DistillationDistillation

ApplicationApplication

in in PetroleumPetroleum

DistillationDistillation

►► Distillation Distillation separatesseparates chemicalschemicals byby thethe differencedifference

in in howhow easilyeasily theythey vaporizevaporize. . TheThe twotwo majormajor

typestypes of of classicalclassical distillationdistillation includeinclude continuouscontinuous

distillationdistillation andand batchbatch distillationdistillation. . ContinuousContinuous

distillationdistillation, as , as thethe name name sayssays, , continuouslycontinuously takestakes

a a feedfeed andand separatesseparates it it intointo twotwo oror moremore

productsproducts. . BatchBatch distillationdistillation takestakes on lot (on lot (oror

batchbatch) at a time of ) at a time of feedfeed andand splitssplits it it intointo

productsproducts byby selectivelyselectively removingremoving thethe moremore

volatilevolatile fractionsfractions overover time.time.

►►OtherOther waysways toto categorizecategorize distillationdistillation areare byby

thethe equipmentequipment typetype ((traystrays, , packingpacking), ),

processprocess configurationconfiguration ((distillationdistillation, ,

absorptionabsorption, , strippingstripping, , azeotropicazeotropic, , extractiveextractive, ,

complexcomplex), ), oror processprocess typetype ((refiningrefining, ,

petrochemicalpetrochemical, , chemicalchemical, , gasgas treatingtreating).).

►►ManyMany industriesindustries useuse distillationdistillation forfor criticalcritical

separationsseparations in in makingmaking usefuluseful productsproducts. .

TheseThese industriesindustries includeinclude petroleumpetroleum refiningrefining, ,

beveragesbeverages, , chemicalchemical processingprocessing, ,

petrochemicalspetrochemicals, , andand naturalnatural gasgas processingprocessing..

Distillation Distillation CategoriesCategories

SystemSystem compositioncomposition

SystemSystem refersrefers toto thethe chemicalchemical componentscomponents

presentpresent in in thethe mixturemixture beingbeing distilleddistilled. . TheThe

twotwo mainmain groupsgroups areare binarybinary distillationdistillation andand

multicomponentmulticomponent distillationdistillation..

►► BinaryBinary distillationdistillation is a is a separationseparation of of onlyonly twotwochemicalschemicals. A . A goodgood exampleexample is is separatingseparating ethylethyl alcoholalcohol((ethanolethanol) ) fromfrom waterwater. . MostMost of of thethe basicbasic distillationdistillationteachingteaching andand a lot of a lot of theoreticaltheoretical workwork startsstarts withwith lookinglookingat at binarybinary distillationdistillation; ; it'sit's a lot a lot simplersimpler..

►► MulticomponentMulticomponent distillationdistillation is is thethe separationseparation of a of a mixturemixture of of chemicalschemicals. A . A goodgood exampleexample is is petroleumpetroleumrefiningrefining. . CrudeCrude oiloil is a is a veryvery complexcomplex mixturemixture of of hydrocarbonshydrocarbons withwith literallyliterally thousandsthousands of of differentdifferentmoleculesmolecules. . NearlyNearly allall commercialcommercial distillationdistillation is is multicomponentmulticomponent distillationdistillation. . TheThe theorytheory andand practicepractice of of multicomponentmulticomponent distillationdistillation can be can be veryvery complexcomplex..

ProcessingProcessing ModeMode

►► ProcessingProcessing modemode refersrefers toto thethe wayway in in whichwhich feedfeed andandproductproduct areare introducedintroduced andand withdrawnwithdrawn fromfrom thethe processprocess. . Distillation Distillation occursoccurs in in twotwo modesmodes, , continuouscontinuous distillationdistillation andandbatchbatch distillationdistillation..

►► ContinuousContinuous distillationdistillation is is feedfeed is sent is sent toto thethe stillstill allall thethe time time andand productproduct is is drawndrawn outout at at thethe samesame time. time. TheThe idea in idea in continuouscontinuous distillationdistillation is is thatthat thethe amountamount goinggoing intointo thethe stillstillandand thethe amountamount leavingleaving thethe stillstill shouldshould alwaysalways equalequal eacheachotherother at at anyany givengiven pointpoint in time.in time.

