As the electrical energy involved manifests itself on the surface of conduc-tors, the improved rod should be metallic; but, iustead of making a large rod,suppose that we make it comparattvely small in size, so that thae t tal armountof metal runnleag from ths3 top of the house tosome poinlt a little below thefoundations sh-ill not exceed one pound. Suppose, again, that we iatrodacenurmerous insulating joint-3 in this rod. We shall then have a rod that experi-ence shows will be readily destroyed-will be readily dissipated-whea adischarge takes place; and it will be evident, thaat, so far as thle electrical en-ergy is consumed in doing this, there will be the less to do othaer damag i.The only point that remains to be proved as to the utility of such a rod is toshow that thLe dtssipationl of such a conductor does not tend to inj ara otherbodies in its immediate vicinity. On this poin-, I caa only say tthat I havefound no case where such a conductor (for Instanlce, a bell wire) has been dis-sipated, even if restlug against a plastered wall, where there has been anymaterial damage done to surrounding objects.Of couirse, it is readily understood that sach an expliosion canuot take placein a confined space wtthout the rupture of the walls (the wire cannot beboarded over); but in every case that I have found recorded this dtssipationtakes place j ust as gunpowder burns when spread on a board. The objectsagalinst wi,ich the conduutor rests may be stained, but they are not shattered,I wouzld th'erefore make clear this distinction between the action of el-ctri-cal energy when dissipated on the surface of a large conductor and when dis-sipated on the surface of a coinparatively small or easily dis3sipated canductor.When dissipated on the surface of a large conductor,-a conductor so strongas to resist the explostve effaect,-damage results to objects around. Whendtseipated on the surface of a sm ill c -)d actor, the concductor goes, biit theother objects around are saved

A Typical Case of the Action of a Small Conductor.FRranklin, ina letter to Collinson read before the London Royal Society,Dec. 18, 1755, describing the partial destruction by lightuinlg of a church-towerat Newbury, Maess, wrote, "1 Near the bell was fixed an iron hammer to strikethe hours; and from the tall of the hammer a wire went down thirough a smallgimlet-hole in the floor that the bell stood upon, and thirough a second floor Inlike manner; then horizontally under and Dear tthe plastered ceilinlg of thatsecond floor, till. it came near a p astered wall; then down by the side of thatwall to aclock, which stood about twenty feet below the bell. The wire wasnot bigger than a common knitting needle. The spire was split all to pieces,by the lightning, and the, parts flung in all (lirections over the sq iare in whiLhthe church stood, so that nothing remained above the bell. Trhe ligbtriDgpassed between the hammner and the clock in thae above-mentioned wtre,without hurting either ot the fl-)ors, or having anly effect upon them (exrceptmaking the gimlet-holes, through whlch the wire passed, a littl 3 bigger), andwithout hurting the plastered wall, or any part of the building, so far as theaforesaidwire and the pendiilum-wire of the clock extended;* which latterwire was about the thickness of a goose-qu!11. From the end of the pendu-lum, downquite to the ground, the buill-ina was excceedingly reult and.dam-aged... No pe,rt of the aforementioned Ifong, small wire, between the clockand the hammer, could be found, ex;cept about two inches that hung to thetall of the hammer, and about as much that was fastened to the clock;* therest being exploded, aud it-3 particles dissipated in smoke and air, as gun-powder is by common fire, aud had only left a black smutty track on the plas-tering, three or four Inches broad), darkest in the middls3, and fatnter towardsthe edges, all along the ceiling, under which it passed, and down the wall."One hundred feet of the Hodges Patent Lightning Dlspeller (made under-patents of N. D. C. Hlodges, Editor of Science) wIll be mailed, postpaid, to anyaddress, on receipt of flve dollars (S5).

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ELEVENTH YEAR. JULY 1 89.SINGLE COPIES, TEN CENTS.VOL. XXII. NO. 546. J 1,89._$3.50 PER YEAR, IX ADVANCR.

CONTENTS. Walker Prizes in Natural Histo _j Pema'P^B-oketokofApaI bets, _ eng~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ravers,stone-cutters and'THE SOUTH DAKOTA ARTE5SIAN BASIN. W. S. Hfowar C r s PracticaYl LEeltetring' AIHIall . .... .............. 29 The Boston Soe.iety of N atIural H {story Universul Ha n y_Every-day Electrical MSat-A ROW OF HIEROGSLYPHS, CASA NO. .2, PALENQUE. offers a tlrst prize of from $60 to $100 and a secoind Iters, 135 pp., full ilisrted, 12mo, cloth, 75 cts.TEBO.iG NIT. Creso ......... ........ 30 |prize of a sum not exceeding $50 for the best me-Notes on Design ofSal Dynamo, by G. Halliday,

Wisow ..................31 moir.3 in English, on one of the following sub- $1. The Phonograpk and EIow to Construct It bTHE Booms OF THIIE PRAIRIE CHICKSEN. T. A. |jects: W. Gillett, 87 p., 12 fldin plates, 12mno, eloth, U.ABIKSINN Ae LRA .Greman .....33.....1. The relations of inflorescence to cross-fertiliza- St., New York. Illustrated and descriptive cata.

