Dr. Mohamed Osman Hegaz1 Logical data base design (2) Normalization.
9/20/2000Information Organization and Retrieval Database Design: Object- Oriented Modeling, Logical...
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Transcript of 9/20/2000Information Organization and Retrieval Database Design: Object- Oriented Modeling, Logical...
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Database Design: Object-Oriented Modeling, Logical Design and Normalization
University of California, Berkeley
School of Information Management and Systems
SIMS 202: Information Organization and Retrieval
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Review
• New Personal Database assignment
• Database Design Process
• Basics of ER Diagrams
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
DiveShop ER DiagramCustomer
No
ShipVia
Dest
Sites
BioSite
ShipVia
ShipWrck
BioLife DiveStok
DiveItem
DiveOrds
DiveCust
CustomerNo
ShipVia
OrderNo
OrderNo
ItemNo
ItemNo
DestinationName
Destination
SpeciesNo
Site No
Destinationno
Site No
Destinationno
SpeciesNo
Site No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1/n
1
1n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
1
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Today
• Object Oriented Modeling and UML• Logical Database Design• Normalization
• (Most UML examples based on McFadden, “Modern Database Management”, 5th edition.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Object-Oriented Modeling
• Becoming increasingly important as– Object-Oriented and Object-Relational DBMS
continue to proliferate– Databases become more complex and have
more complex relationships than are easily captured in ER or EER diagrams
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Object Benefits
• Encapsulate both data and behavior• Object-oriented modeling methods can be used for
both database design and process design– Real-World applications have more than just the data in
the database they also involve the processes, calculations, etc performed on that data to get real tasks done
– OOM can be used for more challenging and complex problems
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
• Combined three competing methods
• Can be used for graphically depicting– Software designs and interaction– Database– Processes
•
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
CLASS
• A class is a named description of a set of objects that share the same attributes, operations, relationships, and semantics. – An object is an instance of a class that encapsulates state
and behavior.• These objects can represent real-world things or conceptual
things.– An attribute is a named property of a class that describes
a range of values that instances of that class might hold.– An operation is a named specification of a service that
can be requested from any of a class's objects to affect behavior in some way or to return a value without affecting behavior
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
UML Relationships
• An relationship is a connection between or among model elements.
• The UML defines four basic kinds of relationships: – Association– Dependency– Generalization– Realization
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
UML Diagrams
• The UML defines nine types of diagrams: – activity diagram– class diagram
• Describes the data and some behavioral (operations) of a system
– collaboration diagram– component diagram– deployment diagram– object diagram– sequence diagram– statechart diagram– use case diagram
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Class Diagrams
• A class diagram is a diagram that shows a set of classes, interfaces, and/or collaborations and the relationships among these elements.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
UML Class Diagram
DIVEORDS
Order NoCustomer NoSale DateShipviaPaymentMethodCCNumberNo of PeopleDepart DateReturn DateDestinationVacation Cost
CalcTotalInvoice()CalcEquipment()
Class Name
List of Attributes
List of operations
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Object Diagrams
307:DIVORDS
Order No = 307Customer No = 1480Sale Date = 9/1/99Ship Via = UPSPaymentMethod = VisaCCNumber = 12345 678 90CCExpDate = 1/1/01No of People = 2Depart Date = 11/8/00Return Date = 11/15/00Destination = FijiVacation Cost = 10000
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Differences from Entities in ER
• Entities can be represented by Class diagrams
• But Classes of objects also have additional operations associated with them
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Operations
• Three basic types for database– Constructor– Query– Update
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Associations• An association is a relationship that describes a set of
links between or among objects.• An association can have a name that describes the nature
of this relationship. You can put a triangle next to this name to indicate the direction in which the name should be read.
