8R EARTH'S SHAPE PRACTICE

8R EARTH'S SHAPE PRACTICE

A) A B) B C) C D) D

1. In the diagram below, letters A through D representthe locations of four observers on the Earth's surface.Each observer has the same mass.

The gravitational force is weakest between the centerof the Earth and the observer at location

A) its rotationB) the pull of the sun and moonC) storms on the sun's surfaceD) its molten core

2. The Earth is slightly flattened from a perfect sphericalshape because of

A)

B)

C)

D)

3. Which diagram most accurately shows thecross-sectional shape of the Earth?


A) The sailboat is moving around the curvedsurface of Earth.

B) The sailboat appears smaller as it moves fartheraway.

C) The change in density of the atmosphere iscausing refraction of light rays.

D) The tide is causing an increase in the depth ofthe ocean.

4. The diagrams below represent photographs of a largesailboat taken through a telescope over time as theboat sailed away from shore out to sea. Each diagramshows the magnification of the lenses and the time ofday.

Which statement best explains the apparent sinking ofthis sailboat?

A) a circle B) a perfect sphereC) an oblate sphere D) an eccentric ellipse

5. The Earth's actual shape is most correctly described as

A) a Ping-Pong ball B) a footballC) an egg D) a pear

6. Which object best represents a true scale model of theshape of the Earth?

A) slightly less, because the person is fartherfrom the center of Earth

B) slightly less, because the person is closer to thecenter of Earth

C) slightly more, because the person is farther fromthe center of Earth

D) slightly more, because the person is closer to thecenter of Earth

7. Compared to the weight of a person at the North Pole,the weight of the same person at the Equator would be

A) shorter than its equatorial diameterB) longer than its equatorial diameterC) the same length as its equatorial diameter

8. Precise measurements of the Earth indicate that itspolar diameter is

A) greatest in diameter at the EquatorB) greatest in diameter at the polesC) a perfect sphereD) pear shaped

9. Measurements taken from space show the Earth to be

A) The reading would be lower at the North Polethan at the Equator.

B) The reading would be higher at the NorthPole than at the Equator.

C) The readings would be the same at the NorthPole and at the Equator.

10. A gravity meter is used to measure the amount ofgravitational pull at the Earth's North Pole and at theEarth's Equator. How would these readings ofgravitational pull compare? [Assume both readingsare taken at sea level.]

A) photographs of the Earth taken from spacesatellites

B) the amount of daylight received at the NorthPole on June 21

C) the changing orbital speed of the Earth in itsorbit around the Sun

D) the cyclic change of seasons

11. The best evidence that the Earth has a sphericalshape is provided by


A) A B) B C) C D) D

12. In the diagram below, letters A through D representthe locations of four observers on the Earth'ssurface. Each observer has the same mass.

The gravitational force is strongest between thecenter of the Earth and the observer at location

A) is a perfect sphereB) is flattened at the EquatorC) has a curved surfaceD) has a very smooth surface

13. The table below shows the distance that an observermust travel on a north-south line along the surface ofthe Earth in order to change the observed altitude of Polaris by 5°.

The best inference about the Earth's shape that canbe made from these observations is that the Earth

A) 12,740 km B) 25,000 kmC) 40,008 km D) 40,076 km

14. The polar circumference of the Earth is 40,008kilometers. What is the equatorial circumference?

A) B)

C) D)

15. Which diagram most accurately shows thecross-sectional shape of the Earth drawn to scale?

A) The surface of the ocean has depressions.B) The Earth has a curved surface.C) The Earth is rotating.D) The Earth is revolving.

16. An observer watching a sailing ship at sea notes thatthe ship appears to be "sinking" as it moves away.Which statement best explains this observation?

A) telescopic observations of other planetsB) photographs of the Earth from an orbiting

satelliteC) observations of the Sun's altitude made during

the dayD) observations of the Moon made during lunar

eclipses

17. The best evidence of the Earth's nearly sphericalshape is obtained through

A) slightly flattened at both the Equator and thePoles

B) slightly bulging at both the Equator and thePoles

C) slightly flattened at the Equator and slightlybulging at the Poles

D) slightly flattened at the Poles and slightlybulging at the Equator

18. According to the data below, what is the exact shapeof the Earth?


A) The shape of the Earth is not perfectlyspherical.

