91. Cell Reproduction Notebook Check 92. Karyotype Lab (graded)
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Transcript of 91. Cell Reproduction Notebook Check 92. Karyotype Lab (graded)
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•91. Cell Reproduction Notebook Check•92. Karyotype Lab (graded)•93. Intro to Genetics Reading Guide (stamped)•94. Genetics Notes•95. Punnett Squares•96. More Punnett Square Practice•97. Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules•98. Oompah Loompa’s•99. Progress Report #6•100. POP QUIZ!•101. Pedigrees (a & b)•102. Ugly Baby Lab•103. Genetic Disorders
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• Finish Genetic Disorders #103• 3/29 & 3/30 Genetics Unit
TEST!
HOMEWORK!!
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a medical procedure used to diagnose chromosomal disorders in a developing fetus. A small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal
tissues, is extracted from the amniotic sac surrounding a
developing fetus, and the DNA is examined.
AMNIOCENTESIS
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GENETICS #94• Gregor Mendel = father of heredity–Mid 1800s–Studied garden pea plants (because they
could produce purebred individuals)–Studied how traits were passed from one
generation to the next
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–Mendel came up with several important concepts
1. Parents pass on genes2. For each trait, an organism has 2 genes (1
allele from Mom and 1 from Dad)3. Alleles can be dominant and recessive• Tall plants could equal TT or Tt, short = tt•Genotype = genetic make-up for trait (TT)• Phenotype = physical look of trait (tall)
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Law of Dominance• If organisms contain two identical
alleles for a trait, it shows that trait.Curly hair = HHStraight hair = hh
• If organisms contain two different alleles for a trait, it shows the dominant trait.Curly hair = Hh
HOMOZYGOUS ALLELES
HETEROZYGOUS ALLELES
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Punnett SquaresUsed to
predict the possible
combinations of dominant
and recessive alleles in the
offspring.Genotypic ratio = 1 RR : 2 Rr : 1 rrPhenotypic ratio = 3 pink : 1 yellow
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• Dad = XY, some sperm have X, some have Y• Mom = XX, all eggs
have X because that’s all Mom has to donate• Who determines
gender of baby – Mom or Dad?
Determining Gender!
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Law of Independent Assortment
The genes for traits found on different chromosomes separate independently
when gametes are made.
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Test CrossA deliberate
genetic cross with a homozygous
recessive individual that can be used to
determine whether an organism is
homozygous or heterozygous dominant for a
trait.
?
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Phenotype is a mix of geneticsand environment
MostlyEnvironment Mix
MostlyGenetic
Language Height Blood typeReligion Weight Eye color
Intelligence
Nature vs. Nurture Debate
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1. Green pea plant (GG) X Green pea plant (Gg)2. Tall plant (TT) X short plant (tt)3. Two tall plants (Tt)4. Two white flowers (white = recessive)5. Homozygous red flower X white flower6. Homozygous dominant brown mouse X
heterozygous brown mouse (tan = recessive)7. Heterozygous white rabbit X black rabbit.8. Two heterozygous white rabbits. (black = rec)9. How would you figure out if a purple plant
(dominant) is heterozygous vs. homozygous?
#96 More Punnett Square Practice(make Punnett Squares & describe offspring using genotypic and phenotypic ratios)
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GENOTYPIC RATIO
PHENOTYPIC RATIO
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Sometimes genetics isn’t always as simple as Mendel’s
Law of Dominance
Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules
#97
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• Heterozygote is a BLEND of the 2 homozygotes• RR = red flowers• rr = white flowers• Rr = PINK flowers• Cross two pink flowers.• Genotypic ratio 1:2:1• Phenotypic ratio
Incomplete Dominance
1 red: 2 pink: 1 white
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Codominance• Heterozygote show BOTH traits• BB = black cows• WW = white cows• BW = black & white• BB X WW• All BW offspring• Genotypic ratio = 0:4:0• Phenotypic ratio = 0:4:0
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Multiple Alleles• Traits that have more than two alleles.• Blood types –
3 allelesA and B are co-dominantO is recessive to A and B
4 phenotypes1)Type A
blood contains “A” proteinsgenotype: AA or AO
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2) Type Bblood contains “B” proteins (genotype: BB or BO)
3)Type ABblood contains both proteins genotype: AB
4) Type Oneither protein present in bloodGenotype: OO
• AB is an example of ________________.
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Polygenic Inheritance• Several genes are inherited
from each parent for 1 trait.• Many possible phenotypes.• Examples: skin color, eye color,
height, weightABC, ABc, AbC, aBC = dark
abc, abC, Abc, aBc = light
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ABC ABc AbC Abc aBC aBc abC abc
ABC 66 5 5 4 5 4 4 3ABc 5 4 4 3 4 3 3 2AbC 5 4 4 3 4 3 3 2Abc 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 1aBC 5 4 4 3 4 3 3 2aBc 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 1abC 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 1abc 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 0
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• Located on X chromosome• Females are only carriers• Mostly males are affected• Colorblindness, hemophilia, baldness• XBXB = normal female• XBXb = carrier female• XbXb = colorblind female• XBY = normal male• XbY = colorblind male• Cross a carrier female with a normal male.
Explain the possible offspring.
Sex-Linked Traits
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