• An association contains an ordered list of association ends. – An association with exactly two association ends is called a
binary association– An association with more than two ends is called an n-ary
association.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Associations: Unary relationships
PersonIs-married-to
0..1
0..1
Employeemanages
*
0..1 manager
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Associations: Binary Relationship
EmployeeParkingPlace
One-to-one
Is-assigned0..1 0..1
ProductLine
Product
One-to-many
contains1 *
Student Course
Many-to-many
Registers-for* *
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Associations: Ternary Relationships
Vendor Warehouse* *Supplies
Part
*
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Association Classes
Student CourseRegisters-for
* *
Registration________________TermGrade________________CheckEligibility()
Computer Account_________________
acctIDPassword
ServerSpace* 0..1
issues
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Derived Attributes, Associations, and Roles
Student_________
namessn
dateOfBirth/age
Course Offering
____________term
sectiontime
location
Registers-for
* 1
Course ____________
crseCodecrseTitlecreditHrs
* *
Scheduled-for
{age = currentDate – dateOfBirth}
* *
/Takes
/participant
Derivedattribute
Derived role
Derived association
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GeneralizationEmployee
____________empName
empNumberaddress
dateHired____________
printLabel()
Hourly Employee_______________
HourlyRate_______________computeWages()
Salaried Employee_______________
Annual Salstockoption
_______________Contributepension()
Consultant_______________contractNumber
billingRate_______________
computeFees()
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Other Diagramming methods
• SOM (Semantic Object Model)
• Object Definition Language (ODL)– Not really diagramming – See Text chapter 3
• Access relationships display
• Hybrids
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Application of SOM to Diveshop
DIVECUST
Address Street City StateProvince ZIPPostalCode CountryPhoneFirstContact
Name
DIVEORDS
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.N
1.1
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
DIVEORDS DIVEORDSid OrderNoSaleDate
SHIPVIA
DESTINATION
DIVEITEMPaymentMethodCCNumberCCExpDateNoOfPeopleDepartDateReturnDateVacationCost
DIVECUST
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DiveShop ER DiagramCustomer
No
ShipVia
Dest
Sites
BioSite
ShipVia
ShipWrck
BioLife DiveStok
DiveItem
DiveOrds
DiveCust
CustomerNo
ShipVia
OrderNo
OrderNo
ItemNo
ItemNo
DestinationName
Destination
SpeciesNo
Site No
Destinationno
Site No
Destinationno
SpeciesNo
Site No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1/n
1
1n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
1
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Entities
• Customer• Dive Order• Line item• Shipping information• Dive Equipment
Stock/Inventory• Dive Locations
• Dive Sites• Sea Life• Shipwrecks
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Logical Design: Mapping to a Relational Model
• Each entity in the ER Diagram becomes a relation.• A properly normalized ER diagram will indicate
where intersection relations for many-to-many mappings are needed.
• Relationships are indicated by common columns (or domains) in tables that are related.
• We will examine the tables for the Diveshop derived from the ER diagram
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Customer = DIVECUSTCustomer NoName Street City State/Prov Zip/Postal CodeCountry Phone First Contact
