-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2015 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

O’ -v°æ--¨¡o-©’ °æç-§ƒ-Lq-† -*®Ω’-Ø√-´÷...-≤ÚpÈé-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ, -v°æ-A-¶μº -N-¶μ«í∫ç,

Ñ-Ø√--úø’ 鬮√u-©-ߪ’ç, -®√-¢Á÷-@ °∂œ-™¸t Æœ-öÃ, £æ«-ߪ’-û˝-†í∫®˝ (-´’ç-úø-©ç), ®Ωçí¬È®-úÕf ->-™«x.

Email your questions to: pratibhadesk@eenadu.net861

- Rajeswari, Hyderabad.

Q: 'To have' usage (Åçõ‰ á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ó?) ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. Å™«Íí éÌEo exam-ples ÉÆæ÷h, meaning ûÓ Ææ£æ… N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

A: To have = 1) to possess / to own (éπLTÖçúøôç.) We use 'have' with I/ We/ You/They, and has with he/ she/ it.

Eg: I have a house and a car. (Ø√èπ◊ É©÷x,鬮Ω÷ ÖØ√o®·.)

★ My friend (he/ she) has a big house. (´÷ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’/ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-®√-LéÀ °ü¿l É©’x ÖçC.)The elephant (it) has a large body. (à†’-í∫’èπ◊ °ü¿l ¨¡K®Ωç ÖçC.)

2) have/ has = eat/ drink something.(A†úøç/ û√í∫úøç.)

3) Have / has is used as a helping verb to formthe present perfect/ present perfect continu-ous tense. (have/ has -†’ present perfect/present perfect continuous tense --™ helping

verb í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.)

Eg: I/ we/ you/ they have seen the movie. He/she/ this whole class (it) has seen themovie. (Have/ has seen - present per-fect tense - for past actions, time not stat-ed/ actions starting in the past and contin-uing till now/ for actions just completed,if we use just/ just now etc. í∫ûªç™ à Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ÅE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æpE °æ†’-©èπ◊/ í∫ûªç™v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i Éçûª- -®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æ†’-©èπ◊, just/just now ™«çöÀ °æüΔ-©ûÓ, É°æ¤púË ´·T-Æœ-† °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç). Ééπ\-úø have èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Å®ΩnçàO’ ™‰ü¿’ – üΔEo tense formation éÓÆæç¢√úøû√ç.)

★ I/ we/ you/ they have been / He / she /it hasbeen + ing - the present perfect continuoustense.

Eg: I/ we/ you/ they have been/ He/ she/ it(the dog) has been sitting here for the pastten minutes. (í∫ûª °æC E´·-≥ƒ-©’í¬ Øˆ’/¢Ë’´·/ O’®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx, (have) Åûªúø’/ Ç¢Á’Ééπ\úø èπÿ®Ω’aE ÖØ√o®Ω’/ Ç èπ◊éπ\ í∫ûª °æC E´·-≥ƒ-©’í¬ Ééπ\úø èπÿ®Ω’aE ÖçC.)

★ These are all the uses of 'Have and has'.

- J. Venkataswamy, Kurnool.

Q: Sir, Ñ éÀçC °æüΔ-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©†’ ûÁL°œ, ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N¨¡-D-éπ-Jç-îªçúÕ.1) Block Buster 2) Body Language3) Body Chemistry

A: 1) Blockbuster = A great or powerfulthing, especially a movie or a book thatis a commercial success. (íÌ°æp ¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûª-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç – ´·êuçí¬ äéπ -†-*vûªç é¬F,íÌ°æp °æ¤Ææhéπç é¬F v°æñ«-Gμ- ÷-Ø√Eo §ÒçC, Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª¢Á’i E®√t-ûª-©èπ◊ é¬F, ®Ωîª-®·-ûª-©èπ◊ é¬F¶«í¬ úø•’s Ææ´’-èπÿJa °õ‰dC).

2) Body language = Making others under-stand our feelings, ideas, and reactionsby the posture of our body, facial expres-sions, gestures, etc. through consciousand unconscious movements and ges-tures. (´’†ç ´÷ô-©-ûÓØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’†çE©’aØË/ èπÿ®Ω’aØË B®Ω÷/ ´’† ´·ê éπ´-R-éπ©’/´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ûÓ îÁÊ°p Ææçïc© üΔy®√ ´’†¶μ«¢√-©†’, ¢Ájê-JE Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ûÁ©-°æúøç.)

3) Body chemistry = The chemical reac-tions that takes place inside the body -nothing to do with body language orbehavioural science. (´’† ¨¡K®Ωç ™°æ©ïJÍí ®Ω≤ƒ-ߪ’-Eéπ v°ævéÀߪ’).

Q: Simple compound and complex sentences™ äéπ sentence †’ç* ´’®Ìéπ sentence ™éÀ´÷Í®aô-°æ¤púø’ ᙫçöÀ Å®Ωnç (¶μ«´ç) ÉîËa ¢√é¬u-©†’Main Clause ™‰üΔ Sub-ordinate Clause ™éÀ´÷®√aL. äéπ essay ®Ω÷°æç™, ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ωù °æ‹®Ωy-éπçí¬ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

A: Clause = a group of words with averb (verb Ö†o °æüΔ© Ææ ‚£æ«ç);

Main clause = clause with com-plete meaning (°æ‹Jh Å®√n-EoîËaclause); Subordinate clause = a clausewithout complete meaning (Å®Ωnç°æ‹Jh é¬EC); Phrase = a group of words without a verb(verb ™‰E °æüΔ© Ææ´‚£æ«ç).

a) Compound sentence: A sentence with twoor more main clauses. Eg: He is rich but he is simple. Here, 'He is

rich', and 'He is simple', are both mainclauses, joined by the conjunction, 'and'.

b) Complex sentence: A sentence with onemain clause and one or more subordinateclauses.

Eg: Though/ although/ even though he is richhe is simple. (Though he is rich - meaningnot complete, so it is a subordinateclause).

c) Simple sentence: In spite of being rich, heis simple. (only one main clause - He issimple. In spite of being rich - no verb, soit is a phrase).

★ You observe here that the first main clausein the compound sentence is changed into asubordinate clause in the complex sen-tence, and the same is changed into aphrase in the simple sentence.

★ Which clause in a complex or incompound sentences should bechanged into a phrase in a simplesentence depends on the meaning.So long as the meaning does notchange any clause can be changedinto a phrase, any phrase can bechanged into a clause, any subordi-nate clause (in a complex sentence)

can be changed into a main clause (in a com-pound sentence), or any main clause can bechanged into a subordinate clause (in a com-plex sentence). (äéπ ®Ωéπç ¢√éπuç-™- †’ç* ÉçéÓ®Ωéπç ¢√éπuç-™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈Öçúøôç ´·êuç. Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç à clauseØÁjØ√ ÉçéÓ-®Ωéπç clause ™éÀ é¬F, phrase ™éÀ é¬F´÷®Ωa-´îª’a. Complex sentence à subordinateclause ØÁjØ√ compound sentence main clause™éÀ, compound sentence ™E à main clauseØÁjØ√ complex sentence ™E subordinateclause / phrase í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a).

