9. Swine Nutritions.ppt
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Transcript of 9. Swine Nutritions.ppt
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SWINE NUTRITIONSWINE NUTRITION
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Single stomach Eat feed low in fiber Humans are also
non-ruminants
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1. Mouth 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small Intestine 5. Large Intestine
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Breaks down feedstuffs into …..
simple chemical parts…..
so the pig can absorb…..
and utilize them .
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Breaks down feed stuffs by chewing
Adds saliva to help in digestion
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Muscles contract to move the food down to the stomach
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Adds digestive juices to break down food
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The small intestine….The small intestine….
Mixes secretions Absorbs nutrients
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Storage and formation of feces
Absorption of water Secretion and
reabsorption of electrolytes
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Non-ruminantNon-ruminant
Abomasum- true stomach depends on digestive enzymes pepsin, rennin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, HCL Needs
energy (fat and CHO), protein (a.a.), minerals (Ca:P 1.2:1 to 1.5:1), vitamins, water, antibiotics and other additives
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Swine NutritionSwine Nutrition
Basic diet is Corn and Soybean Meal standard ration based on cereal grains,
SBM, vit., minerals, additives majority buys a SBM pre-mix to add to
corn or milo
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Energy sourcesEnergy sources
cereal grains -CHO Fat Protein
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Cereal Grains- CHO ValuesCereal Grains- CHO Values
corn- 100% energy value - 8% CP wheat - 99% use 12.5 % CP milo - 96% (more variable on protein
content) use 8% CP when unknown
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FEEDSFEEDS
Definition- any ingredients or material fed to animals for purposes of sustaining them
Classes of Feeds roughages concentrates by-products protein supplements minerals, vitamins, and additives
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Swine NutritionSwine Nutrition
Concentrates - high in energy, low in fiber and < 20% protein
corn, barley, milo, wheat, rye, oats thumb rules - ok in P, low in Ca
low in vitamins, except for beta carotene (A) protein and minerals are low
Corn is high in energy, low in fiber and palatable (7-9% protein)
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Swine NutritionSwine Nutrition
Proteins - high in nitrogen protein quality - amino acids
essential vs non-essential limiting amino acids (lysine, methionine &
typtophan); sometimes threonine
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Protein SourcesProtein Sources
Soybean Meal, Fish Meal, Meat and Bone Meal, Peanut Meal; not Cottonseed Meal (gossypol toxicity)
NPN= non-protein nitrogen- not for swine or poultry
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Classes of FeedsClasses of Feeds
Vitamins natural, synthetics water vs fat soluble classification A,D,& E are most common in ruminants A, D, & E and B vit. re needed for non-
ruminants
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VitaminsVitamins
Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic Acid B12 Choline Vit A E
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Minerals- need 10Minerals- need 10
macro or major- Ca, P, NaCl trace - Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Si, Se
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Classes of FeedsClasses of Feeds
Special Feeds Fats and oils (increase calories without bulk)
Feed additives increase efficiency of gain, prevent diseases,
preserve the feed antibiotics, hormones, paylean, navigator, etc.
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SwineSwineCreep FeedingCreep Feeding
start at 3-10 days high protein and sugar switch at 40 lbs adv. - uniformity, increase weaning weight,
decreases mortality, scours, weight loss by sow and setback when weaned
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Swine Feeding StagesSwine Feeding Stages
starter pig ration at 10- 50 lbs (18%) grower ration at 50 - 100/125 lbs (16%) finishing ration at 125-250 lbs (12-14%)
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Swine FeedingSwine Feeding
feed efficiency should be around 3:1 3 lbs of feed to yield one pound of wt. gain full vs limit feeding for growing-finishing replacement gilts should receive 4 lbs/day increase feed 2-3 X during lactation
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Swine Feeding cont.Swine Feeding cont.
Sows and boars is condition dependent can add peanut or alfalfa hay (limited) do not over feed
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Swine Feeding cont.Swine Feeding cont.
Soft Pork - caused by lower melting points in the makeup of fat caused by feeding certain feeds: ie. too much peanut meal
Trichinosis - traditionally garbage fed swine
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FUNCTION OF FEEDSFUNCTION OF FEEDS
Maintenance- a ration which is adequate to prevent any loss or gain of tissue in the body when there is no production the difference in energy needs are related to the
amount of activity Growth- increase in size of muscles, bones,
internal and external parts of the body (the foundation of animal production)
Finishing- the laying on or deposition of fat
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Evaluation of FeedstuffsEvaluation of Feedstuffs
Physical- stage of plant maturity, foreign material, etc.