►► BatchBatch distillationdistillation is is whenwhen thethe amountamount goinggoing intointo thethe stillstillandand thethe amountamount goinggoing outout of of thethe stillstill is not is not supposedsupposed totobe be thethe samesame allall thethe time. time. TheThe easiesteasiest exampleexample toto useuse is is likelike oldold fashionedfashioned spiritspirit makingmaking. . TheThe distillerdistiller fillsfills a a containercontainer at at thethe start, start, thenthen heatsheats it, as time it, as time goesgoes byby thethevaporsvapors areare condensedcondensed toto makemake thethe alcoholicalcoholic drinkdrink. . WhenWhenthethe properproper quantityquantity of of overheadoverhead ((drinkdrink) is ) is mademade, , thethedistillerdistiller stopsstops thethe stillstill andand emptiesempties it it outout readyready forfor a a newnewbatchbatch. . ThisThis is is onlyonly a a simplesimple casecase, in , in industrialindustrial usageusagewhatwhat goesgoes on on getsgets veryvery complexcomplex..

ProcessingProcessing SequenceSequence

►► FractionationFractionation systemssystems havehave differentdifferent objectivesobjectives. .

TheThe majormajor processingprocessing objectivesobjectives set set thethe systemsystem

typetype andand thethe equipmentequipment configurationconfiguration neededneeded. . TheThe

commoncommon objectivesobjectives includeinclude removingremoving a a lightlight

componentcomponent fromfrom a a heavyheavy productproduct, , removingremoving a a

heavyheavy componentcomponent fromfrom a a lightlight productproduct, , makingmaking

twotwo productsproducts, , oror makingmaking moremore thanthan twotwo productsproducts. .

WeWe willwill callcall thesethese majormajor categoriescategories areare calledcalled

strippingstripping, , rectificationrectification, , fractionationfractionation, , andand complexcomplex

fractionationfractionation..

►►StrippingStripping systemssystems removeremove lightlight materialmaterial

fromfrom a a heavyheavy productproduct..

►►RectificationRectification systemssystems removeremove heavyheavy

materialmaterial fromfrom a a lightlight productproduct..

►►FractionationFractionation systemssystems removeremove a a lightlight

materialmaterial fromfrom a a heavyheavy productproduct andand a a

heavyheavy materialmaterial fromfrom a a lightlight productproduct at at thethe

samesame time.time.

►► ComplexComplex fractionationfractionation makesmakes multiplemultiple productsproductsfromfrom eithereither a a singlesingle towertower oror a a complexcomplex of of towerstowers combinedcombined withwith recyclerecycle streamsstreams betweenbetweenthemthem. A . A goodgood exampleexample of a of a multiplemultiple productproducttowertower is a is a refineryrefinery crudecrude distillationdistillation towertowermakingmaking roughrough cutscuts of of naphthanaphtha ((gasolinegasoline), ), kerosenekerosene (jet (jet fuelfuel), ), andand dieseldiesel fromfrom thethe samesametowertower. A . A goodgood exampleexample of a of a complexcomplex towertower withwithinternalinternal recyclerecycle streamsstreams is a is a PetlyckPetlyck ((bafflebaffle) ) towertower makingmaking threethree onon--specificationsspecifications productsproductsfromfrom thethe samesame towertower..

SystemSystem TypeType

►►TheThe behaviorbehavior of of thethe chemicalschemicals in in thethe systemsystem

alsoalso determinesdetermines thethe systemsystem configurationconfiguration

forfor thethe objectivesobjectives. . TheThe threethree majormajor

problemsproblems thatthat limit limit distillationdistillation processesprocesses areare

closeclose--boilersboilers, , distributeddistributed keyskeys, , andand

azeotropesazeotropes. .