- Sohel Arbaaz, Yellandu.

Q: The Dear departed and Jamaican Fragment.- Please say the meanings in telugu.

A: a) The Dear Departed - someone dear tous, but no more alive. ( -îª-E-§Ú®·--† -´’-†ÇBtߪ·-©’.)

b) A Jamaican Fragment - A short story/ shortpiece of writing dealing with someJamaicans' feeling that they are still slavesto the whites, though slavery has been abol-ished. (-ï---¢Á’ié¬ (The West Indies -™ -äéπ -Dy°æç)-v§ƒç--û√-EéÀ Ææç-•ç-Cμç-*-† -*®Ω’ ®Ω-îª-†).

M. SURESAN

- N. Srinivasulu, Adoni.

Q: Sir, please let me know the meanings ofthe following words and with usages.i) Allege ii) Araticulate iii) Attribute

A: i) Allege = Say (without proof) thatsomebody has done something wrong.(ÇüμΔ-®√™‰ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ äéπ-®Ìéπ °æE – ≤ƒüμΔ-®Ω-ùçí¬ ØË®√Eo – î˨»-®ΩE îÁ°æpúøç/ Ç®Ó-°œç-îªúøç).

ii) Articulate (not Araticulate) = Ability tospeak fluently.

iii) Attribute = 1) Say somebody has some quality. Eg: He attributes selfishness to me = he

says that I am selfish. 2) Feel that something is due to some-

thing.

Eg: He attributes her success to her intel-ligence = He feels that her hard workis the cause of her success.

3) The quality a person has. Eg: Truthfulness was the attribute of

Mahatma Gandhi. www.eenadupratibha.net'-≤ÚpÈé-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ— §ƒ-ûª Ææç-*éπ-© éÓÆæç -îª÷-úøç-úÕ..

íÌ°æp... Blockbuster..!- M. Kantha Rao, Visakhapatnam.

Q: Sir, äéπ Standard English GrammarBook ™ Ñ éÀçC Nüμ¿çí¬ ÖçC.We can emphasize the new information

with a what - clause + be. The new informa-tion comes after 'be'. Eg: 'What' you need is'a personal organizer'. - Ééπ\úø What-clause +be = what you need is ÅØËC new information= 'a personal organizer' †’ emphasis îËÆæ’h-†oô’x ´’†èπ◊ Å®Ωn ’´¤ûÓçC. Å™«Íí.

We can reverse the order of the what-clause and a noun phrase (now information)Åçô÷ Ñ éÀçC Nüμ¿çí¬ Öü¿£æ«-Jç-î√®Ω’. Eg: 'Apersonal organizer' is what you need. È®çúÓÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù™ "A personal organizer" (NounPhrase) 'be + what - clause' ûÓ emphasizeî˨»®√? ™‰üΔ? ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. °j Nüμ¿çí¬'Noun Phrase' †’ á°æ¤púø’, à Context ™´·çü¿’èπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-¢√L? à Context ™ ÅCWhat-clause + be ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC? °j†Ê°®Ì\†o È®ç-úø’ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ à Clause ™ Åçõ‰(Noun, adjective, adverb-clause) Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀ™ à clause ™éÀ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oßÁ÷ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.Å™«Íí È®çúø’ ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ äéπ-üΔ-EéÀ ´’®Ì-éπöÀAlternative í¬ use îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ grammatical í¬´îËa ´÷®Ω’p©-†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.A: A personal organizer is what you need =

What you need is a personal organizer.★ Usually what is placed at the beginning

of the sentence gets the emphasis. In thefirst sentence, 'A personal organizer' isemphasized. In the sentence, 'What youneed is a personal organizer', your needis emphasized. Most often when wewant to emphasize something, we placeit at the beginning of the sentence. ûÁL-ÆœçC éπüΔ? üËEo ´’†ç ØÌéÀ\ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Á÷, üΔEo ¢√éπuç™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ôí¬¢√úøû√ç.

★ In the sentence, 'A personal organizer iswhat you need', 'a personal organizer' is anoun phrase, and 'what you need' is anoun clause, complement of the verb is.(complement - usually a word / phrasewhich is used to complete a sentencewith an intransitive verb - a verb with noobject. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ¢√éπuç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶μºç™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ´Ææ’hçC.)

- P. Hari Rao, Bobbili.

Q: Sir, í∫ûªç™ ´*a† äéπ Spoken English les-son ™ éÀçC Nüμ¿çí¬ Éî√a®Ω’."I have been following your lessons in

Eenadu for a quite long time. I startedpreparing for competitive exams. So, couldyou please suggest me a standard bookexclusively for correction of sentences."I am of the opinion that the sentence aboveshould be as under.

'I have been following your lessons forquite a long time. I started preparing forcompetitive exams. So, could you pleasesuggest to me a standard book exclusivelyfor correction of sentences. - Am I correct?Please clarify.A: I have been following your lessons for

quite a long time. I have started prepar-ing for competitive exams. Could youplease suggest to me a standard bookexclusively for correction of sentences.

Ç-üμΔ®√-©’ -™‰-E -ǮӰæ-ù.. Allege

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 8 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2015 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

862

- S. Srinivasa Rao, Visakhapatnam.

Q: 'Ææyߪ’ç-éπ%-û√-°æ-®√üμ¿ç— ÅØË °æüΔEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?

A: 'A mistake for which a person isthemselves to blame' - this is thetranslation for Ææyߪ’ç-éπ%-û√-°æ-®√üμ¿ç.

- R. Rudraveni, Visakhapatnam.

Q: Sir, Ñ éÀçC -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

1) Wishing a very happy Mother's day to allthe Moms out there. Specially pillar ofstrength, love you ma.

2) Because we celebrated, because we'reunited by good times.

3) Sunrisers: And we're in 4th place in theIPL table. Great work guys: OrangeArmy.

4) Miss call ---Å®√n-Eo -ûÁ-©’í∫’--™ -N--´-Jç-îªç-úÕ.A: 1) Wishing a happy Mother's day to all the

moms out there = ûª©’x-©ç-ü¿-JéÀ ´÷ûª%-C-ØÓ-ûªq´ ¨¡Ÿ¶μ«-é¬ç-éπ~©’.

2) We are united by good times = ´’ç* 鬙«©’´’†Lo äéπ\-öÀí¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®·.

3) Sunrisers - perhaps the name of a team (äéπïô’d Ê°®Ω’ 鬴a)- - we are in the fourth placein the IPL Table. Great = â°‘-ᙸ Nïߪ’ °æöÀd-éπ™ ´’†ç Ø√©’íÓ ≤ƒn†ç™ ÖØ√oç.

4) Miss call - Wrong; Missed call - Correct -Cutting off a phone call before the peoplecalled respond (´’†ç §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’h-†o-¢√®Ω’ ÆæpçCç-îªéπ ´·çüË ´’† §∂ÚØ˛ ÇÊ°-ߪ’úøç).

