80. Anacardiaceae 289

80. ANACARDIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. seldom climber, often with acrid and sometimes milky juice. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound, estipulate. Inflorescences various, but mostly paniculate; flowers small, regular, unisexual or bisexual; calyces 3- to 6-parted, sometimes accrescent, petals 3-6, alternate with sepals, free, imbricate or valvate in bud, seldom wanting; disc flat, cup­shaped or annular, entire or lobed, rarely obsolete; stamens 3-6 or twice number of petals. rarely fewer or solitary, inserted under, rarely on the disc; filaments usually subulate; anthers 2-celled, attached at base or on back; ovaries superior, 1- or 2- to 6-celled, often rudimentary in staminate flowers; styles 1-6; stigmas subsessile; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruits usually 3- to 5-celled and as many seeded drupes; seeds without albumen.

Genera 70, species 680, chiefly tropical; 14 genera and 50 species in the Phi lippines .

1. Leaves simple 2. Fruits without hypocarpia

3. Stamens 5, 1 fertile, the rest sterile; fruits 5 cm long or more, edible ... ... .. ... ... .. .... . . .. . .. ... .. .... .. .. .. ... . .. ... . . .. .. .. ... ....... ... ... 1. Mangifera

3. Stamens 8-10; fruits 1.5 cm long or less, not edible ....... 2. Buchanania 2. Fruits with hypocarpia

4. Fruits ferrugineous .......... .. ............ .. ...... . ..... .. ........ 3. Oncocarpus 4. Fruits glabrous

5. Stamens 7 -10, usually longer than the rest; hypocarpium 5 cm long or more .. . .. . .......... .. ....... .... ............ .. ................. 4. Anacardium

5. Stamens 4 or 6, hypocarpium up to 2 cm long or less .................. . ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... .. . .. .. ...... ... .. . .. . ... ... ......... 5. Semecarpus

1. Leaves compound 6. Leaf rachis narrowly winged between leaflets; drupes red, 4-8 mm long

or less .... .. .. .. .. ... ...... ....... .. .. ..... .. .. ..... ...... .... .... ...... .. . 6. Schinus 6. Leaf rachis otherwise; drupes yellow to orange, 1.5 cm long or more

7 Endocarps thin and crustaceous, with solitary, large seeds ............ . ... ... ... . . . ...... .. .. .. .. ................. .. ......... .. .. . 7. KoorderslOdendron

7. Endocarps thick and bony, with encrusted, small seeds 8. Styles united at apex, ovary usually 3, scattered ...................... ..

................ ... ... ... ... . ......... .. .. ............ .. ............ 8. Dracontome/on 8. Styles free at apex; ovary usually 4- or 5-celled, 1-ovu led,

radially set .. .. .... .... .................... . . ... ........ .. . ..... 9. Spondias

1. MANGIFERA Linnaeus

Trees with dense crown. Leaves alternate, simple. entire, coriaceous Flowers small, 4- to 6-merous, bisexual or unisexual in terminal panicles; pedicels articulate subtended by small, deciduous bracts; calyces 4- to 5-partite,

290 80. Anacardiaceae

segments imbricate, deciduous; petals 4 or 5, rarely 6, free or adnate to disc, imbricate; stamens 5, 1 fertile, others sterile and smaller, or nearly obsolete; ovaries sessile, 1-celled, oblique; styles lateral; ovules pendulous, funicle basal, inserted on side of cell above base, rarely horizontal. Drupes large, fleshy, skin smooth, leathery, somewhat compressed or subcylindric; seeds flattel1ed or subcylindric, large, fibrous or nearly smooth,

Species 53, Ceylon, India, the Himalayas, Yenan, Indochina through Malesia; 7 in the Philippines,

1. Stamens solitary, without staminodes,."" "", . .. ,. . . .. . , .. 1. M altissima 1. Stamens 5, with 4 staminodes

2. Flowers yellowish wh ite; endocarp yellow or orange; pyrene rather th ick-walled ..... "." .. ,', ....... ...................... " ..... . , "" 2, M indica

2, Flowers pale lilac; endocarp white; pyrene thin-walled .. , .... , 3. M caesia

1. Mangifera altissima Blco" FL Filip, 181, 1837; ed, 2, 129, 1845; ed, 3, 1: 230, 1877; Merr" En, Philip, 2: 467, 1923; D, Angeles, PROSEA 2: 206, ( s,n" 1991,

Trees large, 10-35 (-55) m tall; trunk 35-100 cm diameter, with angular or ridged branches and prominent leaf scars, Leaves glabrous, alternately g rou ped toward ends or in subwhorls, elliptic to oblong-Ianceolate, 20 x 6 cm, subacute to sharply acuminate, base attenuate, lucidulous, paler beneath; petioles 2-5 cm long, compressed, Panicles erect, glabrous, branched from base, usually equaling foliage; flowers mostly clustered, pedicelled; calyces greenish; flowers acutely pointed, pale white petals ovately thickened, Fruits 5 cm fong, short­ellipsoid and somewhat compressed,

