Geo-Environmental Engineering June 25th, 2012

Environmental Pollution in Japan

Ryo FURUYAJun MURATA

Kento SHIMOJOAkiko YAMAGAMI

Keisuke OSAKABE

1Contents

1. Introduction2 Hi t2. History 3. First pollution problem in Japan4. Four big Pollution disease Minamata Disease Minamata Disease Niigata Minamata Disease Itai-itai Malady Itai itai Malady Yokkaichi Asthma

5 Summary5. Summary

2Introduction What is environmental pollution?

Social disaster affecting an extensive area as a result f h ti iti hi h d t hof human activities, which cause damage to human

health or the living environment

Water pollution Soil contaminationAir pollution

Seven typical pollutionspp

N i Vib ti G d b id Off i dNoise Vibration Ground subsidence Offensive odors

3History -Before 2nd World War -

1880s First pollution problem Ashio copper mine

p pin Japan

1920s F t D1920s Factory Dam

Landslide, muddy water1930s

Smoke, waste liquidCoal industry Urban problem

Ground subsidence Air pollution, vibration

4History -High Economic Growth Period-

1960s Four big pollution diseaseNiigata Minamata Disease Highly awareness of

Itai-itai Malady

Niigata Minamata Disease Highly awareness of environmental pollution

Public opiniony

Yokkaichi AsthmaEnvironmental conservation

Economic growth

p

Basic Act for Environmental Pollution Control (1967)

1970s

Minamata Disease( )

Environmental agency (1971)

1970s

Ozone layerPhotochemical smog

5Ashio Copper Mine Incident

The largest copper mine in East Asia Nikko, Tochigi Pref.

In the early 20th century

Smoke elimination

Acid rain

SOx

→ Acid rain→ Bald mountain→ Increase of flood

Waste liquid

C Fish dyingRice plants witheredCd

Cu

Total number of deaths and fetal deaths : 1,064

6Minamata disease

What is Minamata disease ?Discovered around the Minamata bay in Kumamoto・ Discovered around the Minamata bay in Kumamoto

in 1956M th l i ti t・ Methyl mercury is causative agent

・ Released from a nitrogen Minamata factory

Damage

To person To environmenta nitrogen Minamata factory

sludge

7Minamata diseaseHow did Minamata disease occur ?

catalyst byproduct

factorydrainage water Land

house

Sea

LandBig fish

Plankton

Sludge Little fish food chain

8Minamata diseaseCountermeasure

Setting of net as a partitionSetting of net as a partition

Purpose : shut up the polluted fishFrom 1974 to 1997 ( 23 years )Full length is 4400 m

Reclamation work net as a partition

Purpose : store polluted soil undergroundFrom 1977 to 1990 ( 13 years )( y )Total cost is 485 billion yenTotal area is 58.2 haTotal area is 58.2 ha

1974 After work

9Niigata Minamata DiseaseIn 1965, Niigata Minamata Disease was confirmed. Methyl mercury was discharged from Showadenko-Kanose factory, where the

t ld h d b i d dacetaldehyde was being produced.

Bioconcentration occurred in The Agano River.

People who ate the river fishPeople who ate the river fish developed disease, similar to the Minamata disease.

※Methyl mercury was removed

Patient Areaby the dredging work.

10Anti-mercuryAft th d d b thAfter the damage occurred by mercury, the measures have been taken.

Regulation of mercury use

Central government

Reduction of the use of mercury

Industry

Regulation of mercury use in the manufacturing process.

Reduction of the use of mercury.One of the case･･･Using of Wacker process

Wh t i W k ?As the result･･･

What is Wacke process?The old method

Demand of mercuryin Japan (ton/year)

decreasedWacke process

11Itai-Itai Malady

Jinzu River

ToyamaWhat is Itai‐Itai Malady?Di d d Ji Ri Jinzu River

Kamioka MineDiscovered around Jinzu River

lower reach in 1910-1970 Cadmium(Cd) caused

Takahara RiverDamage to people and environment

How to use water of Jinzu River

Kamioka Mine

Zn Refining plant

How to use water of Jinzu River

Agricultural water Daily life waterFishing industry

TakaharaRiver Cd

Cd Cd Cd

Jinzu RiverCd

12Itai-Itai Malady

t P l

Damageto People

Strong pain More thanFracture very easilyDebility and die

More than100 people

to Environmentto Environment

48% of rice paddies were pollutedBarrier to growth of paddyBarrier to growth of fishPl t di d dPlants died down.