Cost/Unit of nutrient Protein ex. SBM @ $6.00/cwt. @ 44% c.p. 100 X .44=44 lb of crude protein from cwt of SBM $6.00/44 = $.136 per pound of protein OR $320/ton for 44 % SBM = 2000 X .44 = 880; $320/ 880 = $.36 per pound of
protein for corn
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Evaluation of FeedstuffsEvaluation of Feedstuffs
observe: palatability, grade, preparation, ingredient
combination, and quantity fed Chemical Analysis- proximate analysis
protein, fat, moisture, and ash (minerals) Digestion trial example
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Evaluation of FeedstuffsEvaluation of Feedstuffs
Measuring Energy TDN= sum total of the digestible protein, fiber,
and nitrogen free extract, and fat X 2.25 Calorie or Net Energy system
Net Energy= gross energy-fecal energy-gaseous energy-urinary energy-heat increment
gross energy = combustion heat
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Evaluation of FeedstuffsEvaluation of Feedstuffs
digestible energy = portion of gross energy that is not excreted in feces
Metabolic energy = portion of gross energy that is not lost in feces, urine and gas
heat increment = difference between ME & NE heat unavoidably produced by an animal in
digestion and metabolism
Pigs: we use DE more often
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How to Balance a RationHow to Balance a Ration
Consideration points availability and cost of feedstuffs moisture content composition of feedstuffs nutrient allowances composition of ration needed
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How to Balance a RationHow to Balance a Ration
Methods Pearson Square Trial and error Net energy Computer
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Commercial Feed SelectionCommercial Feed Selection
Reputation of the mfg. Needs Feed tag guarantee Flexible formulas
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Home vs Commercial Mixed Home vs Commercial Mixed FeedsFeeds
Options commercially prepared purchase grain and add protein supplement use home grown grain and add protein suppl. purchase commercial feed and add only mineral
and vitamin pre-mix add all indiv. ingredients
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Feeding SystemsFeeding Systems
Hand vs Self feeding Self feeding advantages
less labor increase feed consumption increase gains and earlier marketing not likely to go off feed time and $$$$ saved by bulk feeding
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Feeding SystemsFeeding Systems
Self feeding disadvantages unless mixed correctly, animals tend to select
grain and discard roughage; therefore, grind it find or pelletizing is essential
increase cost, if more concentrate is fed Other
pigs- add ground alfalfa
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Feeding SystemsFeeding Systems
Creep feeding- the supplemental feeding of young nursing
animals in an enclosure which is accessible to them but not to their parent
gains for young animals are cheap gains due to less fat content in young animals and less consumption/body wt.
adv.- increases weaning wt., uniformity, achieve genetic potential, assists first sows, etc.
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Feeding SystemsFeeding Systems
Feeds should not be abruptly changed Check for Nutrient deficiencies
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Nutrient DeficienciesNutrient Deficiencies
Protein depressed appetite, lower energy intake, loss of
weight, slower growth, irregular or delayed estrus, reduced milk production
Major Minerals Ca & P - rickets (fragile bones) Salt - coarse hair coat, loss of appetite I - goiter, poor growth, listlessness
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Nutrient DeficienciesNutrient Deficiencies
Mn - weak legs Zn - rough skin- parakeratosis Fe - anemia Se - white muscle disease Co - weakness, loss of appetite Cu - severe diarrhea, weight loss, rough,
coarse, bleached coat, anemia
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Nutrient DeficienciesNutrient Deficiencies
Vitamins A - most likely, esp. in confinement animals
beta carotene is essential
D - rickets, osteomalacia in mature animals E - white muscle disease (Se related) K - Excessive bleeding (coagulant Vit) B & C ruminants (No problem); yet with non-
ruminants; yes, there can be a problem
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Nutrient DeficienciesNutrient Deficiencies
Water source major constituent of the body determined by rate of gain, lactation, reprod,
environment, activity, feed intake, etc. salt (>1% = toxic)
Nutritional deficiencies come by too little or too moldy (<200 ppm aflatoxin in corn)
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Preparation of FeedsPreparation of Feeds
Coarsesness of grinding- hogs prefer coarse particle size, however, we see an increase FE with decreasing the grind size because of increased digestibility, but too finely ground feeds aggravate the stomach and cause ulcers
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Preparation of FeedsPreparation of Feeds
Pelleting- costly, improves digestibility, size (smaller the better), increases the value of a high fiber diet, improves feed efficiency
High moisture or reconstituted- slight increase in FE, yet problems in the summer (mold)
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Preparation of FeedsPreparation of Feeds
Wetting or soaking- decreases wastage, saves labor, increases gains and FE , Yet gets soured in the summer
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Relative effect of protein Relative effect of protein deficiencydeficiency
carcass characteristics feed efficiency gain/growth