed them and found many ducks tied to the branches of trees; these, with other game, provided a bountiful dinner although it was quite late in the day. .Afterwards, dancing to the tunes of Randall's fiddle, and the drinking of "hot whiskey" filled the evening.

July of the same year found John Kinsman bringing his entire family to the settlement. One two-horse wagon for the family use, two wagons drawn by four horses each, filled with goods and supplies, an ox wagon and several riding horses made up the train. They had been seven weeks on the road. Later in the summer Mrs. Kinsman gave birth to her fifth child. Although Kinsman had set up a small store in the fall of 1802, he now established a well supplied store in his town. Seth Perkins arrived in 1804 and married Lucy Thompson of Hartford, a nearby settle­ment; also Leonard Blackburn, with wife and daughter, came the same year. By 1805 Samuel Tidd and wife Rebecca with their small son (possibly named Hugh) were number­ed among the thirty families in Kinsman. James Hill and wife Sally added another boy to their family and named him James.

Considerable sickness was suffered during 1805. The people from Vernon and Hartford made complaints to John Kinsman that the dam and backwater on the Pymatuning creek caused the sickness. Two attempts to cut the dam were thwarted. After one of these deeds had been commit­ted, John Kinsman saw a man standing on the south side of the creek, so he rode over and invited the man to come to his store. After satisfying himself that this was the per­son who had cut the dam, Mr. Kinsman gave him a sound flogging. Realizing that he had done wrong, he offered to make amends by giving the man some goods from the store. An amount of three dollars worth of goods was given and accepted. Mrs. Davis and small child of Oriel Driggs died of fever in 1805. The former was the fiirst adult women to die in Kinsman. Also in 1805 the five year old son of Samuel Tidd died from burns.

Leonard Blackburn taught the first school in Kins­man. This was a night school for boys and was held in the Neal cabin during the winter of 1805 and 1806. Young Martin Tidd attended this school. The building of a log schoolhouse was begun late in 1805 on the banks of the Stratton creek on land donated by David Randall, but was not completed until the following year. Jedediah Burn­ham, a young man from Connecticut, became the first teach-

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er of the regular school in the new building. Benjamin Allen taught in 1807 and Dr. Peter Allen taught in 1808.

The first doctor of the entire area was Dr. Peter Allen of Connecticut who arrived in 1808. He had married Charity Dudley, to her was bora a baby in 1814 named Dudley Allen. The son became a doctor and his son Dudley P. Allen became a prominent doctor and surgeon in Cleve­land. Later Mrs. Allen was killed in an accident, and the doctor married a Miss Starr who was a niece of Mrs. Kins­man. In 1821 Dr. Allen built a very fine house at a cost of $3,000 just north of the village.

Plumb Sutliff had settled on a farm on what became the center road and had married Deborah Reeve. In 1806 John Allen arrived in Kinsman and secured the David Randall farm by trading to David a tract of somewhat over two hundred acres in the next township to the north named Williamsfield. Randall had set out the first apple orchard in Kinsman. John and William Gillis had arrived in Kins­man along with John Andrews who married Hannah Reeve. In 1812 he set up the second store in the town. Although the benevolence of John Andrews was well known, his shrewdness sometimes aroused the ire of his customers. The following humorous incident illustrates the point. An account was being settled and Andrews, after totaling the figures, said to the woman, "I owe you one cent"

"I'll take a needle," she answered. Upon handing her the needle, he said, "Now you owe

me one cent. The price of the needle is two cents." She gave him a hard look, then breaking the needle

into two pieces she handed back to him the worthless point end, and muttered .as she walked from the store, "You could rattle the souls of a hundred men the size of John Andrews' in a flea's bladder."

In 1803 and 1804 the people of Kinsman, Vernon, and Hartford united in the formation of the Presbyterian church. In time, as the settlement grew, each township had its own church.

Agitation for the draining of the dam continued; how­ever, the final act which brought about the cutting of the flume occurred in the spring of 1806. A Miss Chloe Gilder from Gustavus while riding on her horse across the head of the dam fell off into the water and was disowned. Im­mediately the dam was drained, thus Kinsman was without a sawmill. The Gillis brothers began work on damming the Stratton creek about one mile above the village. Soon they had a sawmill to which was added a grist mill. In a short time a shop for the "fulling and dressing of cloth" was built and to it was added a carding machine. To join these business enterprises, William Henry established a tan-

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nery, and George Dement built a whiskey distillery. The • one expensive article in the settlement was salt. Their supply was made in Onondaga, New York, shipped by Lake Erie to Conneaut, then south by wagon. Soon it was transferred to pack horses and arrived in Kinsman by way g of what was called the "Salt Road" which later became known as the Ridge road through northern Kinsman and Williamsfield. The salt sold for twenty dollars per bushel.

The need for better roads was making itself felt. A road from Mercer, Pennsylvania, up through Greenville, * Pennsylvania, had been extended to the Ohio-Pennsylvania line, and steps were being taken to join that road with one from Kinsman. Therefore, in 1806, a surveyor with axeman and chainman began the job of surveying the proposed * route, A road of passable quality extended directly east from Kinsman's village for about one mile, then it turned southward. The proposed route for the new Mercer road was to start at this bend and go in a straight line to meet the extention of the Mercer road. This would have cut * Martin Tidd's land into two parts, to which he was opposed. On the day the surveying work was to begin he had in­structed young Martin to watch, and if the line was being started through his property the boy was to inform him immediately. The boy did as he had been told, and the mess­age was that the "surveyors were coming." Martin and his son Martin and his son-in-law William walked down through the woods to meet the workmen.

"Where you heading for?" asked Martin of the Sur­veyor.

"I am running a line from the bend in the road back there to meet the end of the Mercer road," replied the man.

"Why don't you survey the road straight east from « the bend, then up on top of the hill you could turn and meet the Pennsylvania road?" asked Martin.

"Well," answered the surveyor, "It was thought this would be best, and this is the way it's going to be."

"It is like hell, mister." By this time Martin was #

thoroughly aroused. He had controlled his feelings up to this time, but now, in no uncertain manner he was going to do the telling, so he continued, "You can use my north line, which is plainly marked, as the middle of your pro- ft posed road if you wish. But your damn road does not cut through my land and that's that." The chainman had come up to listen to the difference of opinion and had looped his chain across a fallen log. Martin had carried an axe with t him, whereupon, he quickly raised the axe and with two sharp blows cut the chain into three parts. Turning to the surveyor he said, "That's just a sample, mister, as to what will happen if you try to go any farther on my land. Now

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get out." The surveyor returned to the village. The next day he began his line at the bend in the old road and by making a slight swerve, surveyed straight east up over the hill, and after he had passed Martin Tidd's land, he made a full right-hand turn which enabled him to join the Mercer road. The slight deviation in the road is still ap­parent today.

Time passed. Martin, with the help of Robert Henry and his two sons Charles and Martin, built a frame house near the spring and not far from the new road which now formed their north line. This house pleased Betsy in every respect. She was happy in her Ohio home. David Randall had moved to Williamsfield in 1806, on to Rich­mond later and then back to Kinsman where he bought land on Stratton creek, built a dam and sawmill.

In 1806 the first military company was organized with Randall as captain, Zopher Case as lieutenant, and George Dement as ensign. This company had ceased to exist by the time a military group was really needed. The second war with England was approaching and again the frontier settlements bore the brunt of Indian raids. The "Hair-buy­ing" of Gen. Hamilton had been of great concern to settle­ments farther west and nearer the Lake. With the need for troops growing daily, this area took steps to provide its quota. Col. Richard Hayes and Jedediah Burnham re­cruited the company in Kinsman. Burnham was made captain, flight companies from this region concentrated at Kinsman under the command of Col. Hayes, and on the morning of August 24, 1812, the regiment marched north from Kinsman up the new center road. Among the local company were Samuel Randall, Charles Tidd, Martin Tidd Jr., (this is one of the very few times this name ever ap­pears as Jr.) Benjamin Allen Jr., J. R. Giddings, Robert King and Jedediah Burnham, After marching some three miles, Samuel Randall who was walking beside Martin Tidd, nodded to a small clearing in which a poorly built log house could be seen, said, "That's my father's Williamsfield land." At the moment, Martin paid it no particular attenion. The regiment camped for the night at Andover, having covered ten miles.

The second day found them encamped at Jefferson, the third day at Austinburg, and the end of the fourth day brought them to Harpersfield. Here they were joined by Gen, Perkins, who spent the following day in dividing the troops into two groups. One group, composed of married men and men of poor physical condition, was sent home. The second group, representing a better class of soldiers, were retained. Marching to Cleveland, they were joined by Major Gen. Wadsworth. They went to Huron where they

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stayed until November. From this place, on occasion, com­panies would be sent out on scouting expeditions. Capt. Burnham was ordered out one day to investigate an Indian raid. Young Allen and Charles Tidd and Martin were to­gether. They found a dead man who had been shot by the Indians while he was digging potatoes.

Capt. Burnham was made postmaster at Ft. Stevenson. lieut. Allen was made temporary captain in Burnham's absence. Their duties involved expeditions and spasmodic skirmishes with roving bands of Indians. Several soldiers were killed. There was much sickness in camp. The Kins­man troops with others of the region reached home on October, 1, 1813 and were discharged.