Q: An exiting contest on cards, we can't waitto see who comes out on top - Pleaseexplain.

A: An exciting (exiting - Wrong) contest oncards = an exciting match is probable/ canbe expected.

Q: Benefit: Just like the old times means?A: Just like old times = like old

days.Q: That's it; @mipattan have com-

pleted a fabulous chase. Theywin by 4 balls to spare.Congratulations to them -Explain the meaning.

A: Completed a fabulous chasewith four balls to spare, congrat-ulations to them.

Q: The sun sets over Raipur, tomorrow, werise and go into battle against theDaredevils. Get ready to cheer. - Is thiscorrect?

A: The sun sets over Raipur tomorrow. Werise and go into battle against Daredevils.Get ready to cheer. - Correct.

- P Harirao, Bobbili.

Q: Sir, O’®Ω’ í∫ûªç™ É*a† äéπ Spoken Englishlesson ™ äéπ ¢√éπuç éÀçC Nüμ¿çí¬ ÖçC.

"Mr. Rao (CM) said the govt will solveevery one's problems who settle down inHyderabad.

This can be rearranged as under, to preventambiguity.

"Mr. Rao (CM) said the govt will solveproblems of every one who settle down inHyderabad." - Am I correct? Please clarify.

A: Mr. Rao has said the Government willsolve the problems of everyone who settlesdown in Hyderabad/ Mr. Rao said that theGovernment would solve the problems ofeveryone who settled down/ would settledown in Hyderabad.

(Ééπ\úø main clause à tense ™ Öç-õ‰ subor-dinate clause èπÿú≈ ÅüË tense ™ Öçú≈L).

O’ -v°æ--¨¡o-©’ °æç-§ƒ-Lq-† -*®Ω’-Ø√-´÷...-≤ÚpÈé-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ, -v°æ-A-¶μº -N-¶μ«í∫ç,

Ñ-Ø√--úø’ 鬮√u-©-ߪ’ç, -®√-¢Á÷-@ °∂œ-™¸t Æœ-öÃ, £æ«-ߪ’-û˝-†í∫®˝ (-´’ç-úø-©ç), ®Ωçí¬È®-úÕf ->-™«x.

Email your questions to: pratibhadesk@eenadu.net

Missed call/ Miss call...? - K. Vamshi, Hyderabad.

Q: Sir, Ñ éÀçC sentence èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ¤ûª÷, sentence ™ to have function †’ N -Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’, to have †’ áEo NüμΔ-©’í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îÓa ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.'Meanwhile, the temple authorities are

said to have requested the popular musicdirector to compose some songs onLakshminarasimha swamy.A: Please understand: 'Have' is used in two

ways: 1) As a main verb, meaning 'to own / to

possess something.' 2) As a helping /auxiliary verb to indicate

the tense of the main verb. (When it isused as a helping verb it has no specialmeaning.)

Eg: have seen / have gone, etc. (with I, we,you, and they) and has seen / has gone(with he, she and it) - here, have / has isused to form the present perfect tense,and has no special meaning.

a) To have is an infinitive, with the meaning- éπLT Öçúøôç.

★ To have such a brother is really a fortune(Å™«çöÀ ≤Úü¿-®Ω’úø’ Öçúøôç/ ≤Úü¿-®Ω’-úÕE éπLTÖçúøôç Eïçí¬ Åü¿%-≠æd¢Ë’). - This refers to thepresent time.

★ He is lucky to have such a house = Å™«çöÀÉ©’x Åûª-EéÀ Öçúøôç/ Å™«çöÀ É©’x Åûª†’ éπLTÖçúøôç - In all these examples, to have isa present infinitive, meaning éπLT Öçúøôç.

b) To have + PP (V3) of any verb - to haveseen (í∫ûªç™ îª÷Æœ Öçúøôç), to have done(í∫ûªç™ îËÆœ Öçúøôç), etc. - in all theseexamples, to have seen, etc are perfectinfinitives.

★ To have seen = îª÷Æœ Öçúøôç í∫ûªç™.★ The perfect infinitive, that is, to have + PP

(V3) refers to the past. ★ He seems to have gone = Åûª†’ ¢ÁRx §Ú®·-†-

ô’d-Ø√oúø’. (¢ÁRx-§Ú-´úøç í∫ûªç™ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC).★ Observe the difference: He seems to do

some work in the mornings = §Òü¿’l-öÀ-°æ‹ôàüÓ °æE îËÆæ’h-†oô’d éπE-°œ-≤ƒh-úø-ûª†’.

★ He seems to have done the work yesterdayitself = EØËoüÓ °æE îËÆœ-†-ô’d-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’.

These are the uses of 'to have.'

- Jhansy, Rosy, Warangal.

Q: Her excitement and passion for detailsmade his dreams full of colour and beauty.He had this one recurring dream. Hewould be running down a country road. -Please translate into Telugu and say whywould + be + V4 (present participle) isused above.

A: He would be running down a country side- 'Would be running' here refers to a regu-lar action in the past = used to be running.

Eg: In the dreams he had, he saw himself reg-ularly running down village side. (Ç °æ™„xv§ƒçûªç™ °æJ-ÈíûËh¢√úø’).

★ Look at this other example too: Those daysI would get up early in the morning and gofor a long walk = In the past I used to get upearly in the morning and go for a long walk= í∫ûªç™ ؈’ §Òü¿’lØËo ™‰*, î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕîË¢√úÕE.

Q: He could feel the rocks and chunks at hisfeet. - Please say in Telugu.

A: He used to have the experience of his feetwalking over rocks and thick solid piece ofstones = •çúø©’, ®√∞¡x O’ü¿ †úÕ-*-† ņ’-¶μº´çÖçü¿-ûª-EéÀ.

Q: Every other day/ everyday. - Do both givethe same meaning?

A: No. Every other day = every alternate day(®ÓV ´÷Ja ®ÓV); every day = day after day(v°æA ®ÓW).

Q: They pledged/ pawned their house with thecreditor (´úŒf ¢√u§ƒJ). - Please say if theabove one is right or not.

A: Correct.Q: 'I will come day/ the day after tomorrow',

he said (DS). - Please say IDS for this sen-tence.

A: He said he would come the day after thenext. I will come the day after tomorrow -Correct. 'I will come the day after tomor-row' - Wrong (Indirect speech 鬕öÀd).

Q: She is obsessed with him. - Please say it iscorrect or not.

A: She is obsessed with him. - Correct.

- Pynda Srinivasa Rao, Pithapuram.

Q: Sir, please translate below Telugu wordsinto English.1) á´®Ó äéπ®Ω’ 2) áéπ\úÓ Åéπ\úø3) àüÓ äéπöÀ 4) á°æ¤púÓ Å°æ¤púø’5) à¢Á’iûË ÅC

A: 1) Somebody or the other / someone or theother.

2) Somewhere or the other3) Something or the other 4) Sometime or the other 5) Whatever happens makes no differ-

ence.

Q: People take a dip in river/ in the riverGanga. - Which one is correct?

A: People take a dip in the river Ganga -Correct, because we are referring to a par-ticular river.