A SIK SPNNIG C:VE ARVA H. armn... 33tion illustrated by the plants of Eastern Massa_'! logues, 10 cts.A NEW ORTHOGRAPHY. J. D. Hinds .....................34 chusetts. IELECTRICAL NOTES. R. A. F ........... ......... 35 2. What depths of formerly overlying rocks, now The Batrachians and Reptiles of Indiana.A NEW INSTANCE OF STREAM CAPTURE. Hunter removed by denudation, may be inferred from the

l. Harris......... ............. 36, structure of various rocks in Eastern Massachu-INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS OF 'S'OU'TH FLORIDA. G. Isetts ? A Work of 204 pages, with 3 plates of 12 figures.W. Webster...... ...... .... .. 37 Contains full descriptions of nearly one hundred-QUANTITY.AND QUALITY OF MILK. W. W. Cooke. 38 3. Exrperiments affording evidence for or against !species of Batrachiaus and Reptiles, together withLETTERS TO THEIE EDITOR. | hhoyo vlto.Iof the species made easy by means of analyticalA. Unusual Aurora. W. H. Howard....................39 Each memoir must be accompanied by a sealed tables. Bz O.P. Hay, Ph.D. Price, in paper cover,Light-Shunners and Light-Seekers. J. W. |envelope enclosing the author's name and super- postpaid, V;100.Sflater................. ................... 39 scribed by a motto- correspoinding to one borna by Bowen-Merrill Book Co , Indianapolis, Ind.

The Aurora. M. A. Veeder ...... ...................... 40 ithe manuscript, and must be handed to the Secre-Natural Selection at Fault. J. W. Slater. .. 41: tary on or before April 1, 1894. CDU 1A monthly magazine for the studyThe Habitat and the Diet of the Lepidoptera. iPrizes will not be awarded unless the memoirs are GERMANrIA of the German language and litera-J. W. Slater. ....... ............ ..... 41 of adequate merit ......... ture. is highly recommended by college professorsBeaver Creek Meteorite. Edwin E. Howell. Al .dthe pruess as "tembfestefftortnytet matdheito assist

Enterd at he Pot-Offce ofNew Yrk, NY.,SAMUEL HENSHAW, Secretary. yeUaraiEtcomplletBeaGnId inEteresctinng coururnshein vermaEntered at the Post-OmceofNew Yorlr, N.Y., M |~~ grammar. $2 a year. Single copies 20 cents. P. O.Second-CMlass Mail Matter. Boston, July 3, 1893. Boxs 151, Manchester, N. H.

NEW METHOD OF PROTECTING BUILDINGS FRON LIGHTNING.SPARE THE ROD AND SPOIL THE HOUSE!

lZightning Destroys. Shall it be Your House or a Pound of Copper?

PROI'ECTION FROM LIGHTNING.What is the Problem ?

IN seeking a mieans of protection from lightning-discharges, we have in viewtwo objects,-the one the prevention of damage to butidings, anld the otherthe prevention of injury tolife. In order to destroy abulldijig illwhole orjlnpart, It isnecessary that work should be done;* that is, as physicists expressit, energy is reqi-iired. Just before the lightning-dischiarge takes place, theenergy capable of doing the damage which we seek to prevent exrigts in thecolumn of air extenlding from the cloud to the earth in some form that makesit capable of appearing as what we call electricity. We will therefore call itelectrical energy. What this electrical energy is, it is not necessary for us toconsider in this place; but that it exists there can be no doubt, as it manifestsitself In the destructionof buildings. The problem that we have to deal witbhtherefore, is the conversion of this energy into some other form, aud the ae-,complishment of this in such a way as sihall result in the least injuary to prop-eryndlie. Why Have the Old Rods Failed?When lightning-rods were first proposed, the science of energetics was en-tirely undeveloped;* that is to say, in the middle of the last century iscientificmen had not come to recognize the fact that the different forms of onergy-heat, electricity, mechanical power, etc.-were convertible one Into the other,and that each could produace just so much of each of the other forms, and no

more. The doctrtne ot the conservation and correlation of energy was firstclearly worked out in the early part of this century. There were, however,some facts known in regard to electricity a hundred and forty years ago; andamong these were the attractinig power of points for an electric spark, and the-conducting power of metals. Lightning-rods were therefore introduced withthe idea that the electricity exristing in the lightning-discharge could be con-veyed around the<1building which it was proposed to protect, and that thebuilding would thus be saved.The question as to dissipation of the energy Involved was entirely ignored,naturally;* and from that time to this, in spite of the best endeavors of thoseinterested, lightning-rods constructed in accordance with Franklin's principlehave not furnished satisfactory protection. The reason for this is apparentwhen it is considered that the electrical energy existing in the atmospherebefore the discharge, or, more exactly,jin the column of dielectric from the,,cloud to the earth, above referred to, reaches its maximum value on the sur-face of the conductors that chance to be within the column of dielectric;* sothat the greatest display of energy will be on the surface of tbhe very lightning-rods that were meant to protect, and damage results, as so often proves to bethe case.It will be understood, of course, that this display of energy on the surfaeeof theold lightning-rods is aided by their being more or I zss insulated fromthe earth, but in any event the very existence of such a mass of metal as anold lightning-rod C8E1 only tend to produce a disastrous dissipation of electrical

energy upon Its surface,-"' to draw the ligbtning," as it is socommonly put.