►► CloseClose boilerboiler systemssystems includeinclude chemicalschemicals thatthat boilboilat at temperaturestemperatures veryvery closeclose toto eacheach otherother. . SoSomanymany stagesstages of of distillationdistillation oror soso muchmuch refluxrefluxmaymay be be requiredrequired thatthat thethe chemicalschemicals cannotcannot be be separatedseparated economicallyeconomically. A . A goodgood exampleexample is is separationseparation of of nitronitro--chlorochloro--benzenesbenzenes. . UpUp toto 600 600 theoreticaltheoretical separationseparation stagesstages withwith highhigh refluxrefluxmaymay be be requiredrequired toto separateseparate differentdifferent isomersisomers..

►► DistributedDistributed keyskeys areare systemssystems wherewhere somesomechemicalschemicals thatthat wewe do not do not wantwant in in eithereither thetheheavyheavy oror thethe lightlight productproduct boilboil at a at a temperaturetemperaturebetweenbetween thethe heavyheavy andand thethe lightlight productproduct..

►►AzeotropicAzeotropic systemssystems areare thosethose wherewhere thethe

vaporvapor andand thethe liquidliquid reachreach thethe samesame

compositioncomposition at at somesome pointpoint in in thethe

distillationdistillation. No . No furtherfurther separationseparation can can

occuroccur. . EthanolEthanol--waterwater is a is a perfectperfect exampleexample. .

OnceOnce ethanolethanol compositioncomposition reachesreaches 95% 95%

(at (at atmosphericatmospheric pressurepressure), no ), no furtherfurther

ethanolethanol purificationpurification is is possiblepossible..

ReactionReaction

►►ReactiveReactive distillationdistillation usesuses a a reactionreaction in in thethedistillationdistillation equipmentequipment toto helphelp thetheseparationseparation. . TheThe reactionreaction maymay oror maymay not not useuse a a catalystcatalyst. DMT . DMT manufacturemanufacture usesusesreactivereactive distillationdistillation withoutwithout a a catalystcatalyst. . OneOneprocessprocess toto makemake methymethy--terttert--butylbutyl--etheretherusesuses a a catalystcatalyst inside inside thethe distillationdistillationtowertower. . TheThe reactionreaction changeschanges thethecompositioncomposition, , allowingallowing thethe distillationdistillation totoworkwork betterbetter

EquipmentEquipment TypeType

►► Distillation Distillation equipmentequipment includesincludes twotwo majormajor

categoriescategories, , traystrays andand packingpacking..

►► TraysTrays forceforce a a risingrising vaporvapor toto bubblebubble

throughthrough a a poolpool of of descendingdescending liquidliquid..

►► PackingPacking createscreates a a surfacesurface forfor liquidliquid toto

spread on. spread on. TheThe thinthin liquidliquid film has a film has a highhigh

surfacesurface areaarea forfor massmass--transfer transfer betweenbetween

thethe liquidliquid andand vaporvapor..

PETROLEUM PETROLEUM

►►PetroleumPetroleum is a is a complexcomplex mixturemixture of of organicorganic

liquidsliquids calledcalled crudecrude oiloil andand naturalnatural gasgas, ,

whichwhich occursoccurs naturallynaturally in in thethe groundground andand

waswas formedformed millionsmillions of of yearsyears agoago. . CrudeCrude oiloil

andand naturalnatural gasgas areare of of littlelittle useuse in in theirtheir rawraw

statestate; ; theirtheir valuevalue lieslies in in whatwhat is is createdcreated

fromfrom themthem: : fuelsfuels, , lubricatinglubricating oilsoils, , waxeswaxes, ,

asphaltasphalt, , petrochemicalspetrochemicals andand pipelinepipeline qualityquality

naturalnatural gasgas..

HOW OIL WAS FORMED?HOW OIL WAS FORMED?