1480 Louis Jazdzewski2501 O'ConnorNew OrleansLA 60332 U.S.A. (902) 555-88881/29/951481 Barbara Wright6344 W. FreewaySan FranciscoCA 95031 U.S.A. (415) 555-43212/2/931909 Stephen Bredenburg559 N.E. 167 PlaceIndianapolisIN 46241 U.S.A. (317) 555-36441/5/931913 Phillip Davoust123 First StreetBerkeley CA 94704 U.S.A. (415) 555-91843/9/981969 David Burgett320 Montgomery StreetSeattle WA 98105 U.S.A. (206) 555-75803/12/992001 Mary Rioux1701 Gateway Blvd. #385Pueblo CO 81002 U.S.A. (719) 555-20103/15/972306 Kim Lopez 14134 Nottingham LaneHonolulu HI 96826 U.S.A. (808) 555-50501/29/992589 Hiram Marley7233 Mill Run DriveSan FranciscoCA 94123 U.S.A. (415) 555-64302/18/993154 Tanya Kulesa505 S. Flower, Mail Stop 48943New York NY 10032 U.S.A. (212) 555-67501/30/993333 Charles Sekaron110 East Park Avenue, Box 8Miller SD 57362 U.S.A. (613) 555-43333/16/983684 Lowell Lutz915 E. FeslerDallas TX 75043 U.S.A. (214) 555-27222/15/994158 Keith Lucas56 South EuclidChicago IL 60542 U.S.A. (312) 555-43103/17/984175 Karen Ng 2134 Elmhill PikeKlamath FallsOR 97603 U.S.A. (503) 555-47003/20/995510 Ken Soule 58 Sansome StreetAurora CO 89022 U.S.A. (303) 555-66952/5/99
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Dive Order = DIVEORDSOrder No Customer NoSale Date Ship Via PaymentMethodCcNumber CcExpDateNo Of PeopleDepart DateReturn DateDestinationVacationCost
307 1480 9/1/99 UPS Visa 12345 678 90 1/1/01 2 11/8/00 11/15/00 Fiji 10000310 1481 9/1/99 FedEx Check 1 4/4/00 4/18/00 Santa Barbara 6000313 1909 9/1/99 Walk In Visa 456456456 9/11/00 4 6/27/00 7/11/00 Cozumel 8000314 1913 9/1/99 FedEx Check 3 2/7/00 2/14/00 Monterey 6000317 1969 9/1/99 FedEx AmEx 432432432 12/31/02 4 5/9/00 5/16/00 Fiji 20000320 2001 9/1/99 Walk In Cash 1 10/10/00 10/17/00 Santa Barbara 3000321 2306 9/1/99 Emery Master Card1112223334 8/12/00 1 3/15/00 4/12/00 New Jersey 8000325 2589 9/1/99 Emery AmEx 332332332 12/10/99 1 3/15/00 4/12/00 New Jersey 8000326 3333 9/1/99 FedEx Money Order 2 2/10/00 2/17/00 Monterey 4000327 3684 9/1/99 DHL Master Card122122321 11/9/99 4 3/10/00 3/23/00 Florida 24000329 4158 9/1/99 Walk In Cash 1 5/4/00 5/15/00 Cozumel 1571330 4175 9/1/99 FedEx Check 2 7/3/00 7/10/00 Florida 6000331 5510 9/1/99 FedEx Money Order 6 6/20/00 6/30/00 Santa Barbara 36000333 5926 9/1/99 DHL Discover 123123123 12/21/00 2 6/10/00 6/17/00 Fiji 10000336 5719 9/1/99 FedEx Cash 10 4/2/00 4/24/00 Great Barrier Reef200000
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Line item = DIVEITEMOrder No Item No Rental/SaleQty Line Note
307 90010 Rental 4307 90020 Rental 1 This is our most popular mask.307 90021 Rental 1307 90030 Rental 2 These are our best selling fins.307 90051 Rental 2310 90011 Rental 1310 90045 Rental 1310 90059 Rental 1 A good weight belt for beginners.310 90074 Rental 1310 90078 Rental 1313 90127 Sale 1 Holds 10 cubic feet of cargo.314 90072 Rental 3314 90094 Rental 3314 90100 Rental 3317 90012 Sale 2
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Shipping information = SHIPVIA
Ship Via Ship CostDHL 8Emery 11FedEx 12UPS 10US Mail 6
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Dive Equipment Stock/Inventory = DIVESTOK
Item No DescriptionEquipment ClassOn Hand Reorder PointCost Sale Price Rental Price90010 Shotgun 2 Snorkel - ClearSnorkel 12 2 $18.00 $30.00 $2.0090011 Shotgun 2 Snorkel - RedSnorkel 12 2 $18.00 $30.00 $2.0090012 Shotgun 2 Snorkel - TealSnorkel 11 2 $18.00 $30.00 $2.0090020 Tri-Vent Mask - ClearMask 14 2 $62.50 $100.00 $5.0090021 Tri-Vent Mask - RedMask 10 2 $62.50 $100.00 $5.0090022 Tri-Vent Mask - TealMask 14 2 $62.50 $100.00 $7.0090023 Quad Vision Mask - ClearMask 11 2 $48.25 $80.00 $7.0090024 Quad Vision Mask - RedMask 13 2 $48.25 $80.00 $7.0090025 Quad Vision Mask - TealMask 10 2 $48.25 $80.00 $10.0090030 Sea Wing Fins - ClearFins 12 2 $60.00 $100.00 $12.0090031 Sea Wing Fins - RedFins 11 2 $60.00 $100.00 $12.0090032 Sea Wing Fins - TealFins 12 2 $60.00 $100.00 $12.0090033 Jet Fin - BlackFins 14 2 $30.00 $60.00 $10.0090040 D350 Second StageRegulator 11 1 $162.50 $270.00 $20.0090041 G250 Second StageRegulator 13 1 $144.50 $240.00 $20.0090042 G200 Second StageRegulator 12 1 $105.25 $175.00 $20.00
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Dive Locations = DEST
