9-1 GCSE Combined ScienceKnowledge Organiser

Physics Paper 2Topic 5- Forces pg 76-104

Topic 6 – Waves pg 105-121

Topic 7 magnetism and electromagnetism

Physics Revision – 5) Forces – Contact/non-contact; Mass/weight (pg 76/77)

KEY WORDS:

VectorScalarContactNon-contactInteractionMassWeightGravitational field strengthCentre of mass

Mass and Weight are proportional:

Weight = mass x G.................F..........S............(……) (……) (N/kg)

W = m x g

m =

g =

Value of g on Earth is...................N/kgValue of g on the moon is ..............N/kg

Vector and scalar quantities:A vector has ………….and …………………Some examples of vector quantities are:……………………………………………………………………………….Vectors are represented by …………., the length of the arrow tells us the ……………..of the quantity.Label the velocities of the motorbikes:

A scalar only has …………………. Some examples of scalar quantities are:……………………………………………………………………………….

Contact and non-contact forces:

Forces are ……………and ……………They are caused by things i…………….. with each other.Sometimes two objects have to touch for the force to act – the force is a ……………..……….. Force. When two objects don’t have to touch for the force to act – the force is a ……………….. Force

Mass and Weight:

Mass is the amount of ……..... in an object. The mass stays the ………. anywhere in the universe. It is measured in …………………..

Weight is a ……….. acting on an object due to g…………. The weight of an object ………. with its location.It is measured in ……………….

You can think of the weight acting at a single point called the c……..of m………Label it on this object:

Physics Revision – 5) Forces – Resultant Forces (p78/79)

What is the definition of a resultant force?

Draw a free body diagram of a car:

Calculate the resultant force:

Work Done:

When a resultant force …………… an object, ……………… is done.

Work done = E………………….T…………………….

Write the equation for work done -

In words:

In symbols: Fill in the triangle:

Scale diagrams:Draw all the forces acting t….…to t….….Draw a straight line from start of …………….. force to ……..….. of the last force.Choose a s………………..s………….(e.g. 1cm:1N)

Keywords:

Resultant ForceFree body diagramWork doneScale diagram

Use this diagram to explain how to find the resultant force

4N

3N

Physics Revision – 5) Forces – Equilibrium and Components (p80)

Equilibrium/balanced forces:

An object is in equilibrium if.............................................................................................................................................................................................

Draw the triangle of forces to show that they have no resultant force:

Explain how you would find the missing force on an object if you are told that it is in equilibrium:.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Remember – the forces arrows join t..... to t....... Keywords:Equilibrium scale diagram resultant force componentsHorizontal vertical tip-to-tail

Components:

You can split a force into components if it acts at an a............... angle.

Its easier if the two components are at r........... a............ to each other.

Acting t.................these components have the same effect as the single force.

Summarise the four steps for drawing components:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Physics Revision – 5) Forces – Elasticity (p82-85)

Equation for Springs:

Extension is directly proportional to the force applied.

Write the equation:

Extension, e means.............................................................................................

Spring constant, k means....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Deformation:

Three ways of transferring energy are s...................., c...................... or b..................... All of these can happen when you apply a .................on an object.

When a pair of forces stretches or compresses an object we say that w.......... i... d........

When work is done on an object in this way its p................... e.............. store increases.

Limit of proportionality:

Elastic deformation is………

Inelastic deformation is……

Explain the shape of the graph – what is the significance of the point marked P?

Keywords:Stretch compress bend applied forceWork done elastic deformation inelastic deformationProportional extension spring constantLimit of proportionality Area under straight line = E……..… S………….=

Physics Revision – 5) Forces – Distance/Displacement/Speed/Velocity/Acceleration (p87/88)

Speed/velocity:

Speed and Velocity both measure.............................................................................................................................................................................................

Speed is a s……………….. quantity

Velocity is a v……………….quantity

Distance/Displacement:

Explain the difference between speed and displacement:

Acceleration:

Acceleration is the c…………………in v…………………in a certain amount of t..........

The equation is:

a = Δvt

What does deceleration mean? ……………………………………………………………….........................................................................................................................