Not long after his discharge from the army Charles Tidd married a girl named Rachel, and established his own home in Kinsman. Young Martin Tidd lived at home and worked for David Randall in his newly built saw mill.

Weathersfield township, during the period from the very early 1800's to the late 1820's, was the home of sever­al Tidds. In addition to John Tidd who arrived there in 1801, and James Tidd, father of two young children, who arrived in 1802, we find that by 1820, William Tidd, son of the above-named John, with his wife Ann and their son John David were making their home in Weathersfield. His choice of land in Kinsman had not been good. Instead of getting the rich bottom land along Stratton creek or Pyma­tuning creek, he had taken land on the hill in the southeast corner of the township. Whether or not this was the cause • of his leaving Kinsman is not known; however, we do know that the first Federal Census taken in Ohio, 1820, lists said William, wife and son in Weathersfield.

Turning our attention to New Jersey we remember -that William Tidd, brother of John Tidd father of Martin Tidd, was one of the survivors of the Brodhead massacre of 1755. After seeking refuge and safety in the Jerseys William made that his permanent home. He married and named his son William Tidd. It was this William who served • in Washington's army and received the rank of corporal and is so designated in the New Jersey records. His son, William Jr. apparently had heard of the opportunities in the pottery business in Ohio, therefore he moved to # Ohio. In the census of 1820 we find William Tidd Jr., wife and two boys and two girls living in Weathersfield town­ship.

In the early marriage records for Trumbull county Ohio, we find that on June 16, 1817, a John Draper * married Polly Tidd, daughter of James Tidd. The ceremony was performed by Mr. Truesdale, J. P. Also the record in­cludes the marriage of David Tidd to Eleanor Lenox on

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December 6, 1824, both being from Weathersfield town­ship. One more interesting record is disclosed. On April 15, 1830, the marriage of Nancy Tidd and Thomas Bistol was solemnized by Rev. Adam Bently, Church of Christ of Warren, Ohio.

As has been pointed out, the Tidds of Weathersfield had all moved from that region by 1830. The assumption, that being potters by trade and inclination they followed the pottery business into southeastern Ohio, is logical. How­ever, this does not apply to James Tidd, the son of James who married Sarah Allen in 1796, and moved to Weathers­field in 1802. This James grew up and about 1820 married a girl named Sarah. This young couple moved to and estab­lished their home in Deerfield township, some twenty miles west of Youngstown. He engaged in the charcoal business, supplying this necessary product to the growing iron and steel mills of Youngstown and Poland. To James and Sarah a daughter was born in 1822 and was named Sarah. Another daughter, bora in 1825, was named Mary Ann. In 1827 a son named Jeremiah Mervin was born, and two years later son George was added to the family. An interesting incident is connected with the naming of the next baby. James Tidd had formed an acquaintance with James Hill­man of Youngstown, and living near this city, visits were exchanged and contracts made more often than with any other relative. Not too long before the next baby was born to Sarah, James Hillman and wife visited the Tidds of Deerfield. As they were leaving, Hillman remarked, "If the next baby is a boy and you name him after me, I'll re­member him in my will." A laugh was enjoyed by all* Nevertheless, the baby that soon arrived was a boy and he was named James Hillman Tidd; he was born in 1831. The boy grew up, and with few exceptions his name was known as Hillman Tidd, and to his many nephews and nieces, he was always known as Uncle Hillman. (The writer has contacted many persons that never knew his first name was James.) The conclusion of this story is that in the will of James Hillman of Youngstown, probated in the year 1849, appears the following item: "—Also, under the same conditions I give to James Hillman Tidd, son of James Tidd, one acre of land on the south side of the road opposite my present house." The last child bom to James and Sarah in 1834, was named Artemus Tidd. Shortly after this James moved to Howland township, just east of War­ren, Ohio, and built a log house on what is now the south­west corner of the intersection of routes 46 and 82. The log house was later replaced by a frame house built by his son Mervin.

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The death of their little boy in 1805 was a terrible blow to Samuel and Rebecca Tidd. She soon begged Samuel to move away from Kinsman. This, and the fact that there were already two blacksmith shops in the small community, caused Samuel to move soon after the year 1805. There is some evidence that he went to Hartford for a time; how­ever, we do know that by 1810 Samuel Tidd and family, accompanied by James Hill and his family, made the trip to the western part of Ohio and settled in the Mad River area that later was included in the new county named Logan. From this area both Samuel Tidd and James Hill served in the Third Ohio Militia under Col. Benjamin

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Col. James Hillman remained in Youngstown the re­mainder of his life becoming one of the prominent citizens of that city. Some historians have said that the success of the settlement was more dependent upon him than upon John Young. In 1804 Hillman sold one acre of land on the ft Mahoning river to Caleb Plum, upon which was built the first sawmill. After living for some time in his log house, the first built in the settlement, James Hillman moved to a sixty acre farm on the west side of the river and built a • frame house. In 1808 he moved back to the village and built and operated a tavern. He served as wagon-master under Col. Rayne in the War of 1812. After his return from this service he operated another tavern in the village until 1824 when he bought a farm on the west side of the river • and built a house. This was his home the remainder of his life. At the establishment of Trumbull County in 1800 by Governor St. Clair, Hillman was named constable. On February 16,1808 he was commissioned by the governor of § Ohio as lieutenant-Colonel, commandant of the Second Regiment, First Brigade, Fourth Division, Ohio militia, and took the official oath on March 19, 1808. He served several terms as township trustee. In 1814 he was elected State Representative. Later he was elected Sheriff. In 1825 he was elected Justice of the Peace and held this office for many years. He died in October of 1848 at the age of eighty-six. His wife, Catherine, died seven years later at the age of eighty-three. Both are buried in the Oak Hill cem- m etery in Youngstown,

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Schooler in the War of 1812. Logan county had not yet been formed, therefore the names appear in the lists of Cham­paign county troops. Their first stop seems to have been at Zanestown which was inhabited as early as 1803. By 1811, Samuel had established a blacksmith shop near "Mc­pherson's Blockhouse" which appears to have been just a few miles from the present site of Bellefontaine. By 1817 he moved into what became Richland township.

In 1821, Samuel Tidd's last son, named Charles S. Tidd was bora. In 1822 Samuel Tidd and family moved from the Mad River region northward and became the first settler in what became Roundhead township. Indians in considerable numbers still lived in this area. In fact, the name of the township came from them. An Indian chief had a name which translated into English meant "roundhead," and by this name he was known. Samuel was a blacksmith, and while the Indians were still in the area he enjoyed their friendliness and trade. They were fond of having bells on their horses, and Samuel was highly skilled in making bells, as was his father Martin. Charles, the boy, told many years later of practically growing up with Indian boys with whom he played, hunted, and wrestled. During the year following Samuel's arrival in Roundhead his last child was born and was named Jane. She was the first white girl baby bora in Hardin county. The name of Samuel's child, who died of bums in Kinsman is not included in the list of names appearing in Roundhead.

James Hill and wife Sally and at least some of their children moved from the Mad River region into Roundhead in 1825, He settled on a farm and remained there until his death. He and Sally were the parents of eight children. We have already seen that Martin Hill and James Hill were born in Kinsman in the years 1803 and 1805. He was one of the organizers of the Bowdle Methodist Church. The fourth and youngest son, named Samuel, was bora in Logan county. He bought land adjoining his father's farm. The two worked together until the father's death in 1862 at the age of ninety-nine. It is said that his health throughout his life had been excellent, that he had never needed the care of a doctor. Sally his wife died in 1851 at the age of seventy-seven.

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life in Kinsman was a busy one. The families that had selected the so-called "Prairie land" with some misgivings now forged ahead in the growing of grain. The flats along Stratton creek and the low ridge between that and the

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Pymatuning creek were thinly forested. Considerable areas had no trees at all, thus the name prairie land was given to it. Some people thought that, because it was not grow­ing trees, the land must be very poor; however, upon plow­ing and planting, this land brought forth bounteous crops of corn and wheat. Kinsman soon took the lead in Trumbull county in the production of grain. Robert Henry and wife Betsy remained with Martin on the home farm. Martin Jr. lived at home and helped with the work whenever possible. He was now working for David Randall in his sawmill. In 1815 Randall heard of the opportunities in Michigan and soon was filled with a desire to go; however, he had some­thing like two hundred acres of land in Williamsfield town­ship to the north. One day he remarked to young Martin, "Why don't you buy my land up there and establish your­self a home? I have a log house on it, not too good, but still it's a house."

How much do you want for i t?" queried Martin. Tell you what I'll do," eagerly replied Dave. "I still

owe two hundred dollars on it. I have paid the same amount, and built the house and made a small clearing. I was look­ing over my figures last night, and I find I owe you about one hundred dollars. You give me a hundred dollars, and take over what I owe on it and we'll call it a deal,"

"I'll think it over," answered Martin. He had saved his army money and some besides. He could pay Dave and still have a little to start on. The deal was closed and Martin assumed the debt on the land. David Randall, his wife, and two sons moved to Michigan and lived there until his death. Mrs. Randall returned to Williamsfield and lived with her two daughters until her death.

