816 Black Oak DriveMedford, OR 97504(541) 773-7877

Preston CarneyCorey Cattanach

Emma DautermanCody Holliday

Anne OurslerNolan PeardDashton PecciaMonika RuppeKayla Stevenson

Anna Thorndike

The

SMARTS

Apollo 17 Landing Site: Comparison of the Geology

with Petrology and M3 Spectroscopy

Outline

1. Location· Taurus Littrow Valley· Drawing the Map (Triangulation)· Site Numbers2. Background· Reflectance Spectroscopy· M3 Data· Weathering· Maturity3. Known Minerals and Baselines4. 3 Regions (South Massif, North Massif, Mare) and Outliers:5. Mineral Mixing Model: Breccias6. Pine Mountain

Our Project• Objective: To compare petrology,

mineralogy, and reflectance spectroscopy at the Apollo 17 landing site using the M3 data to better understand the geological makeup of the area.

• Apollo 17 landing site located in theTaurus-Littrow Valley.

Why did Apollo 17 go to Taurus-Littrow?

• Soils were thought to be ancient highland material

• Volcanic cinder cones indicate a young age• To determine the age of the mare• The LEM could land safely• Primary objectives can be completed

Drawing The MapTriangulation

2 km 2 km

Fig. 2 Lunar OrbiterApollo_17_5c.jpg

Fig. 1M3G20090107T011405750 nm albedo reflectance

Triangulation - The ProcessA. Looked for common features (red arrows)B. Reference 3 lines and plot a point where the 3 lines intesect on the new image (green lines)

Lunar OrbiterApollo_17_4_lbl.jpg

Lunar OrbiterApollo_17_4.jpg

Reflectance

• When light hits an object, some of it is absorbed into the object and some of it is reflected off.

Spectroscopy

• Whether a photon is reflected, absorbed, or passes through the material is dependent on the composition and structure of that material and on the energy of the photon.

• By analyzing the light reflected from the moon we can tell the composition of the soil.

Reflectance Spectroscopy• The light is split into its full spectrum.

• Data is graphed as light reflected per wavelength.

• Remove the continuum to better observe the spectral features.

Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)

• 85-band imaging spectrometer• One of the six guest instruments on the

Indian Mission Chandrayaan-1 • It's objective: To map the mineralogy of the

lunar crust.

Five Known Minerals• Olivine• Clinopyroxene (cpx)• Orthopyroxene (opx)• Anorthosite• Ilmenite

OPX Absorption930, 1900 nm

CPX Absorption1000, 2200 nm

The Four Soils for which we have

Mineralogy, Chemistry, and Spectroscopy Data

Maturity measurement based on Is/FeO level:71061- 14 71501- 35 70181- 47 79221- 81

Effects of maturity and weathering on spectra:

Reddening (positive spectral slope)Weaker absorption bands

Sample GraphsOrthopyroxene

1000 nm 2050 nm 1020 nm 2150 nm

Clinopyroxene

Site 1 Spectra

990 nm 2150 nm

1000 nm 2080 nm 1050 nm 2180 nm

Petrology (in %) 71061/71501Plagioclase 13.9/16.5Clinopyroxene 21.0/17.0Orthopyroxene 0/.6Olivine 3.9/3.6Ilmenite 10.4/12.3sources: Charles Meyer #20-45 split

Heiken and McKay

Site 9 Spectra

1000 nm 2050 nm

1000 nm? 2080 nm

Petrology (in %) 79221Plagioclase 16.9Clinopyroxene 6.0Orthopyroxene 7.3Olivine 4.8Ilmenite 7.3sources:Charles Meyer #20-45 splitHeiken and McKay

Site 0 Spectra

2150 nm1020 nm

1000 nm 2150 nmPetrology (in %) 70181Plagioclase 8.9Clinopyroxene 10.3Orthopyroxene 0.3Olivine 3.6Ilmenite 8.9sources:Charles Meyer #20-45 splitHeiken and McKay

Putting it all TogetherThe Three Geologic Regions of the Taurus-Littrow Valley:

South Massif, North Massif, and Mare

North Massif

South Massif

Mare

M3 Spectra:How the Spectra Reflects the Three Geologic Region

M3 Spectra:How the Spectra Reflects the Three Geologic Regions

South Massif

North Massif

Mare

South Massif Area Location

South MassifApollo 17 Sample Sites 2 and 3

South Massif

North Massif Area and Sample Site 4 Location Map

Maturity of Site 4 (51), Site 6 (45-58), and Site 7 (80)