Typical speeds:

PersonWalking –Running-Cycling-

TransportCar-Train-Plane-

Equation:

Give the equation and units for each quantity……

Uniform acceleration:Uniform acceleration means …………………………………………………………………

Equation is:

Explain each symbol a

Δv

t

KEYWORDS:DistanceDisplacementSpeed VelocityAccelerationDecelerationUniform

Velocity/Time graph – label the diagram:

Physics Revision – 5) Forces – Distance/time graphs and Velocity/time graphs pages 89/90

KEY WORDS:

DistanceGradientSpeedVelocityAccelerationVelocity-time graphs

Match the graph to the description of motion:Distance/Time graph - describe what is happening in the graph at the points:A:

B:

C:

D:

What does the gradient tell us?....................................................................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The area under the graph tells us ………………….……………………....................................The gradient tells us.................................................................................

Now work out the acceleration and distance moved in each case

Physics Revision – 5) Forces – Drag and Terminal Velocity (p91/92)

Drag:

Friction will cause objects to speed up/ stay the same/ slow down.

Friction acts between two ………………….in contact.

Friction always acts in the same/opposite direction to movement.

Drag is the resistance you get in a f…………..

Fluids are l………………. and g……………..

Air resistance is a type of drag - what produces it? ...........…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

How can we reduce drag? ……………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…

What happens to drag when speed increases? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Keywords:

Drag friction Air Resistance StreamlinedFluid Resultant force Acceleration Terminal velocitySurface area

Terminal Velocity:

1) When falling objects first …………..……, the force of gravity is ………………… than the ………………………slowing them down, so they accelerate.

2) As the ……………………………….. The friction builds up.

3) This gradually ……………the ……………………. Until eventually the ……………………………. Is equal to the …………………………………………….. (so the r…………… f………………is zero).

4) It will have reached its maximum speed or t…………………. v……………... and will fall at a steady speed.

Explain how terminal velocity depend on shape and area:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Physics Revision – 5) Forces – Newton’s Laws and Inertia (p94/95)

Using the formula F=ma, fill in the table

a b c d e

Force (Newtons, N) 200 840 5000

Mass (kilograms, kg) 20 7.0 0.40

Acceleration(meters/second squared, m/s2)

0.80 5.0 6.0 0.20

1st Law:

State Newton’s first law in words……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Acceleration can have 5 different forms:1.2.3.4.5.

2nd Law:

When we have unbalance forced on an object there is a r……………………..f………………

Newton’s second law say that a………………… is proportional to the resultant force.

Write the equation that describes the law:

(Say what each symbol means and give units)

3rd Law:

When t………..o…………………..interact, the forces they exert on each other are e………………… and o………………………….

Give an example of an interaction pair:

Inertia:Explain what inertia is………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Keywords:Resultant forceStationaryAccelerationInertiaInteraction pair

Physics Revision – 5) Forces – Stopping Distances/Reaction times (p99/100)

Keywords:Stopping DistanceThinking DistanceBraking DistanceSpeedReaction Time

Reaction Times:

What is a reaction time?

Describe the steps of an experiment that could test a person’s reaction time.

Stopping Distance:

What is stopping distance, and what are the two parts that make up a car’s stopping distance?

What factors affect stopping distance?

T………… D…………is affected by:

•

•

B…………… D………… is affected by:

•

•

•

•

S……………… Distance

=

T………………. Distance

+ B……….……. Distance

Physics Revision – 5) Forces – Braking Distances and Momentum (p101/102)

KEY WORDS:

Braking DistanceMass

VelocityMomentum

Conservation of momentum

What is momentum?

What are the units for this equation:p = m X v

momentum (___ __ /__) = mass (__) X velocity (__ /__)

Complete the question below using the equation above.If a sprinter with a mass of 50kg runs at a velocity of 10m/s what is their momentum?

A 0.5 kg trolley is pushed at a velocity of 1.2 m/s into a stationary trolley with a mass of 1.5 kg. The two trolleys stick to each other after the impact.Calculate:- The momentum of the 0.5 kg trolley before the collision.-The velocity of the two trolleys straight after the impact.

What is conservation of momentum and how do you calculate it?

Braking Distances:

Summarise the points about braking distances from the revision guide:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Physics Revision – Topic 6) Waves – p105 Wave Basics

KEY WORDS:Energy transfer

OscillationAmplitude

WavelengthFrequency

Period

In what direction do waves transfer energy?

Dis

plac

em

ent

Distance

Label this wave with the amplitude, wave length, rest position, crest and trough.

Key Definitions•Amplitude is. . .

•Wavelength is. . .

•Frequency is. . .

It is measured in . . .•Period is . . .

The formula to find the period of a wave is

=When waves travel through a medium:•What oscillates?•What is transferred?

•What stays in the same place overall?