Martin prepared to start work on his land. His father gave him a yoke of oxen, and his mother made up two large bundles of things he would need in his new home.

"What you need most is a wife," said his father. The zeal with which he entered upon his new life

kept him from thinking too much about his father's advice for a time. He was able to plow a part of the clearing for a small patch of cora in the spring of 1816. He also burned over and "scratched in" an acre of wheat in September. All fall he cut trees for a "slashing fire" for corn another year. He hunted up a few traps, and by using many dead­falls, he ran a trap line during the winter. By late winter he had begun to think seriously of his father's words about a wife. Among the girls that he knew, the daughter of his old school teacher, Leonard Blackburn, was the only one in whom he had any interest. But she was pretty young. He remembered that back in the days of the night school held in the Neal cabin in 1805, the father had sometimes

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brought the little girl to school when possibly the mother was ill or busy, and then she was only five years old. Nevertheless, when he sold his furs in Kinsman in the spring he called at the Blackburn home. All seemed pleased to see him and invited him to come again. They had shown considerable interest in the fact that he had bought a farm and was trying to get established. He did visit again and the third time he was invited to Sunday dinner. Deborah Blackburn was good to look upon. She was strong and cap­able, and although good natured, she was of the serious type. The spring sunshine and other influences were doing things to young Martin, He was not sure just how she felt about him, but with the next invitation to Sunday dinner

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he was determined to find out. This he did and was somewhat surprised as well as greatly pleased to find that she held him in high regard. She was seventeen years of age on April 10, 1817. Leonard Blackburn gave his con­sent to the marriage, but because of her youth, he had to go to Warren to sign the license. Kinsman, Gustavus, and Greene townships were considered at that time, as one, from a civil administrative standpoint. Therefore, the li­cense was signed and the address was given as of Greene. In September of 1817 Martin H. Tidd married Deborah Blackburn. The ceremony was solemnized by Rev. Coe. Several items of household equipment were given to the young couple. They began their happy married life on his land in Williamsfield township at which place they lived throughout their lives. The log house stood on the west side of the center road, less than a half mile north of the Kinsman-Williamsfield line. Their land lay on both sides of the road and was sometimes referred to as the "first farm in Williamsfield", which simply meant that a person travelling north on the center road came to their place first. Nevertheless, it is true that when the log cabin was built it was one of the very first in the township, Martin realized that the house was inadequate, and plans were soon laid for the building of a new house the fol­lowing year.

It was with great happiness that these young people welcomed the birth of a baby boy on June 9, 1818. The parents named the boy Martin. His grandfather, Martin Tidd, was so pleased with the baby boy and his name that he promptly gave the father a good cow with the sugges­tion that in case of necessity "that's to help keep the boy well fed." Martin and Deborah, by dint of hard work and sacrifice slowly got ahead. The debt was paid off and they were happy.

Sorrow came to Deborah in 1819 for that was the year that her father, Leonard Blackburn died. The mother

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had been dead for several years. The younger sister, Mary, now eleven years old, came to live with Martin. • Late in 1819 another baby boy was born and named John.

In 1818 a young lad of sixteen years came to Kinsman with his parents. His name was Harmon Cole. While Deborah Tidd's younger sister Mary was attending school • in Kinsman she became acquainted with Harmon Cole and later married him. He became quite prominent in Kinsman, held several local offices including Justice of the Peace, as will be noted later. Thus the name Harmon Cole was used years later when the fifth grandson of • Deborah was born in 1849.

Dr. Allen, in addition to his medical interests, also felt the importance of keeping and perpetuating items of his­torical significance. Historians of the area and the period are indebted to him for preserving such material relative to the early development of Kinsman, The Dr. Allen family and the Tidd family enjoyed a friendship more in­timate than many of the day. On one occasion Dr. Allen said to Martin, "I think there should be preserved for com­ing generations a picture of the first settler of our com­munity."

"Who would want to see a picture of me?" replied Martin.

"Why, there will be many persons that will be interested in looking at the likeness of our first pioneer," and the Doctor continued, "I'll tell you what I will do if you are willing. At the earliest opportunity I will hire a portrait ft painter to come and do the work for us." Martin gave his consent, and Dr. Allen did as he had said. Soon the painting was made and became a prized possession of the Allen family. Years later, among other things, this paint­ing was donated to the Museum of the Western Reserve • Historical Society in Cleveland, and at times, is on display in that museum. A reproduction of this likeness appears in this book.

Another example of this friendship is shown in the * daily "account book" of the old doctor. We find that Charles Tidd, son of Martin, did considerable work for the doctor and, above the cost of his familys' medical needs, maintained a credit.

The exact time of the death of Martin and of Betsy are • not known. The dates can be arrived at only by deduc­tion. We do know that several persons of the period lived well into their "eighties**. Also we know that Mar­tin and Betsy were living at the time when the 1820 een- • sus was taken, for both appear in that enumeration. An entry (and the last one) in Dr. Allen's "account book" shows that Martin Tidd's account was balanced in Decern-

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ber 1825 by the payment of $1.50. The entry does not show, as in some other cases, that the payment was made by any other person. We also know that Robert Henry and his wife and children moved away from Kinsman early in the year 1828. Therefore, the logical conclusion, in the absence of cemetery records, is that Betsy Tidd died sometime between 1820 and 1828; and that Martin Tidd died between 1825 and 1828. The double burial lot of the early Tidd family lies in the old burial grounds in Kinsman bordering on what k called the "State" road.

Their long lives were ended. They had lived and work­ed. They had served their country with loyalty, their community with distinction, their family with devotion, and their God with reverence. It would be difficult to find an instance in which the following scripture could be more applicable. "Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth: Yea, said the Spirit, that they may rest from their labors; and their works do follow them.'*

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Robert Henry, wife and children, moved in 1828 into the northwest corner of the adjoining township of Vernon and bought a farm. The census of 1830 shows that they were the parents of four boys and two girls. With Betsy Henry living in Vernon and Martin H. Tidd living in Williams­field, and Samuel Tidd with Sally Tidd Hill in Roundhead, and Ann, wife of William, in Weathersfield or elsewhere, Charles was the only member of the family left in Kinsman And that is what the census in 1830: reveals; that Charles Tidd, wife, four boys and two girls were residents of Kins­man, although not for long. Dr. Allen's "account book" shows that on February 25, 1832, Charles settled hii ac­count and received $4.75 in cash. Charles Tidd and family left Kinsman. Apparently he had been in correspondence with the Tidds and Hills of Roundhead, for in April of 1833 he voted in the first election held in Roundhead township. Not only did he vote, bu the acted as one of the election judges. In the same election are also found the names of Samuel Tidd, and John Tidd; and in the election held the following October appears the name of William Tidd. Knowing that William Tidd, wife, and son John David, had left Weathersfield before 1830, and finding the same set of names on the election records in Roundhead, the home

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of William's Uncle Samuel and Aunt Sally, it is logical to assume that William and family had moved to Hardin county and that Charles and family had followed in the year 1832. In the "day book" of the first storekeeper of Roundhead in which daily purchases were recorded, appears the accounts of several Tidds; Samuel, Hugh, Charles, John, John W. and Martin. Wives, sons and daughters, and mothers used the corresponding accounts, but their identity is clearly recorded by the number of the account. There accounts were for the years 1833 and 1834. John Tidd's account was used by his mother and Susannah. Mary Tidd and William Tidd used the same account. A son and daughter used Charles' account. The type of items purchased indicated that Samuel, Hugh. John, John W., Charles and Martin were householders. Martin and John received many entries for credit from farm pro­duce and deerskins and furs.

It is not known how long Charles and his family lived in Roundhead, but records in Kenton reveal that Charles Tidd and wife Rachel sold to Alex Templeton lot no, 32 in Roundhead township. The deed was witnessed in 1837 by Samuel Tidd and John Tidd. There is evidence that some of the Tidds left Roundhead and moved to Fayette county. 111. The fact is that Charles Tidd did not stay there long enough for his children to marry and remain in that locality for none of his descendents are in that region now. His youngest son, named Martin, was married and had established himself in business as a tailor in In­dependence, Missouri and moved to Alliance, Ohio, and established himself as a tailor. He remained in Alliance, followed his trade and reared his family. He died in 1915. His first wife Lydia bore him four children, Samuel, Charles, Alice and Florence. His second wife, Maria bore no children.

It is believed that a brother to Martin, named Charles, moved into the Alliance area whose wife was named Marv E. Tidd b. 1838, d. 1885. Her headstone stands on the Tidd lot in the Alliance city cemetery.

The Hill family of Roundhead purchased land directly from the U. S. land office at Bucyrus, Ohio in 1834. The deed for this land was drawn in the name of James Hill and was signed by President Andrew Jackson. This deed, as well as the land, is still in the possession of the Hill family.

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Martin H. Tidd of Williamsfield continued to clear his farm. After his brother Charles left Kinsman in 1882, he was the only Tidd in the entire area except his sister Betsy in Vernon. His family had grown. Added to the family were, Mary, Leonard, Charles, Nancy, Albert, Alvin, James Lyman, and then a little girl baby. Martin many times thought of his Aunt Olive, of her sweet disposition and win­ning ways. She was his tenth child so the name of Olive was given to this little girl who was bora in the middle 1830's.