B) The lines of longitude are not parallel.C) The north-south distance for every 10º of

latitude is a constant value.D) The Earth's equatorial radius and polar radius

are equal.

19. The north-south distance between the Earth'sEquator (0º) and the North Pole (90º N) is 10,002kilometers. The distance between 0º and 10º N is1,106 kilometers. Which statement is best supportedby this information?

A) troposphere and stratosphereB) troposphere and mesosphereC) stratosphere and thermosphereD) mesosphere and thermosphere

20. In which two temperature zones of the atmospheredoes the temperature decrease with increasingaltitude?


21. In which two temperature zones of the atmospheredoes the temperature decrease with increasingaltitude?

A) carbon dioxide, methane, and water vaporB) carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogenC) hydrogen, oxygen, and methaneD) hydrogen, water vapor, and nitrogen

22. Which list contains three major greenhouse gasesfound in Earth's atmosphere?


A) A B) B C) C D) D

23. On the map of the United States shown below, four lines have been drawn and labeled A, B, C, and D.

The length of which line best represents the distance from Earth's surface to the top of themesosphere?

A) decreased thickness of the troposphereB) depletion of ozoneC) increased absorption of ultraviolet radiationD) increased global temperatures

24. Most scientists infer that increasing levels of carbondioxide in Earth's atmosphere are contributing to

A) troposphere B) stratosphereC) mesosphere D) thermosphere

25. The ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbingharmful ultraviolet radiation. The ozone layer islocated between 17 kilometers and 35 kilometersabove Earth's surface in which atmospherictemperature zone?

A) thermosphere B) mesosphereC) stratosphere D) troposphere

26. In which atmospheric temperature zone does mostprecipitation occur?

A) 10 km B) 30 kmC) 70 km D) 100 km

27. At what approximate altitude in the atmosphere canstratospheric ozone be found?

A) crust and hydrosphereB) hydrosphere and troposphereC) troposphere and coreD) core and crust

28. In which two Earth regions is oxygen the secondmost abundant element by volume?


29. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the position of the jetstream relative to two air masses and a low-pressure center (L) over the United States.

A) thermosphere B) mesosphere C) stratosphere D) troposphere

In which layer of the atmosphere is this jet stream located?

A) 21% B) 33% C) 46% D) 94%

30. What is the approximate percent of oxygen byvolume present in Earth’s lower atmosphere?

A) B)

C) D)

31. Which pie graph correctly shows the percentage of elements by volume in Earth's troposphere?


A) stream erosionB) chemical weatheringC) volcanic eruptionsD) plant transpiration

32. Most scientists believe Earth’s Early Archeanatmosphere was formed primarily by gases releasedfrom


33. In which two temperature zones of the atmospheredoes the temperature increase with increasingaltitude?


34. The altitude of the ozone layer near the South Pole is20 kilometers above sea level. Which temperaturezone of the atmosphere contains this ozone layer?

A) mesosphere B) stratosphereC) thermosphere D) troposphere

35. Which temperature zone of Earth’s atmospherecontains the most water vapor?

A) troposphere, onlyB) stratosphere, onlyC) troposphere and stratosphereD) stratosphere and mesosphere

36. If the base of a cloud is located at an altitude of 2kilometers and the top of the cloud is located at analtitude of 8 kilometers, this cloud is located in the

A) water vapor B) carbon dioxideC) nitrogen D) oxygen

37. Earth’s early atmosphere formed during the EarlyArchean Era. Which gas was generally absent fromthe atmosphere at that time?


Base your answers to questions 38 and 39 on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The cross section shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth’s atmospherelocated between 30° N and 30° S latitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in theatmosphere.

A) 10% B) 21% C) 33% D) 46%

38. What is the approximate percentage by volume of oxygen present in Earth’s atmosphere at location2?

A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere

39. Which temperature zone layer of Earth’s atmosphere is shown in the cross section?

A) outgassing from Earth’s interiorB) erosion of Earth’s surfaceC) decay of microorganisms in Earth’s oceansD) radioactive decay of elements in Earth’s core

40. Scientists have inferred that Earth’s originalatmosphere was formed by the

41. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents the planetarywind and moisture belts in Earth’s Northern Hemisphere.