►►OilOil waswas formedformed fromfrom thethe remainsremains of of animalsanimalsandand plantsplants thatthat livedlived millionsmillions of of yearsyears agoago in in a a marinemarine ((waterwater) ) environmentenvironment beforebefore thethedinosaursdinosaurs.. OverOver thethe yearsyears, , thethe remainsremainswerewere coveredcovered byby layerslayers of of mudmud.. HeatHeat andandpressurepressure fromfrom thesethese layerslayers helpedhelped thetheremainsremains turnturn intointo whatwhat wewe todaytoday callcall crudecrudeoiloil .. TheThe wordword ""petroleumpetroleum" " meansmeans ""rockrock oiloil" " oror ""oiloil fromfrom thethe earthearth." ."

WhereWhere WeWe GetGet OilOil??

TheThe world'sworld's top top fivefive crudecrude oiloil--producingproducing

countriescountries areare: :

�� SaudiSaudi ArabiaArabia

�� RussiaRussia

�� United United StatesStates

�� Iran Iran

�� ChinaChina

PetroleumPetroleum HydrocarbonHydrocarbon

StructuresStructures

►►ParaffinsParaffins

►►HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

►►NaphthenesNaphthenes

OilOil RefiningRefining ProductionProduction ProcessProcess

►►DesaltingDesalting andand DewateringDewatering

►►DistillationDistillation

►►ReformingReforming

►►CrackingCracking

►►AlkylationAlkylation

►►IsomerisationIsomerisation

►►PolymerisationPolymerisation

►►HydrotreatingHydrotreating

DesaltingDesalting andand DewateringDewatering

►► CrudeCrude oiloil is is recoveredrecovered fromfrom thethe reservoirreservoir mixedmixedwithwith a a varietyvariety of of substancessubstances: : gasesgases waterwater andand dirtdirt((mineralsminerals). ). DesaltingDesalting is a is a waterwater –– washingwashingoperationoperation performedperformed at at thethe productionproduction fieldfield andand at at thethe refineryrefinery site site forfor additionaladditional crudecrude oiloil cleanupcleanup. . IfIfthethe petroleumpetroleum fromfrom thethe seperatorsseperators containscontains waterwaterandand dirtdirt, , waterwater washingwashing can can removeremove muchmuch of of thethewaterwater –– solublesoluble mineralsminerals andand entrainedentrained solidssolids. . IfIfthesethese crudecrude oiloil contaminantscontaminants areare not not removedremoved, , theythey can can causecause operatingoperating problemsproblems duringduring refineryrefineryprocessingprocessing, , suchsuch as as equipmentequipment pluggingplugging andandcorrosioncorrosion as as wellwell as as catalystcatalyst deactivationdeactivation. .

DistillationDistillation

►► TheThe firstfirst andand thethe mostmost fundamentalfundamental step in step in thethe refiningrefining processprocess ((afterafterthethe crudecrude oiloil has has beenbeen cleanedcleaned andand anyany remnantsremnants of of brinebrine removedremoved) is ) is distillationdistillation, , whichwhich is is oftenoften referredreferred toto as as thethe primaryprimary refiningrefining processprocess. . Distillation Distillation involvesinvolves thethe separationseparation of of thethe differentdifferent hydrocarbonhydrocarboncompoundscompounds thatthat occuroccur naturallynaturally in a in a crudecrude oiloil intointo a a numbernumber of of differentdifferent fractionsfractions (a (a fractionfraction is is oftenoften referredreferred toto as a as a cutcut). ). InIn thetheatmosphericatmospheric distillationdistillation processprocess ((FigFig.), .), heatedheated crudecrude oiloil is is separatedseparated in in a a distillationdistillation columncolumn ((distillationdistillation towertower, , fractionatingfractionating towertower, , atmosphericatmospheric pipepipe stillstill) ) intointo streamsstreams thatthat areare thenthen purifiedpurified, , transformedtransformed, , adaptedadapted, , andand treatedtreated in a in a numbernumber of of subsequentsubsequent refiningrefining processesprocesses, , intointo productsproducts forfor thethe refinery'srefinery's market. market. TheThe lighterlighter, , moremore volatilevolatile, , productsproducts separateseparate outout higherhigher upup thethe columncolumn, , whereaswhereas thethe heavierheavier, , lesslessvolatilevolatile, , productsproducts settlesettle outout towardtoward thethe bottombottom of of thethe distillationdistillationcolumncolumn. . TheThe fractionsfractions producedproduced in in thisthis mannermanner areare knownknown as as straightstraightrunrun fractionsfractions rangingranging fromfrom ((atmosphericatmospheric towertower) ) gasgas, , gasolinegasoline, , andandnaphthanaphtha, , toto kerosenekerosene, , gasgas oilsoils, , andand lightlight dieseldiesel, , andand toto ((vacuumvacuum towertower) ) lubricatinglubricating oiloil andand residuumresiduum. .