13Itai-Itai Malady

CountermeasureSource of outbreaks

Prevent smokeelimination

Check drained water Prevent leaked water

Damaged environment

Recover plants Recover soilPolluted soil

Non-polluted il

New soil Tillage soil

soil

14Yokkaichi Asthma

・typical pollution disease by air pollutionWhat is “Yokkaichi Asthma” ?

typical pollution disease by air pollution・occurred in the city of Yokkaichi in Mie Prefecturebetween 1960 and 1972between 1960 and 1972

・Cause was that SOx occurred by burning ofpetroleum and crude oil.petroleum and crude oil.

severe smog children wear the mask

15Yokkaichi Asthma

About 100 000 tons of sulfur oxides

Cause and SymptomsAbout 100,000 tons of sulfur oxides (sulfurous acid gas) had been discharged from the Yokkaichi Complex.p

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(慢性閉塞性肺疾患)

chronic bronchitis (慢性気管支炎)60m

chronic bronchitis (慢性気管支炎)

pulmonary emphysema (肺気腫)

bronchial asthma (気管支ぜんそく)(気管支 そ )

SOx

some of them even end up dead

16Yokkaichi Asthma

Cause and SymptomsAbout 100 000 tons of sulfur oxidesAbout 100,000 tons of sulfur oxides (sulfurous acid gas) had been discharged from the Yokkaichi Complex.Taller p

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(慢性閉塞性肺疾患)

chronic bronchitis (慢性気管支炎)

Taller150～200m

chronic bronchitis (慢性気管支炎)

pulmonary emphysema (肺気腫)

bronchial asthma (気管支ぜんそく)(気管支 そ )

SOx

spread the pollution over a wider area

17Yokkaichi Asthma

Countermeasureset up the air cleaner and gargle roomset up the air cleaner and gargle room introduction of dry skin brushingmask which contains active carbon install desulfurization equipmentswitching to low-sulfur crude oil dry skin brushing

gargle room wear the mask

18Yokkaichi Asthma

After that… lead of the Air Pollution Control Law and the lead of the Air Pollution Control Law and the

"Total Volume Control“Environment has dramatically improved, y p ,

but there are still 500 patients.

■E i ti ti t■Existing patient■New patients

19Summary

Japan experienced a number of serious p penvironmental pollutions. We should not waste the experiences We should not waste the experiences. We must learn from them and move on to sustainable society.

20Reference –Introduction & History & Ashio Copper Mine-

P2「The basic environmental law」

http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/er/EL_KKe.html

P3P3「国立環境研究所 公害問題の歴史」

http://www.nies.go.jp/nieskids/oitachi/index.htmlp g jp「環境・公害問題史研究のすすめ」

http://www.jttk.zaq.ne.jp/bacas400/inareki/kankyosi/kankyotop.htm

P4「 Wikipedia 足尾鉱毒事件」「 Wikipedia 足尾鉱毒事件」

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashio_Copper_Mine「足尾銅山の現地視察記」

http://www.geocities.co.jp/NatureLand/4339/asio.html

21Reference –Minamata Disease-

P6-8「水俣病の教訓と日本の水銀対策」

http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/tmms/pr-m/mat01/full.pdf

「熊本県ホームページ」（初めて学ぶ水俣病）「熊本県ホームページ」（初めて学ぶ水俣病）

http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/（http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/uploaded/attachment/53901.pdf）p p jp p p

「水俣病資料館」

http://www.minamata195651.jp/

「水俣病情報センター」「水俣病情報センター」

http://www.nimd.go.jp/archives/

「Wikipedia - Minamata disease」http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_disease

22Reference -Niigata Minamata Disease-

P9「新潟水俣病のあらまし」http://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/HTML_Article/00aramasi.pdf

P10「水俣病の教訓と日本の水銀対策」http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/tmms/pr-m/mat01/full.pdf

「Wikipedia アセトアルデヒド」http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%92%E%88%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%92%E3%83%89

「我が国及び世界の水銀の使用 排出状況「我が国及び世界の水銀の使用・排出状況」http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/tmms/seminar/jyoyaku/mat01.pdf#search=%27%E6%B0%B4%E9%8A%80%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E9%87%8F%27

23Reference -Yokkaichi Asthma-

P14-18P14 18「Wikipedia」http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokkaichi_asthma

「三重のお宝Final 石油化学コンビナート」http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/~t-ito/otakara/otakara3/yokkaiti.pdf

「四日市再生「公害市民塾」」http://yokkaichi-kougai.www2.jp/