Q: Sir, please clarify the following doubts.

★ It is said that the definite article 'the' isused before the word 'police' but inOxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary ofCurrent English an example is given forthe word 'fragment' i.e., 'police foundfragments of glass near the scene'. -Please clarify.

A: 'Police' and 'the police' are both correct.You can use either, but remember, 'police'/ 'the police' is always plural.

Q: Enclave, theoretically, material povertyand spiritual poverty. - Please say themeanings in Telugu.

A: Enclave = an area surrounded by a

larger area where the people are of a dif-ferent culture from those in the enclave =°ü¿l Ç´-®Ωù ´’üμ¿u™ Ö†o *†o Ç´-®Ωù (*†oÇ´-®Ωù-™-E v°æï© @´† NüμΔ†ç, ÆæçÆæ \%Aô÷d Ö†o °ü¿l Ç´-®Ωù-™-E v°æï©èπ◊ Gμ†oçí¬Öçö«®·).

★ Theoretically = according to theory, maynot be in practice.

★ Spiritual and material poverty - refer tothe answers to the same questions in theearlier lessons on Spoken English.

Q: He switched loyalties to them. - Pleasetranslate into Telugu.

A: Switch loyalties = Change support oneside/ one party to another side/anotherparty.

Loyalty = NüμË-ߪ’ûª;

Switch = ´÷®Ωaúøç.

Eg: äé𠧃Kd-™E ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÉçéÓ §ƒKdéÀ -´÷®Ω-úøç/ äéπØ√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕéÀ NüμË-ߪ·-©’í¬ Ö†o ¢√∞¡Ÿx, ÉçéÓ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úÕ °æéπ~ç îË®Ωúøç.

M. SURESAN

- Nivedita Vedanthi, Rajahmundry.

www.eenadupratibha.net

'-≤ÚpÈé-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ— §ƒ-ûª Ææç-*éπ-© éÓÆæç -îª÷-úøç-úÕ..

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Mail your comments to

'®ÓV ´÷Ja ®ÓV— -Éç-Tx--≠ˇ--™...?-

....

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 15 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2015 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

863

- Kumar Gunti.Q: Sir, could you please say fol-

lowing words into Telugu. 1. According to2. According to my thoughts

3. Neither or you4. Voiceless talking

A: 1) According to = v°æ鬮Ωç. ★ According to this rule = Ñ E•ç-

üμ¿† v°æ鬮Ωç. 2) According to my thoughts = Ø√ Ç™-

v°æ鬮Ωç.3) Neither of you (neither or you - wrong) =

not even one of you two = O’ Éü¿l-J™ á´®Ω÷é¬ü¿’/ ™‰ü¿’

4) Voiceless talking = E¨¡z-•lçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç (°ü¿-´¤-©†÷, Ø√©’-éπ†÷ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úÕ ´÷ö«x-úøôç).

- R. Lalitha, R.V.Palem.

Q: Sir, please give me complete informationabout the usage of prepositions like of,from, on, in, at, above, over.

A: Of = 1) Belonging to. ★ This is the property of my uncle (Belonging

to my uncle). 2) Indicating authorship - The plays (dramas)

of Kalidasa (Written by Kalidasa). 3) Cause - He died of cancer (The cause of

death, cancer) 4) Material of which something is made.★ It is a box of wood (made of wood). 5) About - They talked of (about) the next

day's programme.

✪ From:1) The place from where a journey

begins (They started fromChennai).

2) Place where someone is a nativeof. (He is / comes from Nellore/He comes from Nellore / He is anative of Nellore).

3) Before a substance used in mak-ing something (Wine is madefrom grapes).

4) The time at which something begins andcontinues (The class is from 10 AM everyday).

5) To indicate the sender of something (Theletter is from my brother).

6) Shows the basis on which we form an opin-ion (We can see from his face he is veryhappy).

★ The uses of on, in, at, above, over in thenext lesson.

- Peddapati Sankaraiah

Q: Sir, please let me know the differencebetween the following sentences.A) Each seat was occupied.B) Every seat was occupied.

A: Each seat was occupied = Each of theseats (referring to the seats individually,that is, referring to, one after another) wasoccupied.

★ Every seat was occupied = Every, unlikeeach (which refers to the individual seats)refers to all the seats there, not one by one.So, the meaning here would be, all the seatswere occupied.

O’ -v°æ--¨¡o-©’ °æç-§ƒ-Lq-† -*®Ω’-Ø√-´÷...-≤ÚpÈé-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ, -v°æ-A-¶μº -N-¶μ«í∫ç,

Ñ-Ø√--úø’ 鬮√u-©-ߪ’ç, -®√-¢Á÷-@ °∂œ-™¸t Æœ-öÃ, £æ«-ߪ’-û˝-†í∫®˝ (-´’ç-úø-©ç), ®Ωçí¬È®-úÕf ->-™«x.

Email your questions to: pratibhadesk@eenadu.net

Voiceless talking -Åç-õ‰..?

M. SURESAN

Ch Vedadri29-13-14 Venkatarao StreetOohapetaVijayawada 520002

Nov 11 2015

Books & Books Ltd5-15-22 Kalam RoadSector 3Amaravathi APSirs

Availability of the following booksCould you please let me know if the fol-lowing books are available with you?

1. A Guide to English Grammar and UsageBy Morgan & Smith.

2. A Competitive Digest by Venkatesh andSrikrishna

3. The Easy Way to Reasoning by Venkat &Venkat.

If they are, could you please send a copyeach to me by courier? If you let me knowthe cost of the books and the mode of pay-ment I will pay promptly.

Looking forward to your prompt response

Yours faithfully / Regards (this is preferable)(Sd) Vedadri

The above is the block format / the USformat. The explanation of the answers to theother descriptive questions in the next lesson.

Q: Ææ®˝, ؈’ -§Ú-öà °æK-éπ~-©èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-´’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’.Letter writing ™ à format ņ’-Ææ-Jç-î√™ N -Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ÖüΔ-£æ«-®Ω-ùéÀ US format ™ ¢Á·ûªhçleft alignment ™ ®√ߪ÷L. é¬F date áéπ\úø¢Ëߪ÷L? 鬴÷©’, °∂椙¸-≤ƒd°ˇ©’ áéπ\úø Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? *´®Ω Ææçûªéπç îËߪ÷™«? ™‰üΔ Ê°®Ω’®√ߪ÷™«? °æ‹Jh *®Ω’-Ø√´÷ èπÿ-ú≈ ®√ߪ÷™«?-N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

A: In the descriptive part of the competitiveexams letter writing is an important task.One of the important types of letters is theformal letters - the letters we write toGovernment officials, Companies, andother organizations. They are formal let-ters, that is certain rules and conventionshave to be followed in writing them.Nowadays almost all formal letters are inthe block (US) type, that is, all lines - eventhe first line of a paragraph are startedflush from the left margin. Here is anexample of a formal letter written in theblock type.Letter writing ÅØËC î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç.