A sorrowful event was soon to befall this family. The first serious bereavement to invade this happy family was the death of the father in March 1837. He was laid to rest in the lot adjoining his father's in what is called the "old cemetery" in Kinsman. Deborah was now faced with the tremendous task of providing for the large family. Young Martin came to her aid. Although not yet nineteen years of age, he shouldered the responsibility with the help of his brother John.

Deborah later married a Mr. Brown and to them two children were born, a boy named Anderson and a girl named Amelia. She grew up and married a John Stark. They moved to Benton Harbor, Michigan.

The settlement of the estate of Martin H, Tidd was begun early in 1848. The probate court records in Jefferson, Ohio show that on June 8, 1848, Deborah Tidd Brown was ap­pointed guardian over the three minor children, Albert A., Alvin A., and James Lyman, This appointment was made upon presentment of an affidavit drawn and dgned on June 7, 1848, by Harmon Cole, Justice of the Peace, Kins­man, Ohio. That same year John and Charles entered Meadville College, in Meadville, Pemrylvania, about twenty-five miles from Williamsfield. A copy of what is probably the only letter extant in the handwriting of Charles is herewith given.

Meadville September 6th 1849

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Dear brother Leonard, sir:

As .John's leg has not got sufficiently strong for him to walk about on it, and from the present appearance he thinks it will not be very soon so he concludes that if the folks will send for him, he will leave college and come home, and leave me to my own distraction. The proba­bility is that old Prex will be sticking somebody in the room with me, and as all kinds of company does not suit me, I may have some choice in whom my room mate shall be* If you will be pleased to comply, with the wish, I will make a choice of your honor sir. If John leaves and you do not comply with my wish, I shall be under the necessity of putting up with old Prex's selection.

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Please be informed that you can school yourself nearly as cheap here as at a district school. The studies which you will want to pursue are taught here this term. There is Arithmetic, Geography, E. Grammar. The arithmetic class has just commenced. The professor who teaches arithmetic was off on a journey and did not get back till the first of the month, so you have nothing to fear from that class, and I think you will be fully able to cope with the other classes. Now do not make an excuse because you have not aplenty of funds, for we shall not want to buy very much, for we fetched out the flour of 4% bushels of wheat with us, and if you should want some more money probably Albert or Lyman can let you have some, so I see no excuse whatsoever. (Come along , why delay. )

If Mr. Morses send for John you can fetch out the horse and buggy for them and fetch your trunk and what other things you may wish to bring, but if you should not be quite ready to come yourself send your trunk by whoever may come for John and come yourself as soon as you can. (I have a Geography and Atlas and English Grammer which you shall be welcome to use.)

(TeU Mother that butter is worth 10 cents per pound and if she or somebody else that makes good butter wiU send me 5 or 6 pounds, I will send tbem the pay by John.)

I am well at present. There has been no Collery out here except old General Zack Taylor. He was marched through here a short time since and took the auspicious gaze of all mead. But another wonder ! Mr. Tom Thumb, his coach, horses and coachmen made their appearance a few days since. Nothing of very great importance escapes this place, all sizes and colors make their appearance In this great place! But enough, give my well wishes to all the folks and especially the girls and tell them that they are not forgotten.

Now sir if you cannot come out and attend College write occassion-ally and let me know how all the folks are and what is going on. But if possible come along without delay.

—C. H. Tidd

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The children of Martin and Deborah were marrying. Martin, in the summer of 1838 met and became interested in a girl named Lucy Still, who, with her parents, Ebenezer and Melinda, and younger rister, had just moved into the region from New York State. Martin and Lucy were mar­ried November 23, 1838, by Rev. Isaac Winnans of Kins­man. He purchased land which was part of the original tract and built a log house on the east side of the road. Later he added more acreage until finally his farm in­cluded about one hundred fifty acres. Sometime later John married a younger sister of Lucy by the name of Anna Still and moved to Michigan. Mary married Oliver Bas-quin and lived in Ashtabula county.

An interesting incident is told of the circumstances re­lating to Leonard's meeting with the girl whom he married. A pioneer family by the name of Fobes had settled in Wayne township. A girl in the Fobes family had been left

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at home one day to mind the younger children while her folks were away. The children were teasing her by knock­ing on the front door and keeping her running to answer it. Finally there was a loud knock at the door and thinking they were still at it, she called, "Oh, go around and come in the cathole." There was a pause and then a man's voice said "I would, but I am afraid I couldn't get through.*' She opened the door and found it was a man from the neigh­boring town who had come to see her father. It proved to be the man she later married. Her name was Catherine Fobes, and she married Leonard Tidd in September of 1854. Leonard remained on the home place, although it was re­duced in size considerably, due to acreages that had been cut off for Martin, and later Lyman.

The next son, Charles, never married. On January 31, 1852, he died and was laid to rest by the side of his little sister Olive. On November 2, 1845, Nancy Tidd and Charles Day were united in marriage. They lived in in Geauga county for a short time, then moved into Lake county and made that their permanent home. Albert later married Mrs. Almira Klingensmith, and adopted her little daughter named Sarah. Alvin, the next brother never mar­ried. The youngest son, named James Lyman was born April 26, 1832. He married Lucy Jewett on August 17, 1858. He built a house nearly across the road from the original Martin Tidd home.

The health of the mother, Deborah, had not been good for some time prior to 1860. She had been living with Leonard and his wife Catherine. A letter written by Deb­orah to them has very fortunately, been preserved and quite possibly is the only letter in her handwriting in ex­istence. This letter is here reproduced.

Sandstone, April the 30, 1860.

Deare and respected Children I wUl try to write a few lines to inform you of my health is very poore at present. I have had the ague very hard and it left me pretty weak. The rest is weU. I re­ceived your letter weeks ago, but was not able to write and can­not hardly steady my hand now to write. I do expect Amelia will be with you by the middle of May and I have a mind to go out to Union City to doctor WeUman. He says he thinks he can cure my breast but he cannot tell till he sees it and when he sees it if he thinks he can't cure it he will teU me so, for he says it won't be any use to cotor it if it can't be cured for the more it is fussed with after it has commenced eating if it can't be cured the sooner it will kill me.

Dear children, I am now far away from you and do soon expect to be farther and do not know whether my life will be spared to soon see you again or not, but should I not be spared to never see you here on earth no more I hope that we will all be permitted to meet

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in yon bright world oi glory where we shall cease from trouble and forever be at rest.

You wanted to know if I wanted any money. I do not know wheth­er I shall or not for I do not know till I see the doctor and when I get there I will write and let you know all about it if I am able, and Leonard, if I should never return I want you to see Amelia and * Anderson that they have their share in what little I have got and if Albert don't get out to come to see them I want you to have them come home to you where you can see to them and try and have them do right for you know that Anderson is young and may go far astray if he should be left to himself, although he is a good boy and minds as well as a boy could and works well and steady and 4 don't run about and spend his time. Catherine, write as often as you can while I live for I do not expect that will be long and you do not know how much good it does me to read letters from you. Oh how I wish I could see you and Leonard and Wayland. Oh, if I could see that little one, I could almost eat him up, but if I live • I intend^ seeing you all again. Write as soon as you get this so I may get it before I leave here to go west. This from your mother and friend.

De Brown to Leonard

We have just received a letter from Nancy .Ann stating that "Mar­tin was very sick and they did not know whether he would live or not. Write and let me know how he is, whether he is any better or not and whether they think he will live or not."

The proposed visit to the doctor brought no permanent respite from her condition. She died on October 15, 1860.

Martin and Lucy became the parents of a baby boy bom in March 1840, and was named James Martin Tidd. Soon a second boy was bora and was named John Watson, although he usually was known as Watson. The follow­ing children also were born to Martin and Lucy. Ebe­nezer, Charles Lewis, Harmon Cole, Ezra Leonard, Alvin Adam, Olive Melinda, and Albert Albion. The story is sometimes told that, the answer to a question of how many children there were in the family was, "There are eight brothers and everyone has a sister." The obvious conclusion drawn was that there were sixteen children.

In 1860 a frame house was built by Martin. Many years later, in 1888, a fine new house was built on the west side of the road, and is now owned by Mr. and Mrs, Stanford, she being a daughter of Alvin Tidd. About the same time Leonard built a fine large house very near the site where Martin H. Tidd built his log house in 1819.

Another illustration indicates the friendly relations be­tween the Dr. Allen family and the Tidd family. In 1861, • James Martin Tidd began his study of medicine with Dr. Allen of Kinsman. He enlisted in the army in September, 1862, and while serving in the campaigns in Tennessee,

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ft he became sick and died at Nashville, Tennessee, in Oc­tober, 1863. His body was returned and buried in the new cemetery in Kinsman. Soon after his discharge from the army, Ebenezer Tidd began the study of medicine with Dr. Allen, which he completed later at the Ann Ar­bor School of Medicine in Michigan.