Destination NoDestination NameAvg Temp (F)Avg Temp (C)Spring Temp (F)Spring Temp (C)Summer Temp (F)Summer Temp (C)Fall Temp (F)Fall Temp (C)Winter Temp (F)Winter Temp (C)AccomodationsNight Life Body of WaterTravel Cost1 Cozumel 78 25.556 76 24.444 84 28.889 78 25.556 74 23.333 Cheap Sleepy Caribbean 10002 Great Barrier Reef80 26.667 76 24.444 84 28.889 78 25.556 76 24.444 Moderate Pleasant Coral Sea 50003 Monterey 60 15.556 62 16.667 64 17.778 64 17.778 58 14.444 ExpensiveWild Pacific 20004 Santa Barbara 75 23.889 73 22.777 78 25.556 72 22.222 70 21.111 ExpensiveWild Pacific 30005 Florida 77 25 75 23.889 85 29.444 78 25.556 70 21.111 Moderate Pleasant Caribbean 30006 Fiji 75 23.889 76 24.444 80 26.667 74 23.333 70 21.111 ExpensiveSleepy South Pacific 50007 New J ersey 57 13.889 57 13.89 60 15.556 58 14.444 53 11.667 ExpensivePleasant Atlantic 2000
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Dive Sites = SITE
Site No Destination NoSite Name Site HighlightSite NotesDistance from Town (m)Distance from Town (km)Depth (ft)Depth (m) Visibility (ft)Visibility (m)Current Skill Level1001 1 Palancar Reef Reef 10 16.09 100 30.48 150 45.72 Strong Intermediate1002 1 Santa Rosa ReefReef 8 12.87 80 24.384 150 45.72 Strong Intermediate1003 1 Chancanab ReefReef 4 6.437 60 18.288 100 30.48 Mild Beginning1004 1 Punta Sur Reef 13 20.92 120 36.576 175 53.34 Strong Advanced1005 1 Yocab Reef Reef 6 9.656 50 15.24 100 30.48 Mild Beginning2001 2 Heron Island Reef 50 80.47 90 27.432 150 45.72 Mild Intermediate2002 2 Cod Hole Fish 45 72.42 50 15.24 150 45.72 Mild Beginning2003 2 Butterfly Bay Caves 20 32.19 70 21.336 70 21.336 None Advanced2004 2 Wheeler Reef Marine Life 30 48.28 50 15.24 125 38.1 Mild Beginning2005 2 Watanabe Marine Life 130 209.2 150 45.72 200 60.96 None Intermediate3001 3 Point Lobos Marine Life 3 4.828 60 18.288 75 22.86 None Beginning3002 3 Macabee BeachMarine Life 0.1 0.161 40 12.192 40 12.192 None Beginning3003 3 Pinnacles Pinnacle 1 1.609 60 18.288 50 15.24 Mild Beginning3004 3 Monastery BeachMarine Life 3 4.828 50 15.24 40 12.192 Surge Beginning
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Sea Life = BIOLIFESpecies NoCategory Common Name Species Name Length (cm)Length (in)Notes Graphic
90020 TriggerfishClown TriggerfishBallistoides conspicillum50 19.68590030 Snapper Red Emperor Lutjanus sebae 60 23.62290050 Wrasse Giant Maori WrasseCheilinus undulatus 229 90.15790070 Angelfish Blue Angelfish Pomacanthus nauarchus30 11.81190080 Cod Lunartail RockcodVariola louti 80 31.49690090 ScorpionfishFirefish Pterois volitans 38 14.96190100 ButterflyfishOrnate ButterflyfishChaetodon Ornatissimus19 7.480390110 Shark Swell Shark Cephaloscyllium ventriosum102 40.15790120 Ray Bat Ray Myliobatis californica 56 22.04790130 Eel California Moray Gymnothorax mordax 150 59.05590140 Cod Lingcod Ophiodon elongatus 150 59.055
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
BIOSITE -- linking relationSpecies No Site No
90010 200190010 200290010 200390010 200490010 200590010 600190010 600390010 600490010 600590020 200190020 2002
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Shipwrecks = SHIPWRK
Ship Name Site No Category Type Interest TonnageLength (ft)Length (m)Beam (ft)Beam (m) Cause Date Sunk CommentsPassengers/CrewSurvivorsCondition GraphicDelaware 7007 CommercialSteam FreighterTreasure 1646 252 76.8096 37 11.2776 Fire 66 66 BrokenF.S.Loop 4004 CommercialSteam SchoonerMachinery 794 193 58.8264 39 11.8872 Deliberate 1/1/47 0 ScatteredGosford 4001 CommercialBarque Rigged SailFixture 2250 280 85.344 42 12.8016 Fire IntactGreat Isaac 7002 CommercialSeagoing TugFixture 1117 185 56.388 37 11.2776 Collision 4/16/47 27 27 IntactLizzie D 7001 CommercialTug/RumrunnerTreasure 122 84 25.6032 21 6.4008 Unknown 10/19/22 8 0 IntactMohawk 7004 PassengerOcean LinerTreasure 8140 402 122.5296 54 16.4592 Collision 1/25/35 163 118 ScatteredR.P . Resor 7006 CommercialOil TankerTreasure 7450 435 132.588 66.8 20.36064 Military 2/28/42 50 2 BrokenStar of Scotland4002 PassengerBritish Q-BoatTreasure 1250 263 80.1624 35 10.668 Weather 1/22/42 5 4 BrokenTolten 7008 CommercialFreighter Fixture 1858 280 85.344 43 13.1064 Military 3/13/42 28 1 IntactUSS Moody 4006 Military WWI DestroyerTreasure 1308 314 95.7072 31 9.4488 Deliberate 1/1/33 0 IntactValiant 4003 PassengerLuxury Motor YachtTreasure 444 162.4 49.49952 26 7.9248 Fire 12/17/30 25 25 Intact