Block / US format ™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷™ É°æ¤púø’îª÷üΔlç.Eg: Write a letter to Books and Books Ltd.,

asking them whether three books you wantare available with them, and if they are,whether they can send them by courier.

The format of the letter: (Öûªh®Ωç ®Ω÷°æç)Your address (without 'From' at the top) (®√ÊÆ-¢√-J -Å-vúøÆˇ)Date (Any form: Nov 11, 2015 / 11'12'15 /11Sep 2015, etc.) (û√Kê’ – Ééπ\úø îª÷°œ† °æü¿l¥-ûª’™xᙫ Å®·Ø√ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a)The address of the company (without 'To' )Sirs / Gentlemen (The way to address a com-

pany)The subject (without mentioning 'Sub/ Re',

etc)The text of the letter (flush from the left mar-gin - ™‰ê §ƒ®∏Ωç – áúø´’ ´÷JbØ˛ †’ç* Ææn©ç

´ü¿©èπ◊çú≈ ®√ߪ÷L. Begin paragraphs withoutleaving any spacing (Ê°®√©’ èπÿú≈ Ææn©ç ´ü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ ®√ߪ÷L.)Yours faithfully / RegardsSignature (Ææçûªéπç)(í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – áéπ\ú≈ 鬴÷©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç) Given below is the sample letter. (´÷CJÖûªh®Ωç éÀçü¿ îª÷úøçúÕ.)

- Ch. Divya, Mahabubabad.

- Veerendar.

Q: Dear sir, please clarify my doubt regard-ing the usage and meaning of "If at all"and "At all" and exactly what is the dif-ference between them.

A: If at all - If something happens (very lit-tle possibility of something happening(´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’, äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ ï®Ω-í∫-úø¢Ë’Å®·ûË).

★ If at all Congress comes to power in AP= It may not come to power, but if itcomes (é¬çvÈíÆˇ ÅCμ-é¬-®Ωç-™éÀ ®√´úøç Åçô÷ïJ-TûË).

At all = Completely = ÅÆæ©’

★ I don't like him at all = I don't like himtotally = Ø√éπ-ûª-†çõ‰ ÅÆæ©’ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’.

- Sri Harsha

Q: Sir, please explain the below sentencesin Telugu.

1) I would rather go shopping today.2) We'd rather say something than stay

quiet.A: 'Rather' in these sentences refers to com-

parison between two things of differentkinds.Sentence 1) means, 'I like to go shop-

ping today rather than do any other thing'(؈’ ≥ƒ°œçí˚ ¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o (Åçõ‰,ÉçÍé-üÁjØ√ îËÊÆ •ü¿’©’ – Ééπ\úø rather Å®Ωnç ÅC).

You see this kind of comparison moreclearly in the second sentence:2) We'd (We would) rather say something

than stay quiet = We want to say some-thing rather than be silent. (´’¯†çí¬Öçúøôç éπçõ‰, àüÁjØ√ îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Ë’ç É≠æd-°æ-úøû√ç).'Rather' is used, as pointed above, when

we compare two unlike things - (¢ËÍ® ®Ω鬩¢√öÀE §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púø’ rather ¢√úøû√ç.)

★ I would rather die than tell a lie (Å•ü¿l¥çîÁÊ°p •ü¿’©’ î√´-úø¢Ë’ Ø√èπ◊ É≠ædç).

- Raju, Darsi.

Q: Sir, please translate the following sen-tences into Telugu.

i) She is a stout, complacent woman with anirritating air of being always right.

ii) Ben: My word, it's a good thing he did.Mrs. Ben: He always was thoughtful in thatway. He was too honourable to have gone(died) without paying his insurance premi-um.

iii) He was lying there for all the world as if hewas asleep.

iv) Elizabeth's that sharp she'll see I am afterit, and we'll drive a hard bargain over it.

A: i) Ç¢Á’ ™«´¤. àD Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éÓ°æçûÁ°œpçîË Nüμ¿çí¬ ûª†’ îÁÊ°pC, îËÊÆC á°æ¤púø÷ÆæÈ®jçC ÅØË Nüμ¿çí¬ v°æ´-Jh-Ææ’hçC.

ii) ¶„Ø˛: ؈’ îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√o†’ – ÅüË ÆæÈ®jçC, Åûª†’îËÆœçC.

X´’A ¶„Ø˛: Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Ç Nüμ¿ç-í¬ØË, ÆæÈ®j† Ç™-îª-†-ûÓØË îË≤ƒhúø’. ûª† Ɇ÷q-È®Ø˛q v°‘N’ߪ’ç îÁLxç-îª-èπ◊çú≈îªE-§Ú-ßË’çûª Eñ«-ߪ’B ™‰E ´’E≠œ é¬úø’.

iii) àüÓ Evü¿-§Ú-ûª’-†oõ‰x, Çߪ’-†-éπ\úø °æúø’-èπ◊E ÖØ√oúø’.iv) áL-ï-¶„-û˝èπ◊ Ç ûÁLN ÖçC – ûª†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-

©ü¿’ – ؈C éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†E, üΔEo í∫’Jç*´’†ç í∫öÀdí¬ °æô’d-•-úø-û√-´’E.

- D.S.K. Sarma, Mangalagiri.

Q: Sir, your answer to a reader last week was"A mistake for which a person is them-selves to blame". I think it should be "aperson is himself / oneself or personsthemselves to blame" - Please explain.

A: 'Person' is common gender. Gender neu-trality is important in modern times. A per-son is not always 'he', but also 'she'. Wecan use he/ she, but using it every time isinconvenient, so instead of 'he /she' we usethey and instead of him/ her we use 'them'.

Eg: A good director can get what they wantfrom the actors.

2) A good student is one who does not wastetheir time. Therefore 'a mistake for which aperson is themselves to blame' is accept-able.

-Åéπ\-úø themselves -¢√-úÌ-a!

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 22 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2015 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

- Rajasekhar K.

Q: Sir, kindly confirm whether we can use"handsome" for woman when she has aphysic like men.

A: Yes, we can. Q: What is the meaning of 'nerd'A: i) A foolish person without manners.

ii) A specialist in a technical field. Q: Can we use guys/ dude/ pal to a girl/

woman, if not what we can use instead?A: 'Guys' in the plural can be used for girls /

women. The word 'gal' can be applied toa girl in the singular or 'gals' in the plural.'Dude' is outdated, but is used only forboys / men. 'Pal' can be used for girls too.

Q: ØË-†’ - ÷ sister èπ◊ marriage -îË- »-†’ - Howto say this in English?

A: I performed my sister's marriage - Å®·ûËÉC ví¬çC∑éπç/ §ƒçúÕûªuç. ´u´-£æ…-J-éπ-¢Á’iûË Igot/ had my sister married Åçö«ç. -

- Y. Raj Kumar.

Q: Sir, it is given in Oxford Dictionary thatthe meaning of abbreviation as

1. [C] a short form of a word, etc: What's theabbreviation for 'Saint'?