Native to the Solomon Islands, New Britain, New Guinea (north and west), Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi, Moluccas, and the Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Samar); in forests at low altitudes; also found in backyards in large numbers, In Mt. Makiling , Luzon, cultivated in the University nursery,

Com, name - Pahutan (Sbl., Tag.). Exsicc, - Pancho CA 20236 (CAHP),

2, Mangifera indica L, Sp, PI. 200, 1753; Merr, En. Philip. 2: 468, 1923; MukherJi, Lloydia 12: 83, 1949; Verheij, PROSEA 2: 211, (s,n, 1991.

Trees large, Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, 18 x 5 cm, stout midrib with about 20 pairs of pinnate nerves, sharply acute to acuminate, base obtuse; petioles 3 cm long. Panicles solitary or few at twig ends, often shorte r than foliage, usually pubescent; flowers yellowish white, clustered toward ends of branchlets, short-stipitate; calyces 5-lobed: petals as many as calyx, glabrous, nearly twice as long as calyx; stamens 5, usually 1 fertile; pistil abortive in male flowers,style

80. Anacardiaceae 291

lateral; stigma simple. Fruit a fleshy drupe, very variable in shape, size and color, usually ovoid-oblongoid, up to 30 x 10 cm, very unequal-sided, yellowish green to reddish; exocarp fairly thick, gland-dotted; edible mesocarp variable, yellow to orange, fibrous or free of fibers, juicy and sweet to turpentine flavored; endocarp thick, woody and fibrous. Seed inside endocarp, mooo- or poly­embryonic, not labyrinthine.

Supposedly originated in the Indo-Burma region and in the subtropics; now distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres; widely cultivated throughout the Philippines for its edible fruits.

Com. name - Mango (Engl.) . Exsicc. - Gates CA 4678; Valdez CA 1671; Pancho CA 3037 (CAHP).

3. Mangifera caesia Jack in Roxb., FI. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 441, 1824; Merr. , En. Philip. 2: 468,1923; MukerJi, Lloydia 12: 126, 1949; Bompard, PROSEA 2: 207, 1991. - M. verticillata C.B. Rob., Philip. J. Sc. 6 (Bol.): 337,1911. - M. caesia Jack var. verticil/ata (C.B. Rob) Mukerji, Lloydia 12: 128, 1949.

Trees, up to 30 m high or more. Leaves subverticillate, obovate-oblong, 12-30 x 5-8 cm, stout midrib with 25-35 pairs of nerves, shortly and obtusely acuminate, base attenuate; petioles 1-2 cm long. Panicles erect, tawny­tomentose, 30-40 cm long; flowers pale lilac, 1 cm long; bracteoles broad, elliptic, 2 mm long, densely pubescent outside, polygamous; sepals 5, 2-3 x 1 mm; petals 5, ad nate to disc, linear, 8 x 1 mm; stamens 5, only 1 fertile, shorter than petals; staminodes minute; ovaries 1-celled, obliquely ovoid; styles subterminal, longer than petals. Drupes obovate-oblong, 18-20 x 9-1 0 cm, right shoulder or bulge above, slig htiy broader towards base; sarcocarp white; pyrene thin-walled.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Apparently indigenous in Mindanao, Philippines; in forests at low altitudes; in MI. Makiling, Luzon, cultivated on the University campus.

Com. name - Balunos (Bik.). Exsicc. - Ballesteros CA 8001; Novero CA 8118; Pancho CA 3450;

Pancho & Paysan CA 3452, 3453 (CAHP)

3. BUCHANANIA Sprengel

Trees. Leaves simple, thick, coriaceous, petioled. Panicles or corymbs near twig apices, crowded; flowers small, perfect, whitish, sessile or short­pedicellate; calyx short, persistent, roundly 3- to 5-lobed or toothed, imbricate; petals 4 or 5, oblong, ultimately recurved, imbricate; stamens 8-1 0, free, inserted around orbicular disc, 5-lobulate; filaments linear or subulate toward top; ovaries 5, free, 4 empty, subglabrous, fifth 1-ovuled, appressed-hairy; styles columnar;

292 80. Anacardiaceae

stigmas truncate. Drupelets lenticular, orbicular-cordate, tipped by style base; seeds gibbous.

Species 30, tropical Asia, Australia and Polynesia; 6 in the Philippines.