A concluding note on William Tidd, nephew of Martin Tidd, and husband of Ann, the father of John David. As will be remembered this family moved from Pennsylvania to Kinsman in 1803, and by 1820 was living in Weathers­field township. The evidence makes it logical to believe that he later lived in Roundhead, Ohio. After leaving that place little is known as to his whereabouts, except that in all probability he and his wife Ann returned to Niles or the nearby vicinity and he was probably buried in the Union cemetery at Niles, Ohio. This much is known, that in the old section of the Union cemetery at Niles, a headstone stands upon which the following in­scription is found. "Ann, Wife of William Tidd d.Feb. 7, 1849, age 84 years," A corroborating item is found in "The Roster of Revolutionary War Soldiers who Lived in Ohio.*' "William Tidd, served with the New Jersey troops as a private from Hunterdon county. Wife Ann, buried in the Union cemetery, Niles, Ohio. A son John lived in Niles.*'

Several contacts with Tidds from the southeastern part of Ohio around Marietta have been made and consider­able information has been gathered. One of the few remaining grandsons of the original family, now living in Cleveland, Ohio, says that his family is related to Col-James Hillman of Youngstown. If this statement is cor­rect, it means that this entire family is related quite close­ly to the so-called Martin branch of the Tidds of Ohio, because no one by the name of Tidd could be related to

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James Hillman and not be related to Martin and John Tidd, for James Hillman was a nephew of Martin and • James Hillman had no children, thus the relationship would have had to come through either Martin or John. The connecting link has not yet been found. The infor­mation relating to this family is as follows. •

In 1810 Abraham Tidd was born in Maryland. Violet Green was also born in Maryland in 1815. They were married in 1836 and moved to a farm in Belmont county, Ohio. Later they moved into Newport township in Wash­ington county, Ohio. Both were buried in the Newport ft cemetery. The following names are their children. Dav­id and Mary, twins, were bora in 1837. David died as a baby, Mary later married Samuel Smith in 1862 and reared seven children; she died in 1907. Samantha was • born in 1839, married John W. Gitchell in 1861 and rear­ed eight children; she died in 1915. Martha Ann was bora in 1841 and died as a baby. Barbara, born in 1842 married James Crumley in 1870, and reared six children; she died in 1912. George W. born in 1844, and married Jane Crumley, to them were bora two sons; he died in 1914. Charles W. bora in 1846, died in 1863. He had served two years in the Union army. Mariah bora in 1847, married William H, Barnes in 1861 and reared ten # children, and died in 1908. Martin L. born 1849 and mar­ried Elizabeth Crumley, and reared four children, died in 1911. Susanah, born 1851, never married, died 1880. Rebecca Ann, bora 1853, and died 1859. William Virgil, v bora 1856, married Martha Boner, reared three children, died 1909. Robert B. bora in 1859, married Jennie Kine, no children, died in 1888.

William V. Tidd's children—Olive married a man by the name of Close. Present address, Marietta, Ohio, Route • 3. Harrison Tidd, address. Dexter City, Ohio, Route 1. William C. Tidd married Belva Olive McConnell on .Sep­tember 20, 1905. He has just retired as an employee of the Pennsylvania railroad after 48 years of service; ad- # dress, 9405 Dickens Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. His chil­dren—Katheryn Doris Tidd married Robert E. Selby, and had one son, named William E. who married Mary Cath­erine Craig, they have one son named Craig David; ad­dress Mrs. Robert E. Selby, Clairton, Pennsylvania. Har- • old Clyde Tidd married Jean Orme, and have two sons named Jeffrey and Phillip, address Cambridge, Ohio, he owns and manages an insurance agency in Cambridge. Mary Helen Tidd married Eugene Brown, they have three • children, Robert, Barbara Jean, and Richard William, ad­dress Massillon, Ohio. William Clyde, Jr. married Joan Mary Vanek, they have two daughters, Patricia Ann, and

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Judith Ann; address 4405 Dickens Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.

Mention must be made of the fact that the 1850 census for Southington township, Trumbull county, Ohio, includes the following record: Joseph Tidd and eight children, moved from Massachusetts to Ohio, occupation carpenter-Three marriage records in nearby Geauga county shows that in 1844 William E. Tidd married Lydia Parkman; Joseph Tidd married Mary Marshall of Parkman town­ship, date not given; and Joseph Tidd married Mrs. Julia Finn 1859. No further record reveals information per­taining to his group, and no connection can be found link­ing this family in any way to the James or Martin Tidd families. They eventually moved away.

From time to time while the research for this work was being carried on, inquiries and references were made re­lating to a large electric generating installation on the Ohio river in southeastern Ohio, known as the "Tidd Plant**. Therefore information w.as sought. Situated in Brilliant, Ohio, ten miles below Steubenville, on Ohio route 7, stands a large new generating plant, the name "Tidd Plant" plainly visible from the highway. After several letters of inquiry the following story evolved, and, due to the fact that the evidence points to a direct relationship to the Tidd family of this book, it was felt that this story should be included in this history.

Cornelius Ostrander and wife Maria, living in or near Kingston, New York, had a baby daughter bora in the early 1780's to whom the name Maria was given. About 1805 Maria married a Silas Tidd. About 1807 a boy was born and named Nathan. We are very interested in this

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name Nathan for it probably is the key to the ancestors on the Tidd side. We find that directly across the Hudson river from Kingston lies the county of Dutchess. The 1790 census of Dutchess county shows that a Nathan Tidd lived there and had two sons, both of whom were born between 1780 and 1790. It is very possible and quite likely that one of these boys was named Silas and that he was the young man who married Maria Ostrander. The fact that Silas Tidd named his firstborn "Nathan" lends corrobora­tion to this belief. Thus we meet three important points upon which the deduction is made. The element of time fits perfectly; the element of place also meets the need, the two places are separated only by the Hudson river; the custom of continuing a family name supports the be­lief.

Nathan Tidd, in September 1834, married Mary Adeline Colton. He died in Towanda, Pennsylvania, in 1892. Their fifth child, bora in 1846 in Corning, New York, was named Charles Willard. He married Emma R. Cole in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, in January, 1873. On January 16, 1874, in Barclay, Pennsylvania, near Sayre, Pennsylvania, was born George Nathan Tidd. He, early in life, became interested in telegraphy, but soon turned his attention to electric power and became manager of the Waverly and Sayre Electric Company, He became manager of the Bea­con Light Company of Chester, Pennsylvania. In 1904 he was named manager of the Marion (Ind.) Light and Pow­er Company and also managed the Muncie Electric Light Company. These two companies were among the seven which originally made up the American Gas and Electric Company, organized in 1906.

George N. Tidd went to Scranton Electric Company, a subsidiary of the American Gas and Electric Company in 1907, and two years later went to New York as vice-presi­dent and general manager of the parent concern. In 1923 he was elected president of the company. He became chairman of the board and chairman of the executive com­mittee in 1947. In 1950 he resigned as chairman of the board, but remained a director and consultant to the com­pany. He had been a member of the advisory committee and board of directors and chairman of the membership committee of the Edison Electric Institute, and a member of the public policy committee of the National Electric Light Association, and the executive committee of the As­sociation of Edison Illuminating Companies.

A son was born to him and named George Willard, who has two children. His wife died at her summer home in Biddeford Pool, Maine, in October 1933. George Na-

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than later married Mildred Hughes, He died June 17, 1952; interment at Sayre, Pennsylvania. The big gener­ating plant at Brilliant, Ohio, was named in his honor as President of the American Gas and Electric Company.

There has been much discussion and speculation as to the origin of the Tidd family and the Tidd name. Theo­ries expressed have been very divergent, Some favor Welch origination and others are no less positive that the name has its origins within the Scotch. Between these extreme views some have accepted English origin or vary­ing degrees of mixtures. From all information that the writer has been able to secure, there exists no support for either the Welch or Scotch claim. The name is purely English in so far as it has been able to be determined. The following note may be of interest in shedding light on the question of origin, as well as allow us to know of some of the accomplishments of members of the Tidd family in England. "William Tidd, born in 1760 in Parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, son of a merchant, became a prominent barrister, and is chiefly known as author of 'Practice of the Court of King's Bench', eight volumes which is almost the sole authority of English Common Law Practice. These volumes went through nine editions, and are extensively used in America, with additional notes by Asa I. Fish. Uriah Heep said, *I am improving my legal knowledge; I am going through Tidd's Practices.' William Tidd be­queathed the copyright of 'Practices' to Edward Hobson James, Sergeant-At-Law. Tidd was also author of four other volumes on Law. Three of his pupils became Lord Chancellor's—Lyndhurst, Cottenham, and Campbell.**

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NOTE

In the following genealogical material Martin Tidd, bom in 1739, will be considered the first generation; for he was the first Tidd to come to Ohio. All other Tidds of this particular family were his descendants with the exception of his brother John, and John's two children:

ft John William and Nancy. I Likewise, James Tidd, born in 1775, will be considered

as the first generation of his family. The number at the upper right hand corner of each name will identify the generation within its own genealogical family. Example: Martin Tidd1 - Samuel Tidd2 - Hugh Tidd3 - Alexander Tidd4 - Hollister Tidd5 - Paul Tidd6.