2. [U] the process of abbreviating sthThe query is how the first meaning of

Abbreviation is Countable noun and how thesecond is Uncountable. Please clarify.A: If the meaning of 'abbreviation' is the

short form of a word (èπ◊-Cç-*-† ®Ω÷°æç), it iscountable. We can say 'an abbreviation'(singular) and 'abbreviations' (plural).But if abbreviation means the act of

abbreviating (èπ◊-Cç--îª-úøç - this is a verb), it isnot countable, there is therefore no questionof using it as a countable/ uncountable.Q: How to learn phonetics perfectly? How

to develop our pronunciation?A: There are CDs in the market and by lis-

tening to them you can develop accuratepronunciation. It is not possible to learncorrect pronunciation by just understand-ing the phonetic symbols and readingthem. However, knowing phonetic sym-bols is very helpful. (English and ForeignLanguages University, Hyderabad hasbrought out a number of CDs on pronun-ciation. They are quite useful.)

Q: What are syllables?A: A syllable is an independent unit of

sound. Generally it is a part of a wordhaving a vowel sound in it. For example,the word 'sentence' has two syllables -1) sen and 2) tence. So the word, 'sen-tence' has two syllables.

Q: What is the meaning of 'it is hereby' andhow to use it?

A: It is hereby = Éçü¿’-´‚-©çí¬. ★ It is hereby declared that he is no more an

officer = Éçü¿’-´‚-©çí¬ v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’-†oCÅûª†’ áçûª- ÷vûªç ÅCμ-é¬J é¬úø’ ÅE.

864

- Sirisha Mothukuri.

Q: Sir, could you explain the fol-lowing in detail. The comple-ment of the verb to be, when itis expressed by a pronoun,should be in Nominative case.

Eg: a) It was he who did it. b) If I were he, I would not go

there - Please explain this in Telugu also.A: Not always. For example, take the sen-

tence, a) 'It is him I want to meet.' In thesentence, 'him' is a pronoun, and it is thecomplement of the verb 'is'.

b) It is this that is more beautiful than that. Inthis sentence too, 'this' following 'is' a pro-noun and yet it is the complement of theverb, 'is'.However, most often a pronoun that fol-

lows 'to be' is in the nominative case. VerbÅ®√nEo °æ‹Jh îËÊÆ °æüΔEo complement Åçö«ç.Me, him, her, them - É´Fo èπÿú≈ transitiveverbs (verbs with objects) ûª®√yûª ´îËa objects.≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ to be (Öçúøôç) ûª®√yûª ´îËa pro-nouns áèπ◊\-´í¬, ÅFo 鬴¤, nominative case í¬ØËÖçö«®·. I, we, you, he, she, you and they - Allthese are in the nominative case - Used as thesubject of a sentence. Me, us, you, him, her

and them - All these are in the objec-tive case, because in these forms,they are used as the objects of verbs.

-Pravallika

Q: Sir, please explain the differencebetween phrase and clause.

A: A phrase is a group of wordswithout a verb (Verb ™‰E ´÷ô©Ææ´·-üΔߪ’ç).

Eg: a) In the evening, b) walking down thestreet, c) the photos taken yesterday, etc.(Remember - mere 'ing' forms and pastparticiples (V3) are not verbs. (be form +ing form / 'be' form + V3 (PP)/ have, has,had + V3 (PP) are verbs). A clause is a group of words with a verb.

(Verb -Ö-†o ´÷ô© Ææ´·-üΔߪ’ç).Eg: a) If he comes here b) When I was going

home c) Where there is a will, etc. A sen-tence has also a verb, so a sentence is alsoa clause.

Q: She herself washed the clothes/ Shewashed the clothes herself - Please trans-late into Telugu.

A: She herself washed the clothes = Shewashed the clothes herself = ûª† ü¿’Ææ’h-©†’û√ØË Öûª’-èπ◊\çC.

O’ -v°æ--¨¡o-©’ °æç-§ƒ-Lq-† -*®Ω’-Ø√-´÷...-≤ÚpÈé-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ, -v°æ-A-¶μº -N-¶μ«í∫ç,

Ñ-Ø√--úø’ 鬮√u-©-ߪ’ç, -®√-¢Á÷-@ °∂œ-™¸t Æœ-öÃ, £æ«-ߪ’-û˝-†í∫®˝ (-´’ç-úø-©ç), ®Ωçí¬È®-úÕf ->-™«x.

Email your questions to: pratibhadesk@eenadu.net

-'Guys' -Å-ØÌ-î√a?-ví¬-´’®˝ -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ Ææ-J-§Ú-ü¿’!

- Poojitha, Vijayawada.

Q: Sir, please tell me about the usage of 'for'with instances.

A: 'For' has a number of meanings and uses:1) Intention (ÖüËl-Pç-*† / éÌ®Ωèπ◊/ éÓÆæç).

Eg: This food is for children. This book is for beginners, etc.

2) With the meaning of helping somebody -What can you do for me? (What can youdo to help me? - †’´¤y Ø√Íéç îËߪ’-í∫-©´¤?)

3) Representing somebody - I am speaking formy brother (I am speaking on behalf of mybrother / äéπJ ûª®Ω-°æ¤†).

4) Before a period of time. (鬩 ´u -CμE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊).

Eg: He was here for three months.(Åûª-E-éπ\úø´‚úø’ ØÁ©© §ƒô’ ÖØ√oúø’).

5) To say that something is arranged for a par-ticular occasion.

Eg: This is for the coming festival. (äéπ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ.) Éçé¬ î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ÖØ√o®·. ÅN Ééπ\úø

°æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁ©-°æúøç ≤ƒüμ¿uç é¬ü¿’. ´’ç* úÕéπ{-†Kîª÷úøçúÕ.

- O.Krishna Chaithanya, Adilabad.

Q: Sir, please clarify the following doubts. 1) If R is preceded by any vowel R became

silent then how to pronounce the follow-ing? i) Support ii) Player

2) LOVE is always in singular form then whywe are using in LETTER writing Your'sLoving Son/daughter... etc instead of lov-ingly?

A: i) support - Ææ§Úö¸; ii) player - Ê°xߪ’. InAmerican English, the 'r' coming after avowel is pronounced.

2) Loving son, loving daughter - these are sin-gulars, aren't they?

- Arjun Sekhar.

Q: Sir, my name is Arjun. I am interested inwriting novels and stories. I have manyideas and story concepts to put on paper.But the problem is grammar. I have nearlyten standard grammar text books. Thereare vast number of grammar rules tounderstand. Do I need such a high gram-mar in my writing? What are the booksthat help me in writing English pleasantlyand beyond that how to improve my writ-ing skills?

A: Mere knowledge of grammar doesn't helpyou to write correct English. Extensivereading of English newspapers and storybooks, and listening to English news tele-casts will help you better than mere knowl-edge of grammar. So read extensively andmore importantly listen to as much Englishas you can. You will soon find that you areable to express in clear and simple English.Reading will improve your vocabulary,that is, word power too. Best of luck.

- Kumar Gunti.

Q: What are the differences between Presentperfect and Past tense? Please explainwith examples.