1. Panicles narrowly elongated, puberulent; flowers subsessile; fruits 1 cm wide. . .. . .. .. .. . ... . .... . .... .. ... ... .. .... ... ... ... . .. . .. .. .. .. .... ... ........... 1. B. nitida

1. Panicles spreading, glabrous; flowers pedicellate; fruits less than 1 cm wide ......... ............ ....... .. .. . ..... . .......... ....... .. ............ 2. B. arborescens

1. Buchanania nitida Eng!. in DC., Mon. Phan. 4: 193, 1883; Merr., En. Philip 2 466, 1923.

Trees. Leaves densely crowded terminally, obovately oblong, 30-40 x 9-12 cm, stout midrib ridged with 25 pairs of nerves, rounded at apex with short-acute point, attenuate toward base; petioles short, stout, com pressed; bud bracts thick, pubescent. Panicles shorter than foliage, narrowly elongated peduncles compressed, stout and elongate, puberulent; flowers whitish, glabrate, clustered toward ends of short branches, subsessile and bract­subtended. Fruits 1 cm wide, reddish brown, short-stalked, hard, smooth.

Throughout the Philippines, in primary forests at low altitudes; In Mt. Makiling, Luzon, in open woods, up to 450 m

Com. name - Balitantan (Tag.). Exsicc. - Gates & Catalan CA 1663 (CAHP); Whitford BF 20058, 1237837

(US).

2. BuchananiaarborescensB!., Mus. Bot. Ludg,-Bat. 1: 183, 1850; Li, Woody FI. Taiwan 445, f. 172, 1963. Figure 91

Trees. Leaves obtuse or obtusely acuminate, 5-30 x 2-8 cm, conspicuous midrib with 10-30 pairs of nerves, obtuse or rounded, base acute or decurrent; petioles 1-3 cm long. Panicles not exceeding foliage, spreading, glabrous; flowers dingy white, pedicellate; calyces broadly toothed; petals 5 or as many as calyx teeth, much longer, oblong. Fruits short-stalked, smooth, less than 1 cm across, dull red.

Burma, Taiwan, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Timor and Celebes. Throughout the Philippines, in second-growth forests at low and medium altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, at 30 to 350 m.

Com. name - Balinghasai (Tag .). Exsicc. - Ballesteros CA 2886, 1098; Champhaka CA 8853; Oesampero

CA 10951; Guantes CA 10087; Hernaez CA 1246; Novero CA 8117; Orlido CA 10947, 10948, 10949, 10950; Pancho CA 10037, 10274, 10275*; Siapno CA 1661; Valencia CA 4676; Velasco CA 1662, 9983(CAHP); Elmer897734; Tamesis 711188; Whitford 902239 (US).

80. Anacardiaceae 293

Figure 91 Buchanania arborescens: 1. flowering and fruiting branch; 2. flower; 3 flower, vertical section; 4. stamen; 5. ovary, cross section; 6. drupe; 7. seed, 2 views.

294 80. Anacardiaceae

3. ONCOCARPUS A Gray

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate. simple. coriaceous Inflorescences terminal or subterminal, paniculate; flowers bisexual; calyx tube hemispheric, short-lobed or 5- toothed; petals 5, valvate, glabrous on inner side; stamens 5, inserted upon disc margin; ovaries pubescent. i-celled, with traces of invagination or spuriously many-celled; style apical, base entire, top 3-lobed . Hypocarpium elongate, pyriformly thickened, longitudinally rugose at maturity, apex irregularly sulcate, obovoid, larger than base, often appearing oblique or irregularly rugose in subnormal ones, reSinOUS, pedicel short, ovary solitary, pendulous.

Species 6 or 7, Polynesia; 4 in the Philippines.

1. Oncocarpus trachyphylla (Perk.) Merr .. En. Philip . 2 476, 1923. - Semecarpus trachyphylla Perk, Fragm. FI. Philip. 29, 1904. - Oncocarpus ferruginea C. B. Rob., Philip. J. Sc. 6 (Bot.): 340,1911.

Trees small or large, erect. Leaves obovately oblong, 15 x 5 cm, midrib pronounced with 10 pairs of nerves, obtuse to abruptly acute, broad Iy cuneate at base; petioles 2 cm long, stout. Staminate inflorescences narrowly elongate, pistillate widely branched; staminate flowers sessile, subtended by broad bracts, pistillate slender, pedicelled; petals roundedly elongate. Fruits 2-3 cm long , densely ferruginous, obconic, rugose with sunken apex, hypocarpium scarcely one-third as long as fruit and thick.

Throughout the Philippines, in primary forests at low altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, in open wooded areas up to 450 m.

Com. name - Malaligas (Tag.). Exsicc. - Pancho CA 20241, 20327 (CAH P).