Is,there a Better Means of Protection?HIaving cleared our minds, therefore, of any idea of conducting electrtelty,and keeping clearly in view the fact that in providlug protection against light-ulng we must furnish some means by which the electrical energy may beharmlessly dissipated, the question arises, "1Can an Improved form be givento the rod so that it shall aid In this dlssipation ?"

SCIENCE [VOL. XXII. NO. 546

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40 SCIENCE.It is well known in various countries that fishes swim up to a

boat on a strearn if a light is displayed on board.An interesting spectacle is produced if a candle, or better still

an el&tric glow lamnp is brought near the glass sides of anaquarium. Fishes, aquatic lar'.ae and mullusca swim up andseek to come as near as possible to the light.Numbers of nocturnal insects are attracted by flame. Moths,

gnats, crane-flies and many other (lipte-a are noted for their pro-pensity to commit suicide in our lamps an(d candles. Many ofthe sm-aller moths are found sitting on the glasses or the ironframe-work of street-lamps. I have known an old lady made illwith fright becauise a death's-head (AchePontia atropos) had flownagainst her candle and ptlt it out.But we must now glance at the main question, that is, tile

meaning of the behavior of nocturnal animals in presence of alight. The alarm of many species is not hard to understand.A b-iglit light is a pheenomenon which does not fall witlhii thelinmits of their experience anid seemas to them, therefore some-thing to be avoided. But to see nocturnal, abysrmial or cave-dwelling species flocking to a liglht is perplexing.

It has been suggested that the moth thinks the flame an outletthrouglh whichi it may escape. But Why slhould it seek to escapefroimi a condition which to it is as normsal as is sunliglht to thebuttei fly or to the bee? it has again been suggested that noctur-nal insects and fishes are able to preceive the faint phosphorescentliglit app)arently given off by nmany flowers, and by aquatic-worms, etc.. Hence the moth rushes to the lamp mistaking it fora flower. On coming nearer hle is bewildlered by tlhe intensity ofthe light and ' loses his head." This same suplposition explainswhy mosquitoes are less attracted by a lamp than are nmost otherinsects. They are not accustomiied to find their fool in phos-phorescent flowers, hence the lamp has to them little attraction.

True, this hypothesis fails to shlow why birds should dash them-selves against thle windows of a lighthouse. Their normal foodis not phosphorescent. Nor, to our knowledge, are their eyescapable of perceiving a faint phosphorescent light.

LVOL. XXII. No. 546

Probably no single hypothesis will meet all the cases of the at-traction of animals to light. J. W. SLATER.

Londoni, EnglaLd.

The Aurora.

The contradiction in certain statemeents of mine wvith referenceto the possibility of tracing the relation of the aurora to disturb-ances upon a paiticular part of the sun in certain years whichProfessor Aslhe thinks he has detected and wlhich he puts intoitalics at page 9 of Scieniee for Julv 7 amiounts to simply tbis:In one sentence which he quotes I anm giving the reason why therelation in question comes out distinctly in years of nminiiiiuli,namely, because the disturbances are well separated fiom eachother, and, taking 1879 as an examsple, show by a table that thiswas the case in that year, in whichl both auroras and sunspotswere so very fewv that the numbers to be employed were so ex-tremely small that it rnight justly be doubted whetlher they showanything, and yet, in spite of this disadvaantage, nanrely, thesmallness of the numbers, the relation was plainly apparent. Inanother sentence, referring to the nmatter froim this point of view,namely, the size of the numbers to be employed, I state that itn1880 the relation in this respect would be Imluch miiore distinct,this also being a year of comparative minimuml in whiclh the dis-turbances were well separated from-i eachl otlher, so that the con-clusion with reference to this year contained in the sentencewlhich Professor Asche quotes would( he Itully justified, i.e., thenumbers would he larger anid the relation in every way nmore dis-tinct." The only reason for the publication of the table for 1879was to show w hat would appear in the year in which ve mnightsuppose the relationi exceptionally difficult to trace anid yet inwhich it was distinctly apparent in spite of the smiallness of tlenumbers. It was simply picking out 'he worst possible case, aswe 'would naturally suppose, instead of the best possible case,and it is to its discussion that the sentences whichi ProfessorAshe quotes, refer. M. A. VEEDER.Lyonis, N. Y., July 13.

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