* Martin Tidd1, son of John and Olive, was bora in 1739 in Pennsylvania, some distance below the present site of Easton. He went through the Brodhead massacre and wit­nessed the killing of his father in 1756. He served in

* the armed forces in the Revolutionary War as a private in "Robinson's Rangers". He moved to a place directly below Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and from there he moved to the new settlement of Young's, on the banks of the Ma­honing river in 1798. In 1802 he became the first settler

* in Kinsman, Ohio, where he remained until his death sometime in the 1820's. In 1764 he married Betsy Marvin of near Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. To this union were bora: (1) Ann2, (2) John2, (3) Sarah2, (4) Samuel2, (5)

* Charles2, (6) Betsy2, (7) Martin H.2

(1) Ann2, bom 1765, married John William Tidd, son of John who was brother of Martin1. To this union w-as bom a son named John David3 who later married Eleanor Lennox of Weathersfield, Ohio. Ann2 and her husband and child moved from the Wilkes-Barre region of Penn­sylvania to Kinsman, Ohio in 1803; later they moved to Weathersfield, Ohio, and there is evidence that they lived for a time in Roundhead township in Hardin county, Ohio.

* Ann2 was buried in the Union cemetery at Niles, Ohio, in 1849. It is presumed that her husband John William Tidd was also buried there.

(2) John Tidd2, bora in 1772 never married. He lived

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with his father and mother, and settled with them in Kins­man in 1802, He died in April 1804, the first death in the new settlement of Kinsman, Ohio.

(3) Sarah Tidd2, born in 1774, in Pennsylvania, married James Hill of Maryland in 1797, just before moving to the new settlement of Youngstown in 1798 with her family group. James Hill was a shoemaker by trade. Sarah, better known as Sally, with her husband moved to Kins­man, Ohio, in 1802. In 1810 the Hills with their children moved to western Ohio into the Mad River region of what became Logan county. James Hill served with the armed forces of the U. S. during the War of 1812. While her husband was in the war, Sally was forced to seek refuge in a nearby blockhouse in fear of the savage Indians of that area. In 1825 the Hill family moved into Roundhead township, Hardin county, and became farmers; they re­mained there the rest of their lives. James Hill's father had died as a soldier in the Revolutionary War. James Hill helped organize the Methodist "Bowdle Church", and, until a building could be erected, services were held in his home. Sally Hill died in 1851 at the age of seventy-seven. James died in 1862, at the age of ninety-nine years. To them were born eight children: (1) Martin3, (2) James3, (3) Nancy3, (4) John3, (5) Samuel3, (6) Sarah3, (7) Rosanna3, (8) Mary3.

(4) Samuel Tidd2 bora in 1779, became a blacksmith, which trade he followed throughout his life. He married Rebecca Hill of Maryland, and moved from the Pitts­burgh area to Kinsman, Ohio, by 1805. In that year their small boy of five years of age died from burns. In 1810" they moved to the Mad River region of Western Ohio, He established a blacksmith shop near "McPherson's Block­house". Indications are that it was near the present site of Bellefontaine, Ohio. Samuel and his family moved from Logan county northward and became the first settler of Roundhead, Hardin county. This move was made in 1822. The following year his last child was bora and named Jane. She was the first white girl baby born in Hardin county. Samuel served in the War of 1812 from Champaign county. He died in 1851 at the age of seventy-two. Rebecca died in 1846 at the age of sixty-one. To them were bora the following: (1) The son that died in Kinsman of bums, (2) Elizabeth3, (3) Mary3, (4) Sally3, (5) Hugh3, (6) Margaret3, (7) Martin3 and Nancy3, (twins, (8) Charles3, (9) Jane3,

(5) Charles Tidd2 born in 1782, made the moves with his father to Pittsburgh, Youngstown, and Kinsman, He served in the War of 1812 with the troops from Trumbull

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county. Married a girl by the name of Rachel in Kinsman. By 1830 he was the father of six children, only two of whom are known by name. He settled his accounts in Kinsman in 1832 and moved away. He appears in Round­head as a voter and judge of elections in 1833. At some later date he moved from Roundhead and his destination is not known. All that is known is that his youngest son, Martin, was established as a tailor in Independence, Miss­ouri before 1860. To Charles were born six children: two are known: (5) Charles3, (6) Martin3.

(6) Betsy Tidd2 born in 1785 moved to Youngstown with her parents. Some of the time during 1801 she helped Mrs. John Young in the care of the house and children. She moved to Kinsman in 1802 with the family and was married the same year to Robert Henry. In 1828 the Robert Henry family moved to Vernon, Ohio, and bought a farm. By 1830 they were the parents of six children; only one is known by name. He was the first child and was named James; he was born in 1803. (1) James3.

(7) Martin H. Tidd2 was bora in 1789, and remained with his parents until after the War of 1812. He attended the night school for boys taught by Leonard Blackburn in

# the Neal cabin during the winter of 1805-06. He served in the War of 1812 with the troops of Trumbull county. He settled on a farm in Williamsfield township where he remained for the rest of his life. In 1817 he married

m Deborah Blackburn. He died in 1837, and she died in 1860. To them were bom: (1) Martin3, (2) John3, (3) Mary3, (4) Charles3, (5) Leonard3, (6) Nancy3, (7) Al­bert3, (8) Alvin3, (9) James Lyman3, (10) Olive3.

(2) James Hill3, son of Sarah Tidd Hill, born in Kins-1 man, Ohio, in 1805 moved with his father to Logan county,

and later to Roundhead, Hardin county. He married first, Eveline Spencer, and to them were born two children, names unknown. Later married Elizabeth Richards. Their

» children (1) James R.4, (2) Arnold4, (3) Jake4, (4) Ros­anne4, (5) Louise4. The four last named moved to Indiana, Illinois, and North Dakota. Nothing more is known of •hem.

(5) Samuel Hill3 was bora in Logan county in 1812, # and moved to Roundhead with his father. He married

Priscilla Scott, and to them two children were born: (1) Hamilon4; (2) James4, who died at the age of two years,

# (1) James R, Hill4, son of James Hill, bom in Round­head, Ohio, became a school teacher, and married first, Marietta White, Their issue: (1) Luella5, (2) Francis5. Mrs. Hill died in 1868, He married second, Elizabeth

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Goslee in 1870. He died in 1913. Their issue: (1) Effie » Louise5, (2) James Vernon5, (3) Bessie5, (4) John G.5, (5) Marietta E.5, died at age of six years, (6) Baby that died in infancy.

(4) Hamilton Hill4 born in Roundhead in 1840, was # very fond of reading and study. Became a teacher at the age of seventeen. Continued his education as opportuni­ties came. He married Ann M. Poe, who was a descendant of pioneers of that region. To them were bora: (1) John L.5, (2) Ida5, (3) Stella 5. «

(1) Luella Hill5, bora about 1866, in Roundhead. Mar­ried Robert Ford. Their issue: (1) James Ford6, and two girls, names unknown. (2) Francis Hill5, bora about 1868, died young. •

(1) Effie Louise Hill5, born about 1872 near Roundhead. Never married. Attended Ohio Northern University at Ada, and Columbus, Ohio. Taught school many years.

(2) James Vernon Hill5, born in 1875 near Roundhead. Attended Ohio Northern U. and Ohio State U„ and taught • school. He became very prominent in Hardin county poli­tics, and was elected County Commissioner. He married Bertie Smith, a school teacher. Their issue (1) James Wilbur5. •

(3) Bessie Hill5, born, 1884, near Roundhead, was mem­ber of the first class ever graduated by the Roundhead High School, which was in 1903. She attended Ohio Northern U. at Ada, Ohio; also attended Miami U, at Ox- ft ford, Ohio. She taught school for several years, then married D. P. Riley of Lima, Ohio. To them were bora three sons: (1) Eugene, who died in infancy, (2) Bruce Reed6, (3) Roger Don6.

(4) John G. Hill5, born in 1889 near Roundhead. Lives * on the farm, and holds the deed for the land signed by President Andrew Jackson. John graduated from Ohio Northern U. and taught school. His address is Harrod, Ohio. .He married Golda Harley, and to them were born, ft (1) Marion Maxine6, (2) John Jr.6, (3) Garnet Beryl6, (4) Stanley Wyman6.

(1) James Wilbur Hill6 was born in 1909 in Kenton, Ohio, and is a prosperous businessman of that city. He owns the Hill Lumber and Supply Company, and does con­siderable work as a building contractor. He and his fam­ily live in one of the finest homes in Kenton. He married Iris Ruth Woods, who was associated with the newspapers of Kenton. To them was born in 1939, (1) Berkley Elden7, #

who is now in his last year in the Kenton High School. The James Wilbur Hill address is E. Franklin Street, Kenton, Ohio.

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ft (2) Bruce Reed Riley6, bom in Harrod, Ohio, 1919, en­tered the Air Force in 1942 and became a pilot, flying in many engagements. He is now a Major in the Air Corps, and is studying Electrical Engineering in the University of

• Michigan, at Ann Arbor, Michigan. He married in 1944. (3) Roger Don Riley6 bora in 1922, in Harrod, Ohio. Was

in service overseas in World War H. He was graduated from Ohio Northern U., Ada, Ohio, in 1954, and is presently a Methodist minister at Jefferson, New York. In addition

• to his work there, he is attending the Drew Theological Seminary at Madison, New Jersey. He married Adelia Lotz of Jackson Center, Ohio in 1944, and to them were bora: (1) Lois7, (2) Evelyn7, (3) Linda Jean7, (4) James

• Alan7. (1) Marian Maxine Hill6 born 1920, near Roundhead,

married Leroy Butler of Lima, Ohio, whose occupation is automobile mechanic in Lima, To them were born: (1) John7 b. 1946, (2) Bruce7 b. 1950, (3) Shirley Beth7 b.