A) 12 mi B) 12 km C) 60 mi D) 60 km

The tropopause is approximately how far above sea level?


A) SiO2 B) H2O C) N2 D) CO2

42. The diagram below shows four different chemicalmaterials escaping from the interior of early Earth.

Which material contributed least to the earlycomposition of the atmosphere?

A) absorbed in the thermosphereB) absorbed in the mesosphereC) reflected by the stratosphereD) reflected by the troposphere

43. At an altitude of 95 miles above Earth’s surface,nearly 100% of the incoming energy from the Suncan be detected. At 55 miles above Earth’s surface,most incoming x-ray radiation and some incomingultraviolet radiation can no longer be detected. Thismissing radiation was most likely


44. An air temperature of 95ºC most often exists inwhich layer of the atmosphere?

A) iron B) oxygenC) hydrogen D) potassium

45. Earth’s troposphere, hydrosphere, and lithospherecontain relatively large amounts of which element?

A) decreases, onlyB) increases, onlyC) decreases, then increasesD) increases, then decreases

46. As the altitude increases within Earth’s stratosphere,air temperature generally

A) mesosphere B) thermosphereC) troposphere D) stratosphere

47. Ozone is concentrated in Earth's atmosphere at analtitude of 20 to 35 kilometers. Which atmosphericlayer contains the greatest concentration of ozone?


48. The graph below shows the average concentration ofozone in Earth's atmosphere over Arizona during 4months of the year.

Which layer of Earth's atmosphere contains thegreatest concentration of ozone?


A) lithosphere, hydrosphere, and troposphereB) stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphereC) asthenosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphereD) hydrosphere, troposphere, and stratosphere

49. The diagram below shows spheres associated withEarth.

Which spheres are zones of Earth's atmosphere?

A) Each is a point of maximum temperature in itslayer of the atmosphere.

B) Each is an interface between two layers ofthe atmosphere.

C) Each is a region of increasing pressure withinthe atmosphere.

D) Each is a zone of decreasing water vaporcontent within the atmosphere.

50. What do the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopauseall have in common?

A) thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere,troposphere

B) troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,thermosphere

C) stratosphere, mesosphere, troposphere,thermosphere

D) thermosphere, troposphere, mesosphere,stratosphere

51. Which list shows atmospheric layers in the correctorder upward from the Earth's surface?

A) troposphere B) stratosphereC) thermosphere D) mesosphere

52. In which atmospheric layer is most water vaporfound?

A) Density decreases.B) Density increases.C) Density remains the same.

53. According to the graph below, what happens to thedensity of a mass of air when its water vapor contentincreases?

A) It is warmer at the top than at the bottom.B) It is located 75 kilometers above sea level.C) It has greater pressure at the top than at the

bottom.D) It absorbs large amounts of water vapor from

the troposphere.

54. Which statement best describes the stratosphere?

A) decreases B) increasesC) remains the same

55. When molecules of water evaporate into the air andreplace the heavier molecules of oxygen andnitrogen, the density of the air generally

A) Air pressure rises with increasing altitude.B) The dewpoint is too high in the other layers of

the atmosphere.C) The other layers of the atmosphere are too cold

to contain water.D) The lowest 11 km of the atmosphere contains

almost all of the atmospheric water vapor.

56. Why do most clouds form in the troposphere?


A) decreases, onlyB) increases, onlyC) remains the sameD) decreases, then increases

57. If atmospheric pressure measurements were taken atregular intervals from sea level to the stratopause,the measurements would most likely show that thepressure

A) decrease, onlyB) increase, onlyC) decrease, then increaseD) increase, then decrease

58. As altitude increases from the tropopause to themesopause, the atmospheric temperature will

A) oxygen B) nitrogenC) hydrogen D) carbon dioxide

59. Which element has the highest percentage byvolume in the troposphere?

A) 50 km B) 66 kmC) 82 km D) 90 km

60. What is the approximate altitude of the mesopause inthe atmosphere?

A) B)

C) D)

61. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween air temperature and elevation in thetroposphere?