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Normalization
• Normalization theory is based on the observation that relations with certain properties are more effective in inserting, updating and deleting data than other sets of relations containing the same data
• Normalization is a multi-step process beginning with an “unnormalized” relation– Hospital example from Atre, S. Data Base: Structured Techniques for
Design, Performance, and Management.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Normal Forms
• First Normal Form (1NF)
• Second Normal Form (2NF)
• Third Normal Form (3NF)
• Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
• Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
• Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Normalization
Boyce-Codd and
Higher
Functional dependencyof nonkey attributes on the primary key - Atomic values only
Full Functional dependencyof nonkey attributes on the primary key
No transitive dependency between nonkey attributes
All determinants are candidate keys - Single multivalued dependency
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Unnormalized Relations
• First step in normalization is to convert the data into a two-dimensional table
• In unnormalized relations data can repeat within a column
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Unnormalized RelationPatient # Surgeon # Surg. date Patient Name Patient Addr Surgeon Surgery Postop drugDrug side effects
1111145 311
Jan 1, 1995; June 12, 1995 John White
15 New St. New York, NY
Beth Little Michael Diamond
Gallstones removal; Kidney stones removal
Penicillin, none-
rash none
1234243 467
Apr 5, 1994 May 10, 1995 Mary Jones
10 Main St. Rye, NY
Charles Field Patricia Gold
Eye Cataract removal Thrombosis removal
Tetracycline none
Fever none
2345 189Jan 8, 1996 Charles Brown
Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY
David Rosen
Open Heart Surgery
Cephalosporin none
4876 145Nov 5, 1995 Hal Kane
55 Boston Post Road, Chester, CN Beth Little
Cholecystectomy Demicillin none
5123 145May 10, 1995 Paul Kosher
Blind Brook Mamaroneck, NY Beth Little
Gallstones Removal none none
6845 243
Apr 5, 1994 Dec 15, 1984 Ann Hood
Hilton Road Larchmont, NY
Charles Field
Eye Cornea Replacement Eye cataract removal
Tetracycline Fever
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
First Normal Form
• To move to First Normal Form a relation must contain only atomic values at each row and column.– No repeating groups– A column or set of columns is called a
Candidate Key when its values can uniquely identify the row in the relation.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
First Normal FormPatient # Surgeon #Surgery DatePatient NamePatient AddrSurgeon Name Surgery Drug adminSide Effects
1111 145 01-Jan-95 John White
15 New St. New York, NY Beth Little
Gallstones removal Penicillin rash
1111 311 12-Jun-95 John White
15 New St. New York, NY
Michael Diamond
Kidney stones removal none none
1234 243 05-Apr-94 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY Charles Field
Eye Cataract removal
Tetracycline Fever
1234 467 10-May-95 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY Patricia Gold
Thrombosis removal none none
2345 189 08-Jan-96Charles Brown
Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY David Rosen
Open Heart Surgery
Cephalosporin none
4876 145 05-Nov-95 Hal Kane
55 Boston Post Road, Chester, CN Beth Little
Cholecystectomy Demicillin none
5123 145 10-May-95 Paul Kosher
Blind Brook Mamaroneck, NY Beth Little
Gallstones Removal none none
6845 243 05-Apr-94 Ann Hood
Hilton Road Larchmont, NY Charles Field
Eye Cornea Replacement
Tetracycline Fever
6845 243 15-Dec-84 Ann Hood
Hilton Road Larchmont, NY Charles Field
Eye cataract removal none none
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
1NF Storage Anomalies• Insertion: A new patient has not yet undergone surgery
-- hence no surgeon # -- Since surgeon # is part of the key we can’t insert.