Give an example of this.

What is the period of a wave if the frequency is 10Hz?

Physics Revision – Topic 6) Waves p106 Transverse and Longitudinal

KEY WORDS:TransverseLongitudinalPerpendicularParallelVibrationsEnergy

TransferWavespeedFrequencyWavelengthCompressionsRarefactions

Give examples of transverse waves:•

•

•

Wavespeed is . . .

Complete the wave equation:Wave Speed = ____________ x _____________

Transverse Waves have. . . Longitudinal Waves have. . .The ___________ are perpendicular to the _____________ of energy ____________.

Add arrows to show the direction the wave is travelling and the directions of the vibrations.

The oscillations are __________ to the direction of ________ transfer.

Add arrows to show the direction the wave is travelling and the directions of the vibrations. Then label the compressions and rarefactions.

Give examples of longitudinal waves:•

•

=

Example: A microwave has a frequency of 5.2 x 108Hz. Find its wavelength. ( The speed of microwaves in 3.0 x 108m/s.)

Physics Revision – Topic 6) Waves p 107-8 Experiments with Waves

KEY WORDS:

FrequencyWavelengthWavespeedRipple TankStrobe light

Signal Generator

Measuring the Speed of Water Ripples

1: What will you do?What will you see?

2: What will you do?Why does this happen?

3: Why is the strobe suitable?

4: What will you measure?How do you find the average wavelength?

5: What equation will you use?

Note: we simply took a photograph of the waves to “freeze” them.

Measuring the Speed of Waves on Strings

1: What will you do?What will happen?

2: What will you adjust?When do you stop?

3: What will you measure?4: How do you know the frequency?

5: How can you find the speed of the wave?

2 whole wavelengths = 0.84m

Example: if the frequency needed to get the wave in the picture was

12Hz, what is wavespeed?

Physics Revision – Topic 6) Waves p109-110 Refraction

KEY WORDS:Absorbed

TransmittedReflectedMedium

DensityWavefronts

NormalRefractionIncidence

When a wave arrives at a boundary between two materials, it can be A__________, T____________ or R____________.

If Absorbed –energy is often transferred to . . .

If Transmitted –often leads to. . . .

Refraction: when . . .

The wavefronts here are closer together – this shows. . .

When the wave hits the boundary not face on, the wave. . .

Explaining refractionRead points 1-7 on p109:

a)What happens when a wave crosses a boundary?

b)If a wave slows down, which way does it bend?

c)If a wave speeds up, which way does it bend?

d)What does how much it speeds up depend on?

e)What happens to the wavelength and frequency in refraction?

Ray Diagrams

Label the incoming ray, boundary, angle of incidence, normal, angle of refraction and refracted ray.

Here, the angle of ___________ is smaller than the angle of _________. This tells us the second material is. . .

A wavefront is . . .When a wave crosses a ________ at an ________, only ________ of a wavefrontcrosses the boundary at first. That part travels __________ than the rest of the ___________. The faster part of the wave front travels _________ than the _________ part. This causes it to ______. (p110)

Physics Revision Topic 6) Waves p112 Electromagnetic Waves

KEY WORDS:

ElectromgneticContinuousSpectrum

TransverseWavelengthFrequency

AbsorbedVacuum

VibrationsReceiverNucleus

PropertiesGamma

X-RayUltravioletInfraredVisible

MicrowaveRadio

Electromagnetic Waves make up a ____________ Spectrum:

•All EM Waves are transverse/longitudinal.•They transfer matter/energy from a source to an absorber.•They all travel at different/the same speed through a vacuum (3.0x108m/s).•The eye can detect some/all of the EM Spectrum.•EM waves have different/same frequency.•EM waves are generated/changed by changes in atoms and their nuclei.•EM waves are used for different purposes because of their different names/properties.

Properties of EM Waves – delete as appropriate Making Radio Waves with Oscillating Charges

Radio waves an produced using an __________ current. The radio waves have the same __________ as the current that

caused them.

How do we know that electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum?

Physics Revision Topic 6) Waves p113-115 Uses of EM Waves

What is each type of EM Wave used for?

Uses of X-Rays and Gamma Rays in Medicine (p115)

What can X-rays pass through easily?

What can’t they pass through so easily?

What do radiographers use X-rays and gamma rays for?

Why are gamma sources suitable as tracers?

Explain how an X-ray image is formed.