A) decreases, onlyB) increases, onlyC) remains the sameD) decreases, then increases

62. As altitude within the troposphere increases, theamount of water vapor generally

A) decrease B) increaseC) remain the same

63. As a stationary airmass is heated, its density willgenerally

A) troposphere, onlyB) hydrosphere, onlyC) troposphere and hydrosphere, onlyD) troposphere, hydrosphere, and crust

64. The element oxygen is found in the Earth's

A) B)

C) D)

65. Which circle graph best represents the volume ofgases in the troposphere?

A) 7.0 km B) 17 kmC) 27 km D) 37 km

66. What is the approximate elevation above sea level atwhich atmospheric pressure is 10–1 atmosphere?

A) The atmosphere is layered, with each layerpossessing distinct characteristics.

B) The atmosphere is a shell of gases surroundingmost of the Earth.

C) The atmosphere's altitude is less than the depthof the ocean.

D) The atmosphere is more dense than thehydrosphere but less dense than the lithosphere.

67. Which statement most accurately describes theEarth's atmosphere?

A) 10 km B) 30 kmC) 50 km D) 80 km

68. What is the approximate elevation of thestratopause?


A) B)

C) D)

69. An observer recorded the barometric pressure whiletraveling up the west side of a mountain and downthe other side. Which graph best represents theprobable air pressure changes that were observed?

A) B)

C) D)

70. Which graph best represents the effect that heatinghas on air density in the troposphere?


71. The greatest atmospheric pressure occurs in the


A) B)

C) D)

72. Which bar graph best shows the percent by volume of the elements that make up Earth'shydrosphere?

A) less dense and more basalticB) less dense and more felsicC) more dense and more graniticD) more dense and more mafic

73. Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crustis

A) solid outer layer of EarthB) liquid outer layer of EarthC) magma layer located below Earth's stiffer

mantleD) gaseous layer extending several hundred

kilometers from Earth into space

74. Earth's hydrosphere is best described as the


A) Most of the Earth's surface is land.B) Most of the Earth's landmass is in the

Northern Hemisphere.C) The geographic North Pole is the south

magnetic pole.D) The geographic North Pole is the north

magnetic pole.

75. The maps below show the Earth as viewed fromabove the North Pole and from above the SouthPole.

Which statement is best supported by these maps?

A) B)

C) D)

76. Which graph best represents the percentage byvolume of the elements making up the Earth'shydrosphere?

A) lithosphere B) hydrosphereC) troposphere D) stratosphere

77. The graph below represents percentage of elementsby volume.

This graph best represents the elements of theEarth's


A) B)

C) D)

78. In the diagrams below, the dark zone at the surfaceof each wedge-shaped segment of the Earthrepresents average ocean depth. Which segment isdrawn most nearly to scale?

A) 30% B) 50% C) 70% D) 90%

79. The graph below shows the percentage distributionof the Earth's surface elevation above and depthbelow sea level.

Approximately what total percentage of the Earth'ssurface is below sea level?

A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.5 D) 4900

80. What is the inferred pressure, in millions ofatmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 6000kilometers?

A) oxygen and potassiumB) oxygen and siliconC) aluminum and potassiumD) aluminum and silicon

81. Which two elements make up the greatestpercentages by mass in Earth's crust?

A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.0 D) 4900

82. What is the inferred pressure, in millions ofatmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 2900kilometers?

A) crust B) stiffer mantleC) outer core D) inner core

83. In which Earth layer does the pressure reach 3.5million atmospheres?


84. Which atmospheric temperature zone is locatedbetween 8 and 32 miles above Earth’s surface andcontains an abundance of ozone?

A) inner core B) troposphereC) hydrosphere D) crust

85. Oxygen is the most abundant element by volume inEarth's

A) lithosphere B) asthenosphereC) stiffer mantle D) outer core

86. The data table below shows the origin depths of alllarge-magnitude earthquakes over a 20-year period.

According to these data, most of these earthquakesoccurred within Earth's


A) silicon B) leadC) nitrogen D) hydrogen

87. The pie graph below shows the elements comprisingEarth's crust in percent by mass.

Which element is represented by the letter X?