• Insertion: If a surgeon is newly hired and hasn’t operated yet -- there will be no way to include that person in the database.
• Update: If a patient comes in for a new procedure, and has moved, we need to change multiple address entries.
• Deletion (type 1): Deleting a patient record may also delete all info about a surgeon.
• Deletion (type 2): When there are functional dependencies (like side effects and drug) changing one item eliminates other information.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Second Normal Form
• A relation is said to be in Second Normal Form when every nonkey attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key.– That is, every nonkey attribute needs the full
primary key for unique identification
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Second Normal FormPatient # Patient Name Patient Address
1111 John White15 New St. New York, NY
1234 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY
2345Charles Brown
Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY
4876 Hal Kane55 Boston Post Road, Chester,
5123 Paul KosherBlind Brook Mamaroneck, NY
6845 Ann HoodHilton Road Larchmont, NY
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Second Normal FormSurgeon # Surgeon Name
145 Beth Little
189 David Rosen
243 Charles Field
311 Michael Diamond
467 Patricia Gold
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Second Normal FormPatient # Surgeon # Surgery Date Surgery Drug Admin Side Effects
1111 145 01-Jan-95Gallstones removal Penicillin rash
1111 311 12-Jun-95
Kidney stones removal none none
1234 243 05-Apr-94Eye Cataract removal Tetracycline Fever
1234 467 10-May-95Thrombosis removal none none
2345 189 08-Jan-96Open Heart Surgery
Cephalosporin none
4876 145 05-Nov-95Cholecystectomy Demicillin none
5123 145 10-May-95Gallstones Removal none none
6845 243 15-Dec-84Eye cataract removal none none
6845 243 05-Apr-94Eye Cornea Replacement Tetracycline Fever
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
1NF Storage Anomalies Removed
• Insertion: Can now enter new patients without surgery.
• Insertion: Can now enter Surgeons who haven’t operated.
• Deletion (type 1): If Charles Brown dies the corresponding tuples from Patient and Surgery tables can be deleted without losing information on David Rosen.
• Update: If John White comes in for third time, and has moved, we only need to change the Patient table
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
2NF Storage Anomalies
• Insertion: Cannot enter the fact that a particular drug has a particular side effect unless it is given to a patient.
• Deletion: If John White receives some other drug because of the penicillin rash, and a new drug and side effect are entered, we lose the information that penicillin can cause a rash
• Update: If drug side effects change (a new formula) we have to update multiple occurrences of side effects.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Third Normal Form
• A relation is said to be in Third Normal Form if there is no transitive functional dependency between nonkey attributes– When one nonkey attribute can be determined with one
or more nonkey attributes there is said to be a transitive functional dependency.
• The side effect column in the Surgery table is determined by the drug administered – Side effect is transitively functionally dependent on
drug so Surgery is not 3NF
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Third Normal FormPatient # Surgeon # Surgery Date Surgery Drug Admin
1111 145 01-Jan-95 Gallstones removal Penicillin
1111 311 12-Jun-95Kidney stones removal none
1234 243 05-Apr-94 Eye Cataract removal Tetracycline
1234 467 10-May-95 Thrombosis removal none
2345 189 08-Jan-96 Open Heart Surgery Cephalosporin
4876 145 05-Nov-95 Cholecystectomy Demicillin
5123 145 10-May-95 Gallstones Removal none
6845 243 15-Dec-84 Eye cataract removal none
6845 243 05-Apr-94Eye Cornea Replacement Tetracycline
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Third Normal Form
Drug Admin Side Effects
Cephalosporin none
Demicillin none
none none
Penicillin rash
Tetracycline Fever
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
2NF Storage Anomalies Removed
• Insertion: We can now enter the fact that a particular drug has a particular side effect in the Drug relation.