4. ANACARDIUM Linnaeus

Trees small. Leaves simple, alternate, entire, coriaceous. Panicles terminal. bracteate; flowers small, polygamous; calyces 5-parted, segments erect, imbricate, deciduous; petals 5, linearly lanceolate, recurved, imbricate; disc erect, filling base of calyx; stamens 7-10, usually 9, all fertile, 1 longer than the rest filaments short and ad nate to disc: ovaries obovoid; styles filiform, excentric, bearing short stigmas; ovules solitary, ascending from a lateral funicle. Seed portion of fruits kidney-shaped, compressed, seated upon a large, pyriform, fleshy hypocarpium; peri carp cellular, oleiferous.

Species 8, Tropical America; 1 in the Philippines.

80. Anacardiaceae 295

1. Anacardium occidentale L., Sp. PI. 383,1573; Merr, En. Philip. 2: 469, 1923; van Eijnatten, PROSEA 2: 60, f. s.n., 1991. Figure 92

Trees small . Leaves elliptic to obovately elliptic, 10-20 x 5-9 cm, ridged midrib with 8-14 pairs of divaricate nerves, apex rounded or slightly retuse, broadly cuneate at base, shortly petioled. Panicles much-exceeding foliage, glabrate except cinereous flowers; calyces lanceolately segmented, subtended by similar bracts; petals larger than sepals, yellowish white, often with pink stripes; stamens about 9. Hypocarpium obovoid or pyriform, up to 7 cm long, dull yellow, juicy, kidney-shaped, 2 cm long.

Tropical America. Introduced and cultivated in the Philippines, occasionally spontaneous in waste fields nearvillages.

Com . names - Kasoy (Ibn., Tag.); Cashew (Engl.). Exsicc. - Cabantac CA 1659, Champhaka CA 8052; Espiritu CA

7034; Orlido CA 20393, 12383*; Pefia CA 8144 (CAHP) .

5. SEMECARPUS Linnaeus f.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves, simple, alternate, entire, chartaceous, short-petioled, tapering toward base, usually pale beneath. Inflorescences paniculate, terminal; flowers small, polygamous or unisexual; calyces 5- or 6-parted, segments deciduous; petals as many, imbricate; disc broad, annular; stamens 5 or 6, inserted at base of disc, 1 perfect in pistillate flowers; ovaries 1-celled, with 3 styles; ovules pendulous from basal funicle. Drupes fleshy, oblong or subglobose, up to 1.5 cm in length, oblique, terminal or seed portion upon a fleshty hypocarpium; pencarp with acrid resin.

Species 40, tropical Asia, Malaysia and Australia; 17 in the Philippines.

1. Branches few, thick; leaves 35 cm long; inflorescences lateral .. .... .......... . ..... ........ ........... ... ................ .... .. ..... ..... ....... ... ........... 1. S. /ongifolia

1. Branches numerous, not thick; leaves 25 cm long or less; inflorescences terminal 2. Leaves sharply acute .. ... . ... ..... ..... .. ...... .. ... ... ..... . 2. S. g/auciphylla 2. Leaves obtuse or rounded atapex

3. Foliage and inflorescences glaucous .. .... .. ..... .... ... 3. S. philipplllensis 3. Foliage and inflorescences pubescent ..................... 4. S. cuneiformis

1. Semecarpus longifolius BI., Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1: 188, 1850;Ding Hou, FI. Mal. ser. 1,8: 507,1978. - S. gigantifoliaVid., Sinopsis 22, t. 36, f. A. 1883; Li, Woody FI. Taiwan 451, f. 175, 1963.

Trees small, slender. Leaves terminally crowded, obovately oblong, larger ones 1 m x 30 cm, much paler below, thick midrib with 25 pairs of prominent nerves, abruptly acute to acuminate, cuneate to attenuate toward base; petioles short, thick. I nflorescences lateral or even cauline, elongate, clustered upon

296 80. Anacardiaceae

Figure 92. Anacardium occidentale: 1. flowering, branch; 2. fruit; 3. flower; 4. seed. (After Pancho 1983, with permission).

80. Anacardiaceae 297

ligneous protuberances, 10-30 cm long,glabrous; fbwers pale white, pedicelled, bract-subtended; petals acuminate, twice as long as 5-segmented calyces. Fruits glabrous, 3 cm long; pedicels 1-2 cm long; seed portion obliquely ellipsoid, yellowish; hypocarpium shiny, red, one-half as long as fruit.

Taiwan to Philippines, Moluccas, Sulawesi, E. Java and Lesser Sunda Islands. In forests at low altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, at 30 to 250 m.

Com. name - Manalu (Sul.). Exsicc. - Gates & Villamil CA 1601; Pancho CA 4346 (CAHP); Elmer

17495,1050288 (US).