A) silicon B) potassiumC) hydrogen D) nitrogen

88. The two elements that make up the largestpercentage by mass of Earth’s crust are oxygen and

A) lithosphere B) hydrosphereC) asthenosphere D) stiffer mantle

89. The cross section below shows a drill rig used tocollect rock samples from below Earth's surface.

The rock samples collected from the bottom of thedrill hole came from which Earth layer?

A) oxygen B) siliconC) hydrogen D) nitrogen

90. Which element is most abundant in Earth’slithosphere?


A) B)

C) D)

91. Which graph correctly represents the three most abundant elements, by mass, in Earth’s crust?

A) troposphere B) stratosphereC) lithosphere D) hydrosphere

92. The layer of bedrock near the Earth's surface thatforms a continuous shell around the Earth is calledthe

A) lithosphere B) hydrosphereC) troposphere D) outer core

93. The solid rock material that directly underlies thesediments on the ocean floor is part of the Earth's

A) less than 1% B) 25%C) 50% D) 75%

94. Approximately what percent of the Earth's radius isrepresented by the crust?

A) 43° B) 45° C) 75° D) 90°

95. What is the approximate altitude of Polaris atMassena, New York?

A) 16° N B) 37° NC) 53° N D) 90° N

96. The diagram below represents an observermeasuring the altitude of Polaris.

At which latitude is this observer located?


A) 43° B) 47° C) 76° D) 90º

97. What is the approximate altitude of Polaris atSyracuse, New York?

A) equator (0°)B) North Pole (90° N)C) Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N)D) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S)

98. If an observer on Earth views Polaris on thehorizon, the observer is located at the

A) 43º B) 47º C) 75º D) 90º

99. From Utica, New York, Polaris is observed at analtitude of approximately

A) New York City B) Slide MountainC) Niagara Falls D) Plattsburgh

100. At which New York State location would anobserver measure the highest altitude of Polaris?

A) Niagara Falls B) ElmiraC) Watertown D) Massena

101. At which location is the altitude of Polaris approximately 42°?

A) 38° N B) 38° SC) 52° N D) 52° S

102. The diagram below shows an observer on Earthviewing the star Polaris.

What is the observer's latitude?


A) 20° N B) 20° S C) 70° N D) 70° S

103. The diagram below shows an observer measuring the altitude of Polaris.

What is the latitude of the observer?

A) Binghamton B) UticaC) Watertown D) New York City

104. From which New York State location would Polarisbe observed to have an altitude closest to 43° abovethe northern horizon?

A) 90° N B) 66.5° NC) 43° N D) 23.5° N

105. The diagram below shows an observer on Earthmeasuring the altitude of Polaris.

What is the latitude of this observer?

A) Jamestown B) PlattsburghC) Oswego D) New York City

106. At which New York State location will an observermost likely measure the altitude of Polaris asapproximately 42°?


A) Polaris is located in a winter constellationB) Polaris is located at the zenith at each

location.C) Polaris' apparent movement through the sky

follows a south-to-north orientation.D) Polaris' altitude is equal to a locations

latitude.

107. Which statement about Polaris is best illustrated bythe diagrams shown below?

A) 60° south latitude and 0° longitudeB) 60° north latitude and 0° longitudeC) 0° latitude and 60° east longitudeD) 0° latitude and 60° west longitude

108. As a ship crosses the Prime Meridian, an observeron the ship measures the altitude of Polaris at 60°.What is the ship's location?

A) 43° N B) 43° SC) 47° N D) 47° S

109. The diagram below shows an observer on Earthmeasuring the altitude of Polaris.

What is the latitude of this observer?

110. Base your answer to the following question on themap below, which shows the latitude and longitudeof five observers, A, B, C, D, and E, on Earth.

A) 0° B) 10° C) 80° D) 90°

What is the altitude of Polaris (the North Star)above the northern horizon for observer A?


A) B)

C) D)

111. Which diagram represents the approximate altitudeof Polaris as seen by an observer located Syracuse,New York?

A) rises and sets at different locations each dayB) has an elliptical orbit around EarthC) is located directly over Earth's EquatorD) is located directly over Earth's North Pole

112. The dashed line on the map below shows a ship'sroute from Long Island, New York, to Florida. Asthe ship travels south, the star Polaris appearslower in the northern sky each night.