►► TheThe feedfeed toto a a distillationdistillation towertower is is heatedheated byby flowflow throughthroughpipespipes arrangedarranged withinwithin a a largelarge furnacefurnace. . TheThe heatingheating unitunit is is knownknown as a as a pipepipe stillstill heaterheater oror pipepipe stillstill furnacefurnace, , andand thetheheatingheating unitunit andand thethe fractionalfractional distillationdistillation towertower makemake upupthethe essentialessential partsparts of a of a distillationdistillation unitunit oror pipepipe stillstill. . TheThepipepipe stillstill furnacefurnace heatsheats thethe feedfeed toto a a predeterminedpredeterminedtemperaturetemperature—— usuallyusually a a temperaturetemperature at at whichwhich a a predeterminedpredetermined portionportion of of thethe feedfeed willwill changechange intointo vaporvapor. . TheThe vaporvapor is is heldheld underunder pressurepressure in in thethe pipepipe in in thethe furnacefurnaceuntiluntil it it dischargesdischarges as a as a foamingfoaming streamstream intointo thethe fractionalfractionaldistillationdistillation towertower. Here . Here thethe unvaporizedunvaporized oror liquidliquid portionportion of of thethe feedfeed descendsdescends toto thethe bottombottom of of thethe towertower toto be be pumpedpumped awayaway as a as a bottombottom nonvolatilenonvolatile productproduct, , whereaswhereasthethe vaporsvapors passpass upup thethe towertower toto be be fractionatedfractionated intointo gasgasoilsoils, , kerosenekerosene, , andand naphthanaphtha..

ReformingReforming

►►ReformingReforming is a is a processprocess whichwhich usesuses heatheat, ,

pressurepressure andand a a catalystcatalyst ((usuallyusually containingcontaining

platinumplatinum) ) toto bringbring aboutabout chemicalchemical reactionsreactions

whichwhich upgradeupgrade naphthasnaphthas intointo highhigh octaneoctane

petrol petrol andand petrochemicalpetrochemical feedstockfeedstock. .

CrackingCracking

►► CrackingCracking processesprocesses break break downdown heavierheavier

hydrocarbonhydrocarbon moleculesmolecules ((highhigh boilingboiling pointpoint

oilsoils) ) intointo lighterlighter productsproducts suchsuch as petrol as petrol

andand dieseldiesel. . TheseThese processesprocesses includeinclude: :

1.1. catalyticcatalytic crackingcracking

2.2. thermalthermal crackingcracking

3.3. hydrocrackinghydrocracking

AlkylationAlkylation

►►AlkylationAlkylation refersrefers toto thethe chemicalchemical bondingbonding of of

thesethese lightlight moleculesmolecules withwith isobutaneisobutane toto form form

largerlarger branchedbranched--chainchain moleculesmolecules

((isoparaffinsisoparaffins) ) thatthat makemake highhigh octaneoctane petrol.petrol.

IsomerisationIsomerisation

►►IsomerisationIsomerisation refersrefers toto chemicalchemical

rearrangementrearrangement of of straightstraight--chainchain

hydrocarbonshydrocarbons ((paraffinsparaffins), ), soso thatthat theythey

containcontain branchesbranches attachedattached toto thethe mainmain chainchain

((isoparaffinsisoparaffins). ).