Site 4 870 nm 2123 nmSite 6 890 nm 2123 nmSite 7 900 nm 2132 nm

Mare Area Location Map

Mare AreaApollo 17 Sample Sites 1, 5, 0

Maturity of Site 1 (14-35), Site 5 (33), and Site 0 (47)

Site 0 990 nm 2132 nmSite 1 1010 nm 2163 nmSite 5 1010 nm 2132 nm

Sample Sites 8 and 9 Location Map

Apollo 17 Sample Sites that Lie Outside the Three Main Spectral Trends:Sample Sites 8 and 9

The Maturity of Site 8 (93)and Site 9 (81)

Site 8 890 nm 1953nmSite 9 930 nm 2000nm

Sample Sites 8 and 9: How does the mineralogy effect the albedo and spectrum?

Site 8

Petrology

Plagioclase 7.3Clinopyroxene 9.0Orthopyroxene --Olivine 0.6Ilmenite --

Other ObservationsDespite its rating of very mature, site 8 has a higher albedo than other North Massif samples due to a mineral composition deficient in opx, olivine and ilmenite.

Site 9

Petrology

Plagioclase 6.9Clinopyroxene 6.5Orthopyroxene --Olivine --Ilmenite 1.3Other Observations

Darker than 6,7,8 because of the presence of ilmenite and its' very mature rating. It is brighter than other mare basalts because of the increase level of plagioclase and decreased level of ilmenite. It differs from other mare basalts because it is comprised of opx.

Future Projects and ResearchLinear Spectral Unmixing

Due to the lack of time and of complete soil mineral composition data and spectra for the same soil samples from the Apollo 17 mission, we plan to continue this investigation by determining the spectral endmembers representative of the compositional endmenbers by using the modal mineralogy of breccias from each of the 10 sites to approximate the soil mineralogy.

Breccias• Breccias are congealed fragments of lunar soil.• Most Apollo missions collected regolith

breccias, a type of breccia composed of regolith.

• The breccias provide • great models for the• mineralogy of the lunar sites.

BrecciaThe breccias provide great models for the mineralogy of the lunar sites.

Continuation of Research

Image courtesy of Nolan Peard

Acknowledgments• Georgianna Kramer• Andrew Shaner• Jerry Burke• Paula Stenberg • Kevin Keating• Jeremiah Lewman

References:• "Impact Cratering." Lunar Planetary Institute. Web. 13 Feb. 2012.

<http://www.lpi.usra.edu/nlsi/education/hsResearch/resources/ImpactCratering.pdf>.• “The Scientific Legacy of Apollo”. Jeffrey Taylor. 1994. Scientific American; 271, 1, 40-47.• Cohen, Barbara A. "PSRD Hot Idea: Lunar Meteorites and the Lunar Cataclysm." Planetary Science Research Discoveries |

PSRD. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. <http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Jan01/lunarCataclysm.html>.• "Apollo 17 Samples Data Sheets." Handbook of Lunar Soils. Vol. 67. Houston, 1983. 653-62. Handbook of Lunar Soils.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Web.• Meyer, C. 79121. (2010). Rep. Lunar Sample Compendium. Web.• Taylor, Lawrence A., Carle Pieters, Lindsay P. Keller, Richard V. Morris, David S. McKay, Allan Patchen, and Susan

Wentworth. "The Effects of Space Weather on Apollo 17 Mare Soils: Petrographic and Chemical Characterization."Meteoritics and Planetary Science 36 (2001): 285-99. Web.

• "Apollo 17 Traverse Map." Map. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lunar Photomap. Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center. Web.

• Kramer, Georgiana. "Lunar Spectroscopy." Teleconference. St. Mary's School, Medford, OR. Lecture.• Meyer, C. 70181. Rep. Lunar Sample Compendium, 2010. Web.• Meyer, C. 71041, 71061. Rep. Lunar Sample Compendium, 2010. Web.• Meyer, C. 71501 and 71520. Rep. Lunar Sample Compendium, 2010. Web.• Shkuratov, Yurij G., Vadym G. Kaydash, and Nickolaj V. Opanasenko. "Iron and Titanium Abundance and Maturity Degree."

Astronomical Observatory of Kharkov State University (1999): 1-13. Web.• Kramer, G. Y., et al. (2011), Newer views of the Moon: Comparing spectra from Clementine and the Moon Mineralogy

Mapper, J. Geophys. Res., 116, E00G04, doi:10.1029/2010JE003728.• "Apollo 17 Mission." Lunar and Planetary Institute. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Web.