2. Semecarpus glauciphyl/us Elm., Lean Philip. Bot. 4: 1501, 1912 (April 20); Merr., En. Philip. 2: 474,1923. - S. acuminatissima Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 7 (Bot.): 282, 1912 (November 15).

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves crowded, subwhorls, 20 x 5 cm, raised midrib with 12 pairs of nerves with ends usually interarching, sharply acute to subcaudate, gradually narrowed toward base, petioles 2-3 cm long. Inflorescences terminal, shorter than leaves or equaling them, glabrate; branches brown, smooth, basal ones largest; flowers dingy white, puberulent, short-pedicelled in small clusters, bract-subtended; infrutescences elongate. Fruits upon 5-15 cm long stalk, 2-3 cm long, hypocarpium much thinner, one­third as long as seed portion, the latter strongly oblique, compressed terminally.

Endemic. Throughout the Philippines, in forests at low altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, in open wooded areas at low altitudes.

Com. name- Masukal(Tag .). Exsicc. - Pancho CA 20334 (CAHP).

3. Eremecarpus phi/ippinensis Engl. in DC., Mon. Phan. 4: 481, 1883; Merr, En. Philip. 2: 475, 1923.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves oblanceolate, 18 x 6 cm, prominent midrib with 9-12 pairs of nerves, obtuse to subacute or rounded, narrowed toward base; petiole 3 cm long, canaliculated. Inflorescences terminal, glabrate, elongate, exceeding foliage, branches striate, basal ones largest; flowers white, glomerated, puberulent. Fruits 2-3 cm long, apical portion obliquely ellipsoid, hypocarpium turbinate; pedicels 1-2 cm long, brownish.

Throughout the Philippines, in forests at low and medium altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, in second-growth forests up to 450 m.

Com. name - Kamiring (Ilk.). Exsicc. - Pancho CA 20202 (CAHP).

298 80. Anacardiaceae

4. Semecarpus cuneiformis Blco., FI. Filip. 220, 1837; Merr., En. Philip. 2: 473, 1923.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves obovately oblong or lanceolate, 20 x 6 cm, chartaceous, grayish white beneath, stout midrib with 15-20 prominent divaricate nerves, obtuse-rounded and retuse, gradually toward rounded or cuneate base; petioles 1.25 cm long, pubescent. Inflorescences exceeding foliage, soft­pubescent, diffuse; flowers whitish, glomerate, 2.25 cm long, subsessile. Drupes shiny, small, oblique, ovoid, 1 cm long; hypocarpium fleshy, pyriform, as long as drupe, much thinner in dry state, glabrous.

Taiwan and Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Negros, Guimaras and Leyte). In dry thickets, primary and secondary forests in lowland, up to 600-700 m altitude, occasionally to 1200 m.

Com. name - Ligas (Pamp., Tag.). Exsicc. - Estioko CA 1677; Gates CA 1678, 1679; Huang CA 1680;

Pancho CA 8042; Rivera CA 3164 (CAHP); Gabot 33452 (PNH) , 2212487 (US); Tadelia 6053 (PNH), 2376114 (US); Steiner 508, 2376504 (US)

6. SCHINUS Linnaeus

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate. Simple or imparipinnate, rachis often winged. Flowers usually unisexual, regular, small, whitish, in terminal or axillary panicles; calyces 4-5, lobes imbricate; corolla lobes 4-5, oblong to elliptic, imbricate; stamens twice as many as corolla lobes, often unequal, inserted at base of annular disc; ovaries 1-celled; styles usually 3. Drupes oily, globose; seeds nutlet, lenticular.

Species 28, chiefly in South America; 1 in the Philippines.

1. Schinus terebinthifolia Reddi, Mem. Med. 18: 399, 1820; Degener, FI. Hawaiiensis 196, cum fig., 1946; Barkley, Lilloa 26: 35, 1957.

Shrubs or trees small and spreading. Leaves 10 cm long; petioles 1-2 cm long; leaflets 5-9 on slightly Winged rachis, lanceolate to elliptic, lower pair, 3-4 cm-long, short-petloled, upper subsessile to sessile, longer, terminal leaflet 5-7 cm long. Panicles axillary, much-branched, 15 cm long, puberulent; staminate flowers with calyces over 1 mm wide; corolla lobes usually 5, ovate, 2 mm long; stamens inserted in annular disc; filaments opposite corolla lobes, shorter, those alternate with them longer; anthers small, yellow; ovaries abortive, stigmas faintly 3-lobed; pistillate flowers with calyces, 2 mm wide; corolla lobes 5, ovate, 2 mm long; stamens aborted; filaments shorter than corolla lobes; ovaries seated on disc; styles 3; stigmas capitate. Fruits bright red, shiny, 4-5 mm across, with persistent black style; seeds reniform, yellowish.