A: 1) The Present perfect tense (have/ has +PP / V3) is for a past action time notstated, whereas the Past simple tense isfor a past action at a definite time.

Eg: a) He has come - Present perfect (Actionover - time not stated. Åûªúø’ ´î√aúø’ –®√´úøç ïJ-TçC, é¬F á°æ¤p-úø-ØËC îÁ°æpúø癉ü¿’.)

★ He came yesterday - Past simple (Pastaction at a definite time - yesterday. Åûªúø’E†o ´î√aúø’ – Ææ´’-ߪ’ç-ûÓ-§ƒô’ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T†°æE í∫’Jç* îÁGûË, üΔEéÀ Past simple¢√úøû√ç.)

b) I have seen the movie - Present perfect -past action time not stated.

★ I saw the movie last night - Past simple -past action at a definite time.

2) The Present perfect is used also for anaction starting in the past and continuingtill now.

Eg: He has studied in the college for the pastone year - His studies here started a yearago, and have continued till now.

3) If we use expressions like, 'just', 'just now'etc., the Present perfect is also used foractions just completed.

★ They have just left = ¢√∞¡Ÿx É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«x®Ω’(É°æ¤púË °æ‹®Ωh-®·† °æE).

Q: Sir, could you please explain the differ-ence between emigration and immigra-tion with usage of sentences.

A: Emigrating means leaving one's countryand settling down in another country.Immigration means coming into a countryfrom some other country and making ityour home. A person who emigrates tothe US, for example, leaves their countryand settles in the US. A person immi-grates if they come into the US fromanother country. An Indian leaving India

is an emigrant from India. An Indiancoming to the US is an immigrant in theUS. ûª´’ ü˨¡ç ´C-L-°öÀd ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√∞¡xü˨»-EéÀ emigrants Å´¤-û√®Ω’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx à ü˨¡ç™Æœn®Ω-°æ-úø-û√®Ó, Ç ü˨¡ç™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx immigrants Å´¤-û√®Ω’. Going to another country - Emigra-tion. Coming into another country andmaking it your home - Immigration.

Q: What are the differences between IndianEnglish and American English?

A: Indian English is mostly British English.There are a number of differences inspelling, vocabulary and to some extent ingrammar between British English andAmerican English. We'll explain it some-time later.

Q: How we pronounce 'every' word ?A: Pronunciation of every - evri - ávN.

- Rachakonda Rajender.

M. SURESAN

Å-´÷t®·-©-†÷

www.eenadupratibha.net

'-≤ÚpÈé-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ— §ƒ-ûª Ææç-*éπ-© éÓÆæç -îª÷-úøç-úÕ..

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 29 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2015 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

O’ -v°æ--¨¡o-©’ °æç-§ƒ-Lq-† -*®Ω’-Ø√-´÷...-≤ÚpÈé-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ, -v°æ-A-¶μº -N-¶μ«í∫ç,

Ñ-Ø√--úø’ 鬮√u-©-ߪ’ç, -®√-¢Á÷-@ °∂œ-™¸t Æœ-öÃ, £æ«-ߪ’-û˝-†í∫®˝ (-´’ç-úø-©ç), ®Ωçí¬È®-úÕf ->-™«x. -

Email your questions to: pratibhadesk@eenadu.net865

- Ramarao. G

Q: Sir, could you explain how to use 'hadbeen' and 'has been' in different situations.

A: Has been: This is a 'be' form. That is, ittalks about being (--Öç-úø-ôç). Weuse 'has been' ...

1) For being at an untold time in the past(í∫ûªç™ Öçúø-ö«Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC – Ö†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©-°æ-èπ◊çú≈).

Eg: a) Kumar has been in Vijayawada(èπ◊´÷®˝ äéπ-°æ¤púø’ – á°æ¤púÓ éπ*a-ûªçí¬îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’ – Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø™ ÖçúË-¢√úø’).

b) Ms. Navya has been the collector ofthis district for sometime in the past(éÌçûª-鬩ç èπ◊´÷J †´u Ééπ\úø éπ™„-éπd®˝í¬ÖçúËC – éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ á°æ¤púÓ îÁ°æpúøç ™‰ü¿’).

2) For being at a place or in some positionfrom sometime in the past and continuingtill now or even now (í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç¶μº¢Á’iÉçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬ Öçúøôç.)

Eg: a) Vinaya has been here for the past twohours. (N†ßª’ Ééπ\úø í∫ûª -È®çúø’ í∫çô-©’í¬ ÖçC – Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ í∫çô© éÀçü¿-ôv§ƒ®Ωç-¶μº¢Á’i, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬).

b) Bhaskar has been in Hyderabad since2011 (¶μ«Ææ \®˝ 2011 †’ç* £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ÖØ√oúø’ – Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Å¢Ìya, Éçé¬Å¢Ìya).

3) For being at a place just a while ago (éÌCléπ~ù«© éÀçü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçúøôç).

Eg: a) Anand has been here till a few sec-onds ago (éÌCl éπ~ù«© éÀçü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊džçü˛ Ééπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’.)

b) Nritya has just been here, where hasshe gone? (†%ûªu Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úË ÖçC.É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-RxçC?)

Had been: This is also a 'be' form and so talksof being (Öçúø-ö«Eo ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç).

It talks of the earlier of two past states ofbeing (í∫ûªç™ äéπ-üΔ-E-éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’†o N≠æ-ߪ÷EoûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC).Eg: a) He had been a lecturer before he was an

IAS officer (Åûª†’ âà-áÆ Ç°∂‘-Ææ-®˝í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’í∫ûªç™ – É°æ¤p-úø-ûª†’ âà-áÆ Ç°∂‘-Ææ-®˝í¬ èπÿú≈™‰úø’, Åçûª-èπ◊- ·çü¿’ ™„éπa-®Ω-®˝í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’).

b) Sneha had been in Hyderabad, beforeshe moved to America. (ÊÆo£æ« Å¢Á’-J-鬢Á-∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ -´·çü¿’, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ ÖçúËC).www.eenadupratibha.net

'-≤ÚpÈé-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ— §ƒ-ûª Ææç-*éπ-© éÓÆæç -îª÷-úøç-úÕ..

- Prahallad.

Q: Sir, please explain briefly about relativepronouns with examples.

A: A relative pronoun joins or relates/ con-nects two clauses - that, which, who,whom, whose are relative pronouns.

★ Hari is the man who is responsible for mytroubles. ('Who' here connects the twoclauses - Hari is the man, and, he is respon-sible for my troubles).

★ This is the book which I wanted to buy.('Which' connects the two clauses, this isthe book, and, I wanted to buy it).

★ He is the person whom she hates. ('Whom'connects the two clauses - He is the person,she hates him).

★ This is the opportunity that I have beenwaiting for. ('That' here connects the twoclauses: This is the opportunity, and, I havebeen waiting for it).

★ Hari is the man that the police have beensearching for. ('That' here connects the twoclauses, Hari is the man, and, the policehave been searching for him).

These are the relative pronouns and their use.

- Venu, Karimnagar.