• 1952, (4) Dean7 b. 1954. Mr. and Mrs. Butler's address is Lima, Ohio.

(2) John Hill Jr.6 bora in 1921, near Roundhead, whose occupation is farmer, married Mildred James of Belle Cen-

• ter, Ohio. To them were born: (1) Donald John7 b. 1943, (2) James Alan7 b. 1945, (3) Nancy Kay7 b. 1947. Ad­dress is Belle Center, Ohio.

(3) Garnet Beryl Hill6 born in 1923, near Roundhead, ft married Kenneth Rodeheffer of New Knoxville, Ohio. He

graduated from the Northwest School of Commerce of Lima, Ohio, and worked for some time in the advertising depart­ment of the "Lima News". Presently is engaged in farm­ing. Address, New Knoxville, Ohio. Their issue: (1)

1 Kathlyn Ruth7 b, 1944, (2) Patricia Ann7 b. 1946 (3) Kendra Kay7 b. 1948.

(4) Stanley Wyman Hill6 bora in 1931, near Roundhead, is engaged in telephone maintenance work. Address, Marys-

ft ville, Washington, R. D| 2. He married Doris Stalter from l ima, Ohio. Their issue (1) Gary Lee7 b. 1955.

Concerning the descendants of Samuel Tidd2, the infor­mation is very meager except for (5) Hugh3, and (8)

t Charles3, and (9) Jane3. (5) Hugh Tidd3 was born in Logan county in 1816, and

moved to Roundhead with hh father Samuel in 1822. He inherited 100 acres of land from his father and bought an additional 153 acres. He built a fine brick house. He helped organize the Pleasant Hill church. He married first, Mary Given of McDonald township. She died in 1862. To them were born: (1) Alexander G.4, (2) Samuel Perry4, (3) Nathaniel Newton4, (4) Albert M.4, (5) Zach-

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ariah L.4. He married second, Sarah Caseman of Allen ^ county. She died 1878. To them were born: (1) Calvin4, (2) Henry4, (3) Wesley4, (4) Cynthia4, (5) Amy4.

(8) Charles S. Tidd3 born in Logan county in 1821. He married Margaret McKinnon and lived on the original Tidd acreage iu Roundhead township. Their children were: (1) Uriah4, (2) Martin G.4, (3) George4, (4) Emma4, (5) Charles Jr.4

(9) Jane Tidd3 was the first white girl baby born in Hardin county, which was in 1823. She married Lewis # Rutledge of Roundhead and spent her entire life in Hardin county. Jane died in 1873 and her husband died in 1875. To them were born six children, four dying in infancy. (1) George W. Rutledge4, (2) Charles H. Rutledge4. *

(1) Alexander G. Tidd4 was born in 1838 in Roundhead-After living on other farms, he bought and lived upon the 253 acre farm formerly owned by his father Hugh. He served in the Union Army in Company A, 183 Reg, 0,V.L, during 1864-65. He married Margaret McElhaney of Mar- « ion and to them were born: (1) Arilla5 who died at the age of 13 years, (2) Frank5, (3) Albert5, (4) Hollister5.

(2) Samuel Perry Tidd4 born in Roundhead in 1840' on the anniversary of Perry's victory on Lake Erie, hence the f middle name Perry. He served with his brother Alexander in Company A, 183 Reg. O.V.I. He married first, Saman­tha Carter and moved to St. Louis, Missouri. To them were bom (IA) twins, Calvin5, (IB) Alvin5, (2) William C.5, (3) Fannie5, (4) Lydia5. He married second, Amanda Jane Richards, their issue (1) Frank5, (2) Marion5. Several other children were born to Samuel P. Tidd for whom there is no information. Samuel died 1921.

(3) Nathaniel Newton Tidd4 was born in Roundhead in 1843. He served in the Union Army in Company G. U.S.A. troops from 1861 to 1864. He became a minister of the Gospel and moved to Battle Creek, Michigan. He married and had issue: (1) George5, (2) Merritt5. ^

(4) Zachariah L. Tidd4 was born in Roundhead. He later moved to Missouri.

(5) Albert M. Tidd4 was bora in Roundhead. He attend­ed school at Ada, Ohio, and graduated from the National Normal School of Lebanon, Ohio, and became a teacher. I While teaching he took up the study of law. Was admitted to the Ohio Bar in 1876. He established a law practice in Marion, Ohio. He married Virginia Nagle, To them were born: (1) Clifton H.5, (2) Kenneth N.5 •

(1) Calvin4, (2) Henry4, (3) Wesley4, (4) Cynthia4, (5) Amy4. For these, there is no information.

(1) Uriah Tidd4 was born in Roundhead. He served in ft

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the Union Army in Company B, 118 Reg. of O.V.I., from 1862 to 1865. He died in 1867.

(2) Martin G. Tidd4 was bora in Roundhead, He married Elizabeth Mahon. Their issue: (1) Benjamin S.5, (2) El­bert Elmer5, (3) James F.5

(3) George Tidd4 was born in Roundhead. He married Jennie Zimmerman and to this union were born (1) Charles U.5, (2) Blanche6, (3) Cora5, (4) Claude 5.

(4) Emma Tidd4 was bom in Roundhead. She married Levi Stinson, their issue: (1) Cleo5. Emma died in 1957 at the age of 96 years.

(5) Charles Jr.4 - Never married. (1) George W. Rutledge4 was born in Roundhead in

1861. He taught school in the Taylor Creek district at an early age. Entered Ohio Northwestern Normal School in 1870. He had to work his way through school. He was graduated in 1875. In 1880 he took charge of the "Kenton Republican" with which he was associated for many years. He married Sudie Schuler of Allen county. To them were bora three sons and two daughters,

(2) Frank Tidd5, son of Alexander Tidd, born in Round­head, married Leota Poe, Their issue: (1) Wilbur6, who is presently a Prof, of Biology, Ohio State University, Co­lumbus, Ohio, He resides in Dublin, Ohio,

(3) Albert Tidd5 bora August 16, 1876 married Mary Ir­win. To them were born: (1) Mary Ellen6 who married Ot­is Tullock. Their issue: Clarence Albert Tullock7 b. Novem­ber 22, 1937, he married Phyllis Her, they have one child named Lucinda Ellen8 b. August 8, 1955; Donald Carson Tullock7 b. April 20, 1940. (2) Blanche Elizabeth6 b. Aug­ust 25, 1909. She married Charles Yokum. (3) Alice Es­ther6 b. December 16, 1911. She married Jay J. Ziegler. To them were born Albert S.7 died; Alice La Verne7 b. February 25, 1936; Delmar Jason7 b. October 20, 1943. (4) Dorothy Mae6 b, Jan. 24, 1916. She married Allen Long who was killed in World War II. She later married Robert E. Shea. To them were born: Gordon Lester7, Or­land Jay7.

(4) Hollister Tidd5 bora in Roundhead and resides on part of the farm originally owned by his grandfather Hugh. He married Myrtle Davis and to them were born: (1) Helen6, (2) Margaret6, (3) Wanda6, (4) Paul A.6. (5) Dean D.6 The address of Mr. and Mrs. Hollister Tidd, Belle Center, Ohio.

Twins of Samuel P. Tidd. (IA) Calvin Tidd5 married Hilda Sidenstick. To them

were born: (1) Isabelle6 who married Arnold Liles, they had one girl. (2) Bernice6 married Edward Wohlert, they had one boy and one girl. Calvin is now deceased.

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(IB) Alvin Tidd5 married Dorothy . To them was born Marion Tidd6 who married Ray Flori. They had one girl, two boys. They reside in California.

(2) William C. Tidd5 resides in St. Louis, Missouri, mar­ried fairst, Lulu M. Case; second Ida Mellonberger. There were born: (1) Lewis Samuel Tidd6 who resides in Festus,. • Missouri, married Mamie Hillney. Their children: Lewis7, David7, Janet7, Frank7. (2) Dorothy Tidd6 who resides in St. Ann, Missouri, married Edward Hulsey. Their chil­dren: William7, linda7, Richard7, John7. (3) Oscar Tidd6

who resides in El Cajon, California, mamed Bertha Altoff. • Their children: Leo7, Linda7. (4) Mabel Tidd6 who resides in Overland, Missouri, marred Elza Craig. Their children: Louis7, Williard7, William7. (5) William C. Tidd Jr.6 mar- f ried Edith Jones. Their children: Gloria7, William7.

(3) Fannie Tidd5 married Henry Lahr. Their children: (1) Lillie6 married Frank Huck—three children. (2) Hen­rietta married C. Schneider—two children. (3) Irene6 mar­ried Louis Hahn—one child. (4) Eva6 married Edward » Mueller—one child. (5) Myrtle6 married Fred Tass—three children. (6) Sylvester6 married Katherine three children.