• Deletion: If John White recieves some other drug as a result of the rash from penicillin, but the information on penicillin and rash is maintained.
• Update: The side effects for each drug appear only once.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Boyce-Codd Normal Form
• Most 3NF relations are also BCNF relations.
• A 3NF relation is NOT in BCNF if:– Candidate keys in the relation are composite
keys (they are not single attributes)– There is more than one candidate key in the
relation, and– The keys are not disjoint, that is, some
attributes in the keys are common
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Most 3NF Relations are also BCNF – Is this one?Patient # Patient Name Patient Address
1111 John White15 New St. New York, NY
1234 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY
2345Charles Brown
Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY
4876 Hal Kane55 Boston Post Road, Chester,
5123 Paul KosherBlind Brook Mamaroneck, NY
6845 Ann HoodHilton Road Larchmont, NY
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
BCNF Relations
Patient # Patient Name
1111 John White
1234 Mary Jones
2345Charles Brown
4876 Hal Kane
5123 Paul Kosher
6845 Ann Hood
Patient # Patient Address
111115 New St. New York, NY
123410 Main St. Rye, NY
2345Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY
487655 Boston Post Road, Chester,
5123Blind Brook Mamaroneck, NY
6845Hilton Road Larchmont, NY
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Fourth Normal Form
• Any relation is in Fourth Normal Form if it is BCNF and any multivalued dependencies are trivial
• Eliminate non-trivial multivalued dependencies by projecting into simpler tables
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Fifth Normal Form
• A relation is in 5NF if every join dependency in the relation is implied by the keys of the relation
• Implies that relations that have been decomposed in previous NF can be recombined via natural joins to recreate the original relation.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Effectiveness and Efficiency Issues for DBMS
• Focus on the relational model• Any column in a relational database can be
searched for values. • To improve efficiency indexes using storage
structures such as BTrees and Hashing are used• But many useful functions are not indexable and
require complete scans of the the database
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Example: Text Fields
• In conventional RDBMS, when a text field is indexed, only exact matching of the text field contents (or Greater-than and Less-than). – Can search for individual words using pattern
matching, but a full scan is required.
• Text searching is still done best (and fastest) by specialized text search programs (Search Engines) that we will look at more later.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Normalizing to death
• Normalization splits database information across multiple tables.
• To retrieve complete information from a normalized database, the JOIN operation must be used.
• JOIN tends to be expensive in terms of processing time, and very large joins are very expensive.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Advantages of RDBMS
• Possible to design complex data storage and retrieval systems with ease (and without conventional programming).
• Support for ACID transactions– Atomic – Consistent– Independent– Durable
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Advantages of RDBMS
• Support for very large databases
• Automatic optimization of searching (when possible)
• RDBMS have a simple view of the database that conforms to much of the data used in businesses.
• Standard query language (SQL)
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Disadvantages of RDBMS
• Until recently, no support for complex objects such as documents, video, images, spatial or time-series data. (ORDBMS are adding support these).
• Often poor support for storage of complex objects. (Disassembling the car to park it in the garage)
• Still no efficient and effective integrated support for things like text searching within fields.
9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval
Assignment 2• The following information should be turned in for the
preliminary design of your personal database project. 1. A general description of the data you will be using for the
database, and what uses you might expect the database to have (should be expanded from the previous assignment).
2. A preliminary data dictionary for the files and data elements of the database. You should have at least 5 files with some logical connections between them. The data dictionary consists of all of the attributes that you have identified for each entity, along with indication of whether the attribute is a primary key (or part of a primary key), and what format the data will be (e.g.: text, decimal number, integer, etc.)
3. Produce an entity-relationship diagram of the database OR a UML diagram.
• These will be preliminary design specifications, so do not feel that you must follow everything that you describe here in the final database design.