Native of tropical America. In Mt. Makiling, Luzon, introduced recently on the University campus.

80. Anacardiaceae 299

Com. name - Christmas berry (Engl.). Exsicc. - Pancho CA 10387, 10388; Sufit CA 2989 (CAHP).

7. KOORDERSIODENDRON Engler

Trees large-sized. Leaves numerously crowded toward end of twig, imparipinnate, 30-50 cm long, glabrous; petioles one-third as long as leaves, terete, thickened at base; leaflets in 15 opposite pairs, paler beneath, those toward base usually reduced, narrowly oblong to lanceolate, frequently subfalcate, 3-10 cm, acuminate to subcaudate, obtuse at oblique base; margins wrinkled, midrib with 10-15 pairs of obscure nerves; petiolules very short. Inflorescences slenderly paniculate, shorter than leaves, glabrous, axillary or arising from among foliage; flowers scattered, short-pedlcelled, whitish, bract­subtended. Fruits ellipsoid, 3 cm long, flattened, long-stalked, green, glabrous; exocarp somewhat fleshy, thin endocarp crustaceous with soliltary, large, compressed seed.

A monotypic genus. Philippines, Celebes, Borneo to New Guinea.

1. Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blco.) Merr., Bull. Bur. For. Philip. 1: 33, 1903; En. Philip 2: 470,1923 -Helicterespinnata Blco., F!. Filip. 384, 1837. - Koordersiodendmn celebicum Eng!. ex Koord. in Medeb. Lands Plantent 19: 410,1898.

Characteristics (Refer to generic description).

Throughout the Philippines, in primary forests at low altitudes; in Mt. Maklling, Luzon, at 150-450 m.

Com. name-Amugis(Bik., C.Bis, Tag.) . Exsicc. - Gates CA 1668 (CAHP).

8. DRACONTOMELON* Blume

Trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate; leaflets opposite or alternate, entire with domatia. Panicles axillary or terminal; flowers small, pale white or greenish, bisexual; calyces 5-parted, imbricating segments conniving; petals 5, suberect. subvalvate; disc cup-shaped, crenulate; stamens 10, inserted at base of disc; ovaries sessile, 5-celled; styles 5, thick, erect, simulating ovaries, connate by their obtuse stigmatiferous tips; ovules solitary, pendulous in cells. Drupes subglobose, fleshy, tubercled above middle by style lobes; stones large, exceedingly hard, depressed, rugose, 2- to 5-celled, cells diverging, opening

-This is the original spelling, not Oraconfomelum

300 80. Anacardiaceae

through top of stone; seeds 3, small, usually compressed, scattering Species 7, Indo-Maleslan region; 2 in the Philippines.

1. Leaves and inflorescences glabrous ... .............. ....................... 1. O. dao 1. Leaves and inflorescences pubescent .. .. ... ... .............. .. ... .. .. .. 2. D. edule

1. Dracontomelon dao (Blco.) Merr. & Rolfe, Philip. J. Sc. 3 (Bot): 108, 1908; Merr., En. Philip 2: 471, 1923. - Paliurus dao Blco., FL Filip. 174,1837.

Trees large, buttressed. Leaves 10-30 cm long, 13-foliolate; leaflets opposite, 12 x 6 em, midrib with obscure anastomosing nerves, paler beneath, acute to acuminate, obtusely rounded at oblique base; petiolules short Panicles terminal, glabrate, shorter than foliage, branches alternate, scattering; flowers pale white, pedicelled; calyx segments oblong, united at base, shorter than petals; disc and ovary glabrous or nearly so. Fruits flattened, yellow when ripe, 2.5 em across; Juicy, sour leathery rind; endocarp hard, usually with 3 small, irregularly placed seeds.

Celebes and Moluccas. Throughout the Philippines, in forests at low altitudes; in Mt Makiling, Luzon, at 30 to 300 m.

Com. name - oao (Bik., P. Bis., S.-L. Bis., Tag.). Exsicc - Cabrera CA 4979; Cadiz CA 1665; Champhaka CA 8054;

Espiritu CA 7835; Pancho CA 10421; Reyes CA 2825; Velasco CA 1666; Villamil CA 1667 (CAHP); Rosenbluth & Tamesis BF 12770,711486 (US).

2. Dracontomelon edule (Blco.) Skeels, Bull. U.S. Dep. Agr. PI. Ind . 261: 52, 1912; Merr., En. Philip. 2: 471,1923. - Paliurus edulis Blco., FL Filip. 173,1837.