Q: "I am done" is used very often.How is it correct according togrammar?If 'am' follows past participlethe sentence is in passive voice.Then the meaning in Telugubecomes '؈’ -îÁ--ߪ’u-•-ú≈f-†’'. Howis it correct?

A: I am done = I have finished my work.Grammatically, the sentence may not becorrect, and may not even give that mean-ing. But this is a point of usage, andgrammar rules do not apply to usage.(Usage = -¢√-úø’éπ - the way the speakers ofa language use certain words and expres-sions - sometimes not with their correctmeanings or even grammatically). Usageis more powerful than grammar / the dic-tionary.

'I am done' does not mean '؈’ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f†’—,but Ø√ °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·uçC. -Q: 'I am looking at the board' in passive

becomes... 'The board is being looked at(phrasal verb) by me'. Then what is the passive form for 'Citizen

should abide by traffic rules'. (Phrasal verb -'abide by') is it ....

'Traffic rules should be abided by by citizen.

(shouldn't we retain 'Abided by' andanother 'by').A: Yes, in the case of such a sen-

tence as the above, the part ofthe phrase 'by' should be fol-lowed by another 'by'.

Q: What is the passive form for'I am to do'? - Can we take it as'I am made to do' or 'It is to bedone by me' - Please explainwhich is correct.

A: 'It is to be done by me' is the correct pas-sive for 'I am to do.'

★ But there is something we should alwaysremember, that unless it is absolutely nec-essary, it is better to avoid passive voice.

★ For example, sentences like 'Traffic rulesshould be abided by, by citizens' soundsvery awkward, and are to be avoided, espe-cially when you can say in a more simpleand straightforward way, Citizens shouldabide by traffic rules.

- Mittu Varma.

Q: Sir, how can we improve our vocabulary?Any tips regarding that?

A: Just by reading the newspapers, and listen-ing to TV English newscasts. If possible,reading English novels will help improveyour vocabulary too.

M. SURESAN

- Swati, Guntur.

Q: Sir, could you explain Assertive sentenceand give some examples?

A: A statement, that is, a sentence whichsays something is an assertive sentence. Eg: a) He is my friend.

b) India is a large country. c) Amaravati is the capital of

Andhra Pradesh. Q: Sir, I don't know about phrases, give me

the example of each phrase with Telugumeaning?

A: A phrase is a group of words without averb. Eg: On her birth day, Every morn-ing, His coming home, etc. Refer to lastweek's lesson.

Q: What is improbable conditionals andimpossible conditionals? - please explain.

A: OöÀ í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ î√™« ≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jçî√ç. §ƒûª lessons îª÷ÊÆh ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.Å®·Ø√ ÉçéÌéπ-≤ƒJ N´-J-Ææ’hØ√oç.

★ Improbable conditional: It is properlycalled, present improbable - it talks of asituation that does not happen now.(É°æ¤púø’/ v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç*îÁ°æpúøç.)

Eg: a) If he were here, they would take hisadvice = He is not here, so there is noquestion of their taking his advice.(Åûª†’ Ééπ\úø Öçõ‰ – É°æ¤p-úø-ûª†’ Ééπ\úø ™‰-úø’,Öçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅûªE Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ = Åûª-E-éπ\úø ™‰-úø’, ÅûªE Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’éÓ-´-úø´‚ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.) - This is present improbable -(É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æߪ’ç) something thatdoes not happen in the PRESENT.

b) If his son got the job, he would be happy= No chance of his son getting the job,so there is no question of his beinghappy. (ÅûªE èπ◊´÷®Ω’úÕéÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç ®√ü¿’,®√´úø ’çô÷ ïJ-TûË, Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’.)

Éçü¿’™ verbs †’ í∫´’-Eç-î√L – the tensesof the verbs here are important. ★ There are two clauses here - the 'if' clause

(clause beginning with 'if', and the mainclause - the result of the 'if' clause).

★ If clause verb: Were (even for singular /the past simple (V2); Main clause - would/ should /could / might.

★ Impossible conditional = Imaginary Past(ÉC í∫ûªç – ïJ-T-§Ú-®·çC ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰á™« ÖçúËC? ï®Ω-í∫-EC, ïJT Öçõ‰ ᙫÖçúËC? ÅE ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊-ØËC – ´’†ç üΔEí∫’Jç* àç îËߪ’™‰ç, ÜJÍé ņ’-éÓ-´úøç ûª°æp.)

Eg: a) If she had been here at that time, hermother would have been happy. (Ç Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø’çõ‰, Ç¢Á’ ûªLx ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îËC = Ç¢Á’ ™‰-ü¿’, Ç¢Á’ ûªLx ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-÷™‰ü¿’.)

b) If he had bought the car then he wouldhave got it very cheap. (Å°æ¤p-úø-ûª†’ Çé¬®Ω’- éÌ-†’çõ‰, Åûªúø’ üΔEo î√™« î¯éπí¬§ÒçC ÖçúË-¢√úø’ = Å°æ¤púøûª†’ é̆†÷ ™‰-ü¿’,Åûª-EéÀ ÅC ®√†÷ ™‰ü¿’.)

c) If he had been consulted, some goodadvice would have been given. (Åûª†’Ææçv°æCç--îª-•-úÕ Öçõ‰, ´’ç* Ææ©£æ… --É--´y-•-úÕÖç-úËC. -´÷-´‚-©’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ Åûª†’Ææçv°æCç* Öçõ‰, ´’ç* Ææ©£æ… üÌJ-èπ◊ç-úËC).

★ The tenses of the verbs here: 'If' clauseverbs - had been / had + PP / had been +PP (passive).

- Bharath Adepu.

Q: 1) I am In love. 2) We are loving.3) We made love. 4) Love making.

Which one is right? What is the differenceamong them?A: Correct sentences...

1) I am in love = I am in love with some-body (now).

2) We are loving - Wrong; 'love' is notused in the 'am/ is/ are + ing' form.

3) We made love = we had sex. 4) Love making = having sex with some-

body.

- G. Krishna Swamy.

Q: 1) The birds eat fruits.The birds do eat fruits.

2) The birds have two legs.The birds do have two legs

Sir, please explain the difference of abovetwo sentences?A: 1) Birds eat fruits (not, 'The birds' because

you are talking about birds in general) =Birds do eat fruits. However, when yousay, 'Birds do eat fruits,' you stress thepoint that they eat fruits. (ÅN °æçúøx†’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Açö«®·/ áçü¿’èπ◊ A†´‹ – Açö«®· –ÅE ØÌéÀ\ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ do eat Åçö«ç).

2) Here again, you stress the point that theyhave two legs. (Å™«Íí Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °æèπ~◊-©èπ◊ÖçúËC È®çúø’ é¬∞Ïx – È®çúø’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÉçÈéEo ÅEØÌéÀ\ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ do have Åçö«ç).

★ One more Eg: I do like mangoes = Ø√èπ◊´÷N’úÕ °æçúø’x áçü¿’èπ◊ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈É≠æd¢Ë’.

Has been/ had been-... ----ûË-ú≈?

-ØÌéÀ\ -îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ 'do' eat...