<http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_17/landing_site/>.• "Chandrayaan India's Moon Mission." Chandrayan Mission. Web. <http://www.chandrayaan-i.com/index.php>.• Clark, Roger N. "USGS Spectroscopy Lab - About Reflectance Spectroscopy." USGS Spectroscopy Lab. United States

Geological Survey, 13 Nov. 1998. Web. <http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/aboutrefl.html>.• Dumoulin, Jim. "Apollo-17 (33)." NASA Apollo Mission Apollo-17. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 29 June

2001. Web. <http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo-17/apollo-17.html>.• Goettsch, Michael, Jane McCamant, Ann Peterson, Mark Robinson, Jonathan Smith, Samsurin Welch, and Mel Ulmer.

"Reflectance Spectroscopy Lab." Space Exploration Resources, School of Earth and Space Exploration, ASU. Northwestern University Center for Planetary Sciences and Academic Technologies. Web. <http://ser.sese.asu.edu/SPECTRA/>.

• Head, James W. "Morphology and Structure of the Taurus-Littrow Highlands(Apollo 17): Evidence of Their Origin and Evolution." The Moon 9.3-4 (1974): 355-95. SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System. Web.

References (continued):• "Lunar Mare." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Feb. 2012. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_mare>.• Lundeen, Sarah, and Mary White. "M3 - Moon Mineralogy Mapper." Moon Mineralogy Mapper. National Aeronautics and Space

Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Web. <http://moonmineralogymapper.jpl.nasa.gov/>.• Norman, Marc. "The Oldest Moon Rocks." Planetary Science Research Discoveries. Lunar and Planetary Institute, and Australian

National University, 21 Apr. 2004. Web. <http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html>.• Rhodes, J. M., K. V. Rodgers, C. Shih, B. M. Bansal, L. E. Nyquist, H. Wiesmann, and N. J. Hubbard. "The Relationships between Geology

and Soil Chemistry at the Apollo 17 Landing Site." SAO/NASA ADS: ADS Home Page. SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System. Web. <http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1974LPSC....5.1097R>.

• "Rille." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Feb. 2012. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rille>.• Simon, Steven B., J. J. Papike, and J. C. Laul. "The Lunar Regolith: Comparative Studies of the Apoll and Luna Sites. Petrology of Soils

from Apollo 17, Luna 16, 20, and 24." Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (1982): 371-88. SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System. Web. <http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1982LPSC...12..371S/0000371.000.html>.

• Taylor, G. Jeffrey. "PSR Discoveries: Hot Idea: Origin of the Earth and Moon." Planetary Science Research Discoveries. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, 31 Dec. 1998. Web. <http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Dec98/OriginEarthMoon.html>.

• Taylor, G. Jeffrey. "Time to Solidify an Ocean of Magma." Planetary Science Research Discoveries. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, 25 Mar. 2009. Web. <http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Mar09/magmaOceanSolidification.html>.

• Taylor, G. Jeffrey. "Wandering Gas Giants and Lunar Bombardment." Planetary Science Research Discoveries. Ha, 24 Aug. 2006. Web. <http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug06/cataclysmDynamics.html>.

• Williams, David R. "Clementine Project Information." Clementine Project. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center, 7 Nov. 2011. Web. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/clementine.html>.

• Dhingra, D., C. M. Pieters, P. Isaacson, M. Staid, J. Mustard, R. Klima, L. A. Taylor, G. Kramer, and J. Nettles. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2010. Rep. Lunar Planetary Institute. Web. <http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2010/pdf/2494.pdf>.

• Handbook of Lunar Soils. Vol. 67. Houston: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1983. 325-462. Lunar Planetary Institute. Web. <http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/surface/8LunarGrainApollo17.pdf>.

• Sitko, Michael L. The Electromagnetic Spectrum. University of Cincinnati. Print.• Taylor, L. A., C. Pieters, A. Patchen, R. V. Morris, L. P. Keller, S. Wentworth, and D. S. McKay. Apollo 17 Soil Characterization for

Reflectance Spectroscopy. Rep. Web. <http://www.lpi.usra.edu//meetings/moon99/pdf/8041.pdf>.• Wilhelms, D. "5. Mare Materials." The Geologic History of the Moon. Vol. 1348. United States Geological Survey, 1987. 85-102. Print.• Wilhelms, D. "6. Structure." The Geologic History of the Moon. Vol. 1348. United States Geological Survey, 1987. 107-15. Print.• Wilhelms, D. "7. Relative Ages." The Geologic History of the Moon. Vol. 1348. United States Geological Survey, 1987. 123-33. Print.• Moon Mineralogy Mapper Data and Images provided by Georgiana Kramer.