Trees large. Leaves 30-50 em long, 15-foliolale, rachis densely fulvous, thickened at base; leaflets oblong or basal smaller ones ovately oblong, 15-18 x 5 em, midrib prominent beneath with 10-14 pairs of ascendingly curved nerves, broadly rounded at base, subsessile. Panicles elongate, in uppermost leafaxils or terminal, olivaceous-soft-pubescent; flowers dingy white, pedicelled; calyx puberulent, united at tru ncate base, obtusely segmented; petals narrowly oblong, clawed, glabrous, nearly twice as long as calyx lobes; stamens equaling corolla; disc and ovary hairy. Fruits yellow, glabrous, compressed, 3-4 em across, endocarp hard. usually with 3 small, irregularly encrusted seeds.

Throughout the Philippines, in primary forests at low altitudes; in Mt Makiling, Luzon, at 30 to 450 m.

80. Anacardiaceae 301

Com. name - Lamio (Tag.). Exsicc. - Foxworthy's collector S.n. 1591451; Elmer 8307,85429; Villamil

BF 23121 . 1292330 (US); Sulit 2212343 (PNH), 2212343 (US)

9. SPONDIAS Linnaeus

Trees deciduous. Leaves pinnate, alternate, crowded at ends of branch lets; leaflets subopposite Panicles terminal, rarely fasciculate in axils; flowers small, bisexual or polygamous, pale yellowish white orslightly red; calyx minute, deciduous, 4- or 5-toothed; petals as many as calyx-lobes. spreading, subvalvate; disc cupular, broad, crenate; stamens 8-1 0, Inserted beneath disc; ovaries sessile, free, 4- or 5-celled; styles as many as ovaries, conniving; ovules slightly pendulous. Drupes fleshy, sour, subglobose or short-ellipsoid; stone large, hard, obscurely roughened, usually 4- or 5-celled, 1-ovuled, cells radially arranged around a small central aXIS, opening by canals through top of stone; seeds small, compressed.

Species 10, In Southeast tropical ASIa to South India and Malesia; 5 in the Philippines.

1. Leaflets without distinct intra-marginal nerves; ovaries with 1 carpel; wild .. . . .......................................................... ........... 1. S. philippinensis

1. Leaflets with distinct intra-marginal nerves; ovaries with 5 carpels; species cultivated 2. Inflorescences racemiform, not more than 15 cm long. lateral on

leafless branches, solitary or fasciculate ............... _ .... _ ... 2. S. purpurea 2. Inflorescences thyrsiform, usually more than 15 cm long, terminal,

paniculate 3. Inflorescences accompanied by mature leaves, fruits 2-3.5 cm

long, cavities alternating loculi ................................. 3. S. mombin 3 Inflorescences appearing before leaves or accompanied by young

leaves only; fruits 4-5 cm long, without cavities alternating with loculi 4. Flowers distinctly pedicellate; endocarp spinose ... _ .. .... 4. S. dulcis 4. Flowers subsessile; endocarp not spinose .................. 5 S. pinnata

1. Spondias phi/ippinensis (Elm.) Airy-Shaw & Forman , Kew Bull. 21( 1): 13-14, f. 2, 1967. - Pegia philippinensis Elm., Leafl . Philip . Bot. 8: 3100, 1919. - Phlebochiton philippinense (Elm.) Merr. , En. Philip. 2: 472, 1923. Solenocarpus philippinensis (Elm.) Kosterm., New and Crit. Malaysian Plants 3: 1, 1955; Jacobs, Acta Bot. Neerl. 10: 109, 1961.

Trees deciduous. Leaves alternate or subopposite, 10-20 cm long, 5- to 9- foliolate, leaflets oblong or smaller ovate, 8 X 3 cm, midrib prominent beneath with 5-7 obscure nerves, abruptly acute to acuminate, rounded at base,

302 80. Anacardiaceae

subsessile. Panicles terminal, developing before leaves, widely branched from base, shorter than foliage, glabrous, yellowish white; flowers pedicellate, bract­subtended; calyx short, teeth vestiges ciliate; petals 5, much longer, ultimately reflexed, lanceolately oblong; stamens about 10, free, ovaries glabrous; styles columnar. Fruits bluntly ellipsoid, subcompressed, 5-8 mm long, glabrous; endocarp crustaceous, 1-seeded, usually a trifle thicker above middle, juice sour. A very variable species

Sumatra to the Philippines and New Guinea (ct. Kostermans, I.e). In primary forests at low altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, at 100-350 m.

Com. name - Malasineguelas (Tag.). Exsicc. - Mabesa BF 26351,1294334,26778,1735326,24068,1375327;

Ramos BS 15130, 1376293; Elmer 17913, 1237425; Elmer 1236003 (US), phototype of Pegia philippinensis Elm. (CAHP).