(4) Lydia Tidd5 no information available. (5) Frank Tidd5 not married. (6) Marion Tidd5 married Clara Biscupe. Their chil­

dren : Edna6, Elmer6, Helen6, Harold6, Adele6. (1) George Tidd5, son of Nathaniel Newton Tidd, was

bora in or ne«ar Battle Creek, Michigan, was married and • had one daughter named Dorothy. He died November 24, 1956. She teaches school in or near Battle Creek. She married Fay E. Haffenden. She resides in Battle Creek, Michigan.

(2) Merritt Tidd5, no information. (1) Benjamin S. Tidd5 b. in Hardin county. He was a

painting contractor. He never married. (2) Elbert Elmer Tidd5 b. in 1879-died 1938. He mar­

ried Blanche Greenawalt, b. 1885. To them were bora: I (1) Evadna6, (2) Geneva T,6, (3) Mildred6, Elmer Dean6, (5) Elbert Jr.6.

(3) James F. Tidd5 b. in Hardin county. He became a carpenter and interior decorator. Presently he owns and operates an insurance agency in Ada, Ohio. He married Elizabeth Powell of Alger, Ohio. Their address is Ada, Ohio. To them were bora: (1) Margaret Irene6, (2) Hazel Arlene6, (3) Raymond Eugene6.

(1) Charles U. Tidd5 b. in Hardin county. He married Delia Peoples of Alger, Ohio. To them were bora children including (1) Delno Tidd who resides in Ada, Ohio.

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(2) Blanche Tidd5 died in a burning house. She never married. ^

(3) Cora Tidd5 married James Peoples of Alger, Ohio, and later lived in Marion, Ohio.

(4) Claude Tidd5 married a girl by the name of Brown. They lived in Marion, Ohio.

(1) Cleo Stinson5 married 0, P. Marmon of Toledo who is owner of Bulk Drugs Company. Mrs. Marmon's address is Toledo, Ohio.

(1) Helen Tidd6, daughter of Hollister Tidd, was born near Roundhead, in 1906. She was graduated from Ohio Northern University at Ada, Ohio receiving the B. S. degree in Education in 1932. She taught school for several years-She married J. Wayne Schwab of Pennsylvania. He re­ceived his degree in Pharmacy in 1926 from Ohio Northern U. Mr. and Mrs. Schwab own and operate a Rexall drug store in Kingwood, West Virginia. They have three sons: (1) Lowell Wayne7 b. in 1934, In 1956 he was graduated by the University of West Virginia, receiving the A. B. De­gree wth a major in Pre-Med. He is currently enrolled as SL student in the School of Medicine of the University of West Virginia. (2) Larry Tidd7 was bora in Arthurdale, West Virginia in 1940. He has developed such a hobby in the study of birds that he has been invited to attend (and did) the annual meeting of the American Ornitholigists Union held at Cape May, New Jersey, and last summer at­tended a similar meeting held in California. (3) Ivan Roy7

b. in Morgantown, West Virginia in 1948. Helen Tidd Schwab is active in church and civic affairs. Their address is Kingwood, West Virginia.

(2) Margaret Tidd6 b. near Roundhead in 1908. Re­ceived the degree of B. S. in Education from Ohio Northern U. in Ada, Ohio. Taught several years in the Roundhead schools. In 1936 married E. R. Malone from Harrisburg, Virginia. He received the degree of B. S. in Education from Ohio Northern U., and the M. A. degree from the Uni­versity of Akron, He has had further study at Western Reserve U., Cleveland, Ohio, and Duke U., Durham, North Carolina. .After several years of teaching Mr, Malone be­came Principal and later Supt, of the Copley High School for 15 years. He is currently Supt. of the North Canton schools. To them were born: (1) Judith Ellen7 b. in 1941. (2) James Edward7 b. in 1946.

(3) Wanda Tidd6 bora near Roundhead, currently lives with her father and mother in Hardin county,

(4) Paul A. Tidd6 b. in 1915, attended Ohio Northern U. at Ada, Ohio, and is currently living with his parents on the old home place near Roundhead.

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(5) Dean D. Tidd6 b. in 1917, near Roundhead. He at­tended McKay College, John Hopkins U., Baltimore, Md., majoring in Mechanical Engineering. Present occupation, Maintenance Foreman, U. S, Steel C, Fairless Hills, Pa. Military record: Entered U. S. army 1941, discharged 1942 as a Technician 3rd grade to accept a commission as 2nd Lt. in U. S. Army. Served nine months in the Remount Service; 29 months in the Corps of Engineers, 20 months of which were spent in New Guinea and the Phillipine Is­lands with Headquarters, South West Pacific Theater of Operations. Released from active duty 1946 as a Captain. He married Florence Hines. To them was born Randall Dean7, August 9, 1951. They reside in Levittown, Penn­sylvania.

(1) Evadna Tidd6, daughter of Elbert E. Tidd, b. in Har­din county in 1907, married Jesse Mowery of Lafayette, Ohio. They presently live on a farm in that township- To them were born: (1) Betty Louise7, (2) Donald7, (3) Ray­mond7, (4) Patricia7.

(2) Geneva Tidd6 b. in Hardin county in 1909, died in 1950. Married William Adrian Craun, their issue: (1) Adrian Eugene7, (2) Eva JoAnne7. Geneva later married Walter L. Maxwell.

(3) Mildred Tidd6 b. in Hardin county. She married Mr. Klima. They have children. They own and operate a food market in Lima. They live in Lima, Ohio.

(4) Elmer Dean Tidd6 b. in Hardin county. Married. They have children. They presently reside in Cairo, Ohio.

(5) Elbert Tidd Jr.6 b. in Hardin county. Married. They have children. They presently reside in Lima, Ohio.

(1) Margaret Irene Tidd6, daughter of James F. Tidd, b. in Hardin county in 1909. Sometime after completing her high school education she entered San Antonio Hospital in Kenton, Ohio, where she received her training in nurs­ing. She married Harry Leigh in June 1927. Harry Leigh was graduated from the Chicago Technical School of En­gineering. He is employed as an installation engineer for the Union Steel Company of Albion, Michigan. Margaret and her family are very fond of music and have done much along the line of making music a part of their daily living. Voice, piano, and violin lessons have been part of the train- • ing for all of her children. Margaret and her daughters sing in the choir in their church in Kenton, Their children: (1) Carl F.7, (2) Owen7, (3) Nonja7, (4) Yeteva7, one baby died in infancy. Address, Kenton, Ohio. •

(2) Hazel Arlene Tidd6 b. in Alger, Ohio in 1912. After one year of post graduate high school she entered nurse's training at the St. Rita's School of Nursing, Lima, Ohio,

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from which she was graduated in 1933, and passed the State Board examinations to become a R.N. She worked at San Antonio Hospital in Kenton, and Memorial Hospital in Lima, Ohio. In 1946 she became a saleslady for Ira G-Clark, Realtor of Lima. After taking the Broker's exam­ination she became an Associate Broker with Saylor and Son of Lima, Ohio. She married Paul W. Ellis of Columbus. Ohio. He attended Northwestern School of Commerce in Lima, Ohio and studied Civil Engineering at Ohio Northern U. at Ada, Ohio. He is currently with the Lima Linen, Co., out of Springfield, Ohio, To them were bora: (1) Sherran Madree7, (2) Von Aloize7, address, Lima, Ohio.

(3) Raymond Eugene Tidd6 b. in Alger, Ohio, married Roberta Huston. Their address, Homer, Michigan.

(1) Betty Louise Mowery7 b. in Lafayette, Ohio, in 1925 married first, Christy Wallace to whom were bora three children8; second, married Everett Rice of Chicago. To them were born four children8.

(2) Donald Mowery7 b. in Lafayette, married Hazel Ramsey to whom were born two children8.

(3) Raymond Mowery7 b. in Lafayette, married Rose­mary Elsass, to them were born two children8.

(4) Patricia Mowery7 b. in Lafayette, married Charles R. Moyer, to whom were born three children8. Address, Waynesfield, Ohio.

(1) Carl F. Leigh7, son of Margaret Tidd Leigh, b. in Alger, Ohio. He married Christine Williams of Wauseon, Ohio. They live in Ada, Ohio, where he is a projectionist at the Ada Theater. To them were born: (1) Suzeet Marie8, age 7. (2) Carla Irene8, age 3.

(2) Owen Leigh7 served in the U. S. Navy. He attended Finley College, and is now living at home in Kenton, Ohio, and is employed in that city.

(3) Nonja Leigh7 b. in Alger, Ohio, 1938. She is cur­rently attending Dayton Art Institute where she is major­ing in Commercial Art.

(4) Yeteva Leigh7 b. in Alger in 1940 plans on entering the teaching field.

(1) Sherran Madree Ellis7, daughter of Hazel Tidd Ellis, b. in Alger, Ohio in 1935. After finishing school en­tered the City Savings and Loan Company, as a cashier, and in time became head cashier. She married Gary L. Vandemark of Gomer, Ohio. He had attended Blufton College. He was for some time associated with the Hough­ton Elevation of Toledo, Ohio, but is currently associated with the Colonial Finance Company of Lima, Ohio. To them was born: (1) Lori Jo8.

(2) Von Aloize Ellis7 b. in 1937 in Alger, Ohio. He