The best explanation for this observation is that Polaris

A) EquatorB) Tropic of CancerC) Arctic CircleD) central New York State

113. At which location will the highest altitude of thestar Polaris be observed?

A) Polaris is located directly over the Tropic ofCancer

B) Polaris is the brightest and most easily locatedstar

C) the altitude of Polaris is equal to theobserver's latitude

D) the position of Polaris changes with theseasons

114. The North Star (Polaris) can be used for navigationin Earth's Northern Hemisphere because

A) Plattsburgh B) AlbanyC) New York City D) Kingston

115. The diagram below shows a student in New YorkState observing Polaris.

The student is located nearest to which city in NewYork State?


A)

B)

C)

D)

116. Which diagram best shows the altitude of Polaris observed near Buffalo, New York?

A) distance to a starB) altitude of a starC) mass of the EarthD) mass of the suspended weight

117. The diagram below shows an instrument madefrom a drinking straw, protractor, string, and rock.

This instrument was most likely used to measurethe

A)

B)

C)

D)

118. Which diagram best represents the location of Polaris for an observer located at the Equator?


A) Each night the altitude decreases in thenorthern sky.

B) Each night the altitude decreases in thesouthern sky.

C) Each night the altitude increases in thenorthern sky.

D) Each night the altitude increases in thesouthern sky.

119. The diagram below represents the route of a shiptraveling from New York City to Miami, Florida.Each night, a passenger on the ship observes Polaris.

Which statement best describes the observedchanges in the altitude of Polaris made by thepassenger during the voyage?

A) 10° N B) 40° NC) 50° N D) 90° N

120. The diagram below shows the altitude of Polaris above the horizon at a certain location.


A) 15° N B) 25° NC) 30° N D) 65° N

121. The diagram below shows the angular altitude of Polaris above the horizon at a certain location.


A)

B)

C)

D)

122. Which graph best represents the altitude of Polaris observed at northern latitude positions on theEarth's surface?


123. As a person travels due west across New YorkState, the altitude of Polaris will


A) B)

C) D)

124. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween the latitude of an observer and theobserved altitude of Polaris above the northernhorizon?


125. As a person travels northward from the Equator, thealtitude of Polaris will appear to

A) due east B) due southC) due west D) due north

126. An observer on a moving ship notices that thealtitude of Polaris increases each night. Local solarnoon occurs at the same time each day. In whatdirection is the ship moving?

A) 0º B) 23 ½ºN.C) 90º S. D) 90º N.

127. At which latitude will Polaris be overhead?

A) Watertown B) MassenaC) Buffalo D) New York City

128. What could be the approximate location of anobserver if he measured the altitude of Polaris to be41 degrees above the horizon?


129. Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The map shows the four time zones and some latitude and longitude lines across thecontinental United States. Some cities are labeled on the map.

Identify two cities on the map where measurements of the altitude of Polaris are within one degreeof each other.


130. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a north polarview of Earth on a specific day of the year. Solar times at selected longitude lines are shown. Letter A represents a location on Earth's surface.

State the altitude of Polaris as seen by an observer at the North Pole.

Answer Key8R EARTHS SHAPE QUIZ EXTRA REVIEW

1. A2. A3. D4. A5. C6. A7. A8. A9. A10. B11. A12. D13. C14. D15. A16. B17. B18. D19. A20. B21. B22. A23. A24. D25. B26. D27. B28. B29. D30. A31. A32. C33. C34. B35. D36. A

37. D38. B39. A40. A41. B42. A43. A44. D45. B46. B47. D48. B49. B50. B51. B52. A53. A54. A55. A56. D57. A58. D59. B60. C61. A62. A63. A64. D65. A66. B67. A68. C69. B70. A71. A72. A

73. B74. B75. B76. D77. B78. A79. C80. C81. B82. A83. D84. B85. D86. A87. A88. A89. A90. A91. D92. C93. A94. A95. B96. C97. A98. A99. A100. D101. B102. C103. A104. B105. B106. A107. D108. B

109. A110. B111. B112. D113. C114. C115. D116. B117. B118. D119. A120. B121. B122. B123. C124. D125. B126. D127. D128. D129. — Denver and Reno

— New York Cityand Omaha —Milwaukee andBuffalo

130. 90°

8R EARTH'S SHAPE PRACTICE

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