Radio waves (p113)

Microwaves (p113-4)

Infrared (p114)

Visible Light (p115)

Ultraviolet (p115)

X-rays (p115)

Gamma rays (p115)

Uses of Radio Waves (p113)Long wavelengths can __________ further around the surface of the earth, so _________ can be received even if the __________ isn’t in the line of sight of the t__________.

Uses of Microwaves (p113-4) – Complete the diagram to show how TVs and mobiles work.

In cooking, microwaves are absorbed by _______ molecules, which. . .

Uses of Infrared (IR) (p114) – all objects emit IRpppp

The colours on an infrared camera image tell us. . .Absorbing IR causes objects. . .

Physics Revision Topic 6) Waves p116 Dangers of Electromagnetic Waves

KEY WORDS:Hazard

RiskGammaX-Ray

UltravioletInfrared

Visible Light

MicrowavesRadiowavesFrequency

EnergyIonising

Sievert (Sv)Dose

Exposure

The effects of each type of EM Radiation are based on. . .

What are the hazards associated with each type of radiation?

Which 3 types are ionising radiation?

What could be a hazard of visible light?

What could be a hazard of Infrared Radiation (which we feel as heat)?

EM wave Dangers

Radio

UV

X-Ray

Gamma

Low frequency waves. . .

but high frequency waves. . .

What is Radiation Dose measured in?

What is Radiation Dose?

What 2 things does the risk depend on?•

•What must be considered before EM Radiation is used?

For example, why would a person in a car accident be given an X-ray scan, when X-rays can cause cancer?

Look at the radiation dose chart on the left.What does the “m” stand for in “mSv”?

How many Chest X-rays would a person have to have before there was any statistical risk of cancer?

Physics Revision Topic 6) Waves p117-8 Infrared Radiation and Temperature

All objects _____________ and ___________ Infrared Radiation (IR).

The hotter an object is. . .

Objects at constant temperature. . .

Leslie Cube Emission Investigation (p118)In this space, sketch a bargraph predicting the resultsof the experiment.

Why should we do the experiment more than once?

Required Practical: The Leslie Cube (p118)

Type of Surface

Emitting Absorbing

Dark, matt

White or shiny

What might the four surfaces on a Leslie Cube be?

•

•

•

•

What is poured into the Leslie Cube?

What is the Independent Variable (that we change)?

What is the Dependent Variable (that we measure)?

What are our Control Variables (that we keep the same to ensure a fair test)?

KEY WORDS:Leslie CubeAbsorptionEmissionSurface

ThermometerIndependentDependent

ControlTemperatureRepeatableInfraredRadiationCelsius

VariablesBar Graph

Magnets pg 122 match sentence starts/ends

GCSE 9-1 Physics Revision paper 2 – 7) Magnetism- magnets pg 122-124

Magnetic field pg 122Draw a magnetic field around a magnet. Label the poles, show what a compass will look like as it is positioned around the magnet

Moving charge and magnetic field Pg 123Explain the diagramAll magnets produce a magnetic

field which…… the further apart the lines are drawn

The closer together the lines are… …north to south

The weaker the magnetic field… …can be shown by drawing field lines

The lines always go from … …the stronger the magnetic field

The magnetic force is always strongest…

…attract each other

Two unlike poles will… …at the poles

How can you tell the difference between a magnet and a magnetic material?Electromagnet pg 1241) What is a solenoid?

2) How do you turn a solenoid into an electromagnet?

3) What is the advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet?

4) State two ways of making an electromagnet even stronger

5) State three uses of electromagnets

The motor effect pg 126

GCSE 9-1 Physics Revision paper 2 – 7) Magnetism- motors pg 126-128

: Flemings left hand rule pg 127

Explain what is happening in this diagram (pg 126)

Colour code key:

The wire

The magnetic field due to the current in the wire

The magnetic field of the permanent magnet

The combined magnetic effect

The force of the motor effect

Calculating the size of the force pg 127

F= B I l

State what each symbol represents and the units

order statementThe continual making and breaking of the contacts allows the motor to continue spinning.

1 When the switch is closed, the current flows and the coiled wire becomes an electromagnet.When it reaches the vertical position, the momentum of the spinning allows the brushes to make contact again, so the electromagnet is switched back onThe electromagnet coil is repelled by the permanent magnet, so it starts to spinAs it spins, the circuit is broken so the electromagnet is temporarily turned off

LabelPermanent magnet

Electromagnet coil

Where the circuit connectsto the electromagnet

Where the circuit breaks itsconnection to the electromagnet