2. Spondias purpurea L, Sp. PI. ed. 2, 613, 1762; Merr, En. Philip. 2: 471,1923; Airy-Shaw & Forman, Kew Bull. 216: 12, f. 2, 7-2,1967.

Leaves imparipinate. 15-25 cm long; leaflets 5-9 pairs, oblong-ovate. 5-7 cm long, midrib with 7-9 pairs of nerves, entire or subcrenate, acute, broadly obtuse at oblique base; petiolules short. Flowers solitary or fascicle in axils of fallen leaves, reddish, 3.25 mm long, upon jointed pedicels; stamens 10, in 2 unequal series. Fruits upon short, thick stalks, subglobose, 2.5 cm long. shiny, purplish, large stone with at least 5 radially arranged seeds.

Native of tropical America , now pantropic and widely grown for its edible fruits. Throughout the Philippines, in cultivation at low altitudes.

Com. name - Sineguelas (Tag.). Exsicc. - Pancho CA 20187, 20254, 20340 (CAHP).

3. Spondias mombin L., Sp. PI. 371, 1753: Backer and Bakh. f, FI. Jav. 2 151,1963. - S.lutea L, Sp. PI. ed. 2,613,1762-63.

Stems and main branches excrescent: branch lets glabrate or finely cinereous. Leaves up to 13- foliolate, up to 30 cm long. rachis glabrate or grayish pubescent beneath, imparipinnate; leaflets opposite, ovate to ovately oblong or lanceolate, 3-10 cm long, main midrib soft-ha iry, with 10-15 pairs of nerves, acuminate, rounded at oblique base; petiolules 5 mm long, pubescent Panicles spreading from base, exceeding foliage, glabrate or puberulent; flowers white, fragrant, short-pedicelled, subtended by minute bracts; calyx short. apiculate; petals oblong, ultimately reflexed; stamens 10, bearing versatile anthers; ovaries and connate styles glabrous Fruits subeilipsoid, 2 cm long, glabrous, yellow, upon stout stalks, large stone with 5 or more small seeds arranged about a central a XIS

80. Anacardiaceae 303

Tropical America Recently introduced in the University campus, Mt. Maklling, Luzon, Philippines.

Com. name - Hog plum (Engl.). Exsicc. - Gruezo&Hemaez CA 18230, 18231; Pancho CA 20285 (CAHP).

4 . Spondias dulcis Soland. ex Park., Jour. 30, 1773; Merr., Chron. Bot. 14(5-6): 360, pl. 91, 1934. - S cytherea Sonn., Voy. Ind. 11,222,1782; Ochase, FrUits Dutch East Ind. 19, pl. 8, 1931; Airy-Shaw & Forman, Kew Bull. 21: 10, f.2, 3-4, 1967.

Branchlets lenticellate. Leaves 20-30 cm long with 10-12 pairs of leaflets; leaflets elll ptic or lanceolate, 5-10 x 1 5-3 5 cm, entire or slightly serrate, acute on both ends; petiolules 5 mm long, narrowly winged. Panicles up to 35 cm long; flowers numerous; pedicols 2 mm long; calyx lobes acute, 1 mm long; petals 5, ovate, 5 x 1.5 mm, white: stamens 10, filaments 1.5-2 mm long; anthers 1 mm long, versatile; styles 5, erect Drupes ovoid, 7 cm long; exocarp fleshy, edible; endocarp large, rough.

Probably a native of Tahiti. Throughout Indo-Malesia, Indo-Australia, Polynesia and other tropical countries. Cultivated throughout the Philippines.

Com. name - Viapple (Engl.). Exsicc. - Pancho CA 3880 (CAHP).

5. Spondias pinnata (L f.) Kurz in Pegu, Report A, 44, 1875; Merr., Sp. Blanc. 233, 1918; Merr, En. Philip 2: 470, 1923 - Mangifera pinnata U, Suppl. 156, 1781.

Leaves imparipmnate, 9- to 15-foliolate; leaflets ovate to oblong, 10 x 3-4 cm, midrib conspicuous with numerous lateral neNes whose ends unite into a submarginal vein, pale green beneath, acuminate, rounded or slightly mequilateral base; petiolules short. Panicles terminal, equaling foliage, succulent. widely branched from base, smooth; flowers short-pedicelled, bract­subtended, scattered, pale or yellowish white; calyx toothed; petals reflexed; stamens 10; pistil glabrous. Fruits green or when fully ripe yellowish tinged, ellipsoid, 3 cm long, glabrous, large stone with 5 small seeds radially placed about the central axis.

India, Celebes, Java and Moluccas. Throughout the Philippines, in primary forests at low altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, at 50-350 m.

Com. name - Libas (Mag., P Bis., SuI., Tag.). Exsicc - Hernaez CA 26014: Pancho CA 20252, 20344 (CAHP).