8 - Introduction to HCI

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Lectures:

1. Introduction to HCI

2. Screen elements

3. Images

4. Screen layout


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HCI Definitions

...a discipline concerned with the design,

evaluation and implementation of interactive

computing systems and with the study ofmajor phenomena surrounding them. (ACM

SIGCHI, 1992)

...the study of people, computer technology

and the ways these influence each other.

...making computer technology more usable

by people.


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Development of HCI

2nd WW Weapons research

1950s Early computers: large,expensive, used by

experts

1980 PCs: small, cheap, ubiquitousonward


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A multidisciplinary subject

Cognitive

PsychologySocial &

Organisational

Psychology

Ergonomics

Engineering

DesignSocial

Sciences

Linguistics

Computer

Science

Artificial

Intelligence

HCI

Adapted from Preece p38


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Requires understanding of:

people

computer technology

how people interact with technology

what is meant by more usable


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Usability

Definition:

the capability in human functional terms

to be used easily and effectively by thespecified range of users, given specified

training and user support, to fulfil the

specified range of tasks within thespecified range of environment

scenarios.(Shackel, 1979)


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Usability

Usable technology is:

acceptable to the people

appropriate for the activities

suitable for the context


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4 Factors:

People (Users)

Activities (Tasks)

Context (Environment) Technology


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Organisational

and Social Context

People

Technology

Activities

Physical

Environment


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User Centred Design

Gould and Lewis 1975

Early focus on users and tasks

Empirical measurement

Iterative design


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User Centred Design Principles

Users tasks and goals are driving force behind

development

Users behaviour and context of use are studied and

the system is designed to support them

Users characteristics are captured and designed for

Users are consulted throughout the development and

their input taken into account

All design decisions are taken within the context of

the users, their work and the environment

(Preece et al 2002)


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User needs analysis/PACT

User characterisation orStakeholder

analysis

Primary users

Secondary users

Task analysis/description

Context Analysis

aka Situation Analysis, Environment

Analysis


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User Characterisation

user characteristics physical abilities and skills

general abilities

knowledge computer familiarity

naive

novice

skilled

expert

frequency of use casual


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Task description

Who?

What?

Where?

When?

How often?

Task dependencies


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Task analysis

goal, device, tasks, sub-tasks, actions

Edit letter Print letter

Enter text Amend ......

...... ......

Move cursor

TASKSGOAL

Produce a letter

Selecting a device

determines the tasks

DEVICE

(Preece et al, p412)


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Environment analysis

Physical environment location of activity

physical objects heat, light, noise etc

Social and Organisational context roles and responsibilities

location of people

communication

interruptions


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Technology

New/old computers

Fast/slow network connections

Large/small screens

Desktop/portable/pervasive/wearable


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Interaction Design

Identifying needs and establishing

requirements

Developing alternative designs

Building interactive versions of designs

Evaluating designs


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Standards and Guidelines

Principles

strive for consistency

Rules adopt a consistent format for the location of

various display features from one display to

another

House styles

Standards and directives


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Prototyping

Low fidelity

High fidelity

Horizontal

Vertical

Throw away

Evolutionary


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Premises:

The system should be designed to

match user requirements - people

should not have to change to fit in withthe system

People should be able to concentrate

on their activities rather than on how touse the system

8 - Introduction to HCI

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