PolymerisationPolymerisation

►► UnderUnder pressurepressure andand temperaturetemperature, , overover an an acidicacidic

catalystcatalyst, , lightlight unsaturatedunsaturated hydrocarbonhydrocarbon moleculesmolecules

reactreact andand combinecombine withwith eacheach otherother toto form form largerlarger

hydrocarbonhydrocarbon moleculesmolecules. . SuchSuch processprocess can be can be usedused

toto reactreact butenesbutenes (olefin (olefin moleculesmolecules withwith fourfour

carboncarbon atomsatoms) ) withwith isoiso--butanebutane ((branchedbranched paraffinparaffin

moleculesmolecules, , oror isoparaffinsisoparaffins, , withwith fourfour carboncarbon atomsatoms) )

toto obtainobtain a a highhigh octaneoctane olefinicolefinic petrol petrol blendingblending

componentcomponent calledcalled polymerpolymer gasolinegasoline..

HydrotreatingHydrotreating

►► HydrotreatingHydrotreating is is oneone wayway of of removingremoving manymany of of thethe

contaminantscontaminants fromfrom manymany of of thethe intermediateintermediate oror

final final productsproducts. . InIn thethe hydrotreatinghydrotreating processprocess, , thethe

enteringentering feedstockfeedstock is is mixedmixed withwith hydrogenhydrogen andand

heatedheated toto 300 300 -- 380oC. 380oC. TheThe oiloil combinedcombined withwith thethe

hydrogenhydrogen thenthen entersenters a a reactorreactor loadedloaded withwith a a

catalystcatalyst whichwhich promotespromotes severalseveral reactionsreactions::

hydrogenhydrogen combinescombines withwith sulphursulphur toto form form hydrogenhydrogen

sulphidesulphide (H2S) .(H2S) .

PetroleumPetroleum ProductsProducts

►► AviationAviation GasolineGasoline

►► GasGas DieselDiesel OilOil/(/(DistillateDistillate FuelFuel OilOil) )

►► HeavyHeavy FuelFuel OilOil ResidualResidual

►► KeroseneKerosene

►► Jet Jet FuelFuel

►► LPGLPG

►► Motor Motor GasolineGasoline

►► NaphthaNaphtha

►► PetroleumPetroleum CokeCoke

►► RefineryRefinery GasGas

ProductsProducts MadeMade FromFrom OilOil

►► InkInk ToysToys DollsDolls TiresTires TentsTents ShoesGlueShoesGlue SkisSkis DyesDyes CamerasCameras CombsCombs DiDicece MopsMops PursesPurses DressesDresses PajamasPajamas PillowsPillows CandlesCandles BoatsBoats CrayonsCrayons CaCaulkingulking BalloonsBalloons CurtainsCurtains MilkMilk jugsjugs PuttyPutty ToolToolracksracks SlacksSlacks YarnYarn RoofingRoofing LuggageLuggage Fan Fan beltsbelts CarpetingCarpeting LipstickLipstick Aspirin Aspirin DishwashingDishwashing liquidsliquids UnbreakableUnbreakabledishesdishes Car Car soundsound insulationinsulation MotorcycleMotorcycle helmetshelmets RefrigeratorRefrigeratorliningslinings Electrician'sElectrician's tapetape RollerRoller--skateskate wheelswheels PermanentPermanent presspressclothesclothes SoftSoft contactcontact lenseslenses FoodFood preservativespreservatives TransparentTransparenttapetape DisposableDisposable diapersdiapers SportsSports car car bodiesbodies ElectricElectric blanketsblankets Car Car batterybattery casescases SyntheticSynthetic rubberrubber Vitamin Vitamin capsulescapsules RubbingRubbingalcoholalcohol IceIce cubecube traystrays InsectInsect repellentrepellent RoofingRoofing shinglesshingles ShowerShowercurtainscurtains PlywoodPlywood adhesiveadhesive BeachBeach umbrellasumbrellas FaucetFaucetwasherswashers AntihistaminesAntihistamines DrinkingDrinking cupscups PetroleumPetroleum jellyjelly TennisTennisracketsrackets WireWire insulationinsulation BallpointBallpoint penspens ArtificialArtificial turfturf ArtificialArtificiallimbslimbs ShavingShaving creamcream

►► PaintPaint brushesbrushes TelephonesTelephones InsecticidesInsecticides AntisepticsAntiseptics FishingFishinglureslures DeodorantDeodorant LinoleumLinoleum SweatersSweaters PaintPaint rollersrollers FloorFloorwaxwax PlasticPlastic woodwood Model Model carscars TrashTrash bagsbags SoapSoap dishesdishes HandHandlotionlotion ClotheslineClothesline ShampooShampoo PantyPanty hosehose FishingFishing rodsrods OilOilfiltersfilters AnestheticsAnesthetics UpholsteryUpholstery TV TV cabinetscabinets CassettesCassettes SaladSaladbowlsbowls HouseHouse paintpaint AwningsAwnings AmmoniaAmmonia SafetySafety glassglass HairHaircurlerscurlers VCR VCR tapestapes EyeglassesEyeglasses MovieMovie filmfilm IceIcechestschests LoudspeakersLoudspeakers IceIce bucketsbuckets CreditCreditcardscards FertilizersFertilizers WaterWater pipespipes ToiletToilet seatsseats FishingFishing bootsboots Life Life jacketsjackets GardenGarden hosehose Golf Golf ballsballs UmbrellasUmbrellas DetergentsDetergents RubberRubber cementcement Sun Sun glassesglasses ColdCold creamcream BandagesBandages HairHair coloringcoloring Nail Nail polishpolish GuitarGuitar stringsstrings FalseFalse teethToothpasteteethToothpaste Golf Golf bagsbags ToothbrushesToothbrushes PerfumePerfume FoldingFolding doorsdoors ShoeShoepolishpolish ShowerShower doorsdoors CortisoneCortisone HeartHeart valvesvalves LP LP recordsrecords HearingHearing aidsaids VaporizersVaporizers WadingWading poolspools ParachutesParachutes

OilOil andand TheThe EnvironmentEnvironment

►► AirAir

►►WaterWater

►►LandLand

AirAir

PreservingPreserving airair qualityquality aroundaround a a refineryrefinery

involvesinvolves controllingcontrolling thethe followingfollowing emissionsemissions::

�� sulphursulphur oxidesoxides

�� hydrocarbonhydrocarbon vapoursvapours

�� smokesmoke

�� smellssmells

WaterWater

►►TheThe majoritymajority of of thethe waterwater dischargeddischarged fromfrom

thethe refineryrefinery has has beenbeen usedused forfor coolingcooling thethe

variousvarious processprocess streamsstreams. . TheThe coolingcooling waterwater

doesdoes not not actuallyactually comecome intointo contactcontact withwith thethe

processprocess materialmaterial andand soso has has veryvery littlelittle

contaminationcontamination..

►►RainwaterRainwater fallingfalling on on thethe refineryrefinery site site mustmust

be be treatedtreated beforebefore dischargedischarge toto ensureensure no no

oilyoily materialmaterial washedwashed offoff processprocess equipmentequipment

leavesleaves thethe refineryrefinery. .

►►ProcessProcess waterwater has has actuallyactually comecome intointo

contactcontact withwith thethe processprocess streamsstreams andand soso can can

containcontain significantsignificant contaminationcontamination. .

LandLand

►► TheThe refineryrefinery safeguardssafeguards thethe landland environmentenvironment byby

ensuringensuring thethe appropriateappropriate disposaldisposal of of allall wasteswastes..

►►WithinWithin thethe refineryrefinery, , allall hydrocarbonhydrocarbon wasteswastes areare

recycledrecycled throughthrough thethe refineryrefinery slopsslops systemsystem. . ThisThis

systemsystem consistsconsists of a network of of a network of collectioncollection pipespipes

andand a a seriesseries of of dewateringdewatering tankstanks. . TheThe recoveredrecovered

hydrocarbonhydrocarbon is is reprocessedreprocessed throughthrough thethe distillationdistillation

unitsunits..