8 Feb- Understanding Conflict

7/26/2019 8 Feb- Understanding Conflict

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UNDERSTANDINGCONFLICT

Confct Resolution

BantoHI Unpar - Fe! "#$%


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Key Concepts

Actors Individuals, groups and institutionswho contribute to confict/aected by confict! or

Causes "actors that contribute to people#s

grievances& $tructural pervasive %actors that have beco&e

built into policies, structures or %abric o% society egcorruption, ethnicity

& 'ro(i&ate %actors contributing to a cli&ateconducive to violent confict e)g) landlessness,une&ploy&ent,

& *riggers single +ey acts, events or theiranticipation that will set o violent confict e)g)rigging o% elections


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Continued

-iolent confict resort to psychological orphysical %orce to resolve a disagree&ent

Confict prevention Actions, policies,procedures or institutions intended to avoidthe threat or use o% ar&ed confict)

Confict sensitivity understanding theconte(t in which you operate, understandingthe interaction between your interventionand the conte(t and avoid negative i&pactsand pro&ote positive i&pacts


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Cont#

Conte(t operating environ&ent

u&anitarian Assistance

Activities designed to rapidlyreduce hu&an suering ine&ergency situations

'ositions Actors# stances on+ey and e&erging issues in agiven conte(t


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Confict anage&ent

*he identication and control o% confict

within an organi3ation) *here are three

&ain philosophies o% confict &anage&ent4

1) all confict is bad and potentiallydestructive5

2) confict is inevitable and &anagersshould atte&pt to harness it positively5

) confict is essential to the survival o% anorgani3ation and should be encouraged)


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Confict *rans%or&ation

$el%7i&ages, relationships, and social

structures i&prove as a result o% confict

instead o% being har&ed by it) 8suallythis involves trans%or&ing perceptions

o% issues, actions, and other people or

groups


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Confict :esolutionConfict :esolution

Con'ict resolutionis dened as the

processes by which the syste&handles

and resolves conficts within thesyste&,

and between the syste& and theco&&unity) ;)g negotiations, legal

process, contracts)


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ediation

A negotiation to resolve dierences thatA negotiation to resolve dierences that

is conducted by so&e i&partial party)is conducted by so&e i&partial party)

>eutral party called to propose an>eutral party called to propose an

agree&entagree&ent

*hey gather in%or&ation %ro& both*hey gather in%or&ation %ro& both

partiesparties

"ilter the in%or&ation"ilter the in%or&ation $trategically adds noise to it$trategically adds noise to it

ConsultsConsults


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@itigation

isagree&ent heard and decided by a Budge orisagree&ent heard and decided by a Budge or

Bury in a court) *he ter& litigation is so&eti&esBury in a court) *he ter& litigation is so&eti&es

to distinguish lawsuits %ro& Dalternate disputeto distinguish lawsuits %ro& Dalternate dispute

resolutionE &ethods such as arbitration inresolutionE &ethods such as arbitration inwhichwhich

a private arbitrator would &a+e the decision, ora private arbitrator would &a+e the decision, or

DD&ediationE which is a type o% structured &eeting&ediationE which is a type o% structured &eeting

with the parties and an independent third partywith the parties and an independent third partywho wor+s to help the& %ashion an agree&entwho wor+s to help the& %ashion an agree&ent

a&ong the&selves)a&ong the&selves)


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>egative 'eace

>egative peace is dened as a state reFuiring a set o% socialstructures that provide security and protection %ro& acts o%

direct physical violence co&&itted by individuals, groups ornations) *he e&phasis is )))on control o% violence) *he &ain

strategy is dissociation, whereby conficting parties are

separated)))In general, policies based on the idea o% negative

peace do not deal with the causes o% violence, only its

&ani%estations) *here%ore, these policies are thought to be

insuGcient to assure lasting conditions o% peace) Indeed, bysuppressing the release o% tensions resulting %ro& social

confict, negative peace eorts &ay actually lead to %utureviolence o% greater &agnitude)


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Positive Peace

'ositive peace, is Da pattern o% cooperation and'ositive peace, is Da pattern o% cooperation and

integration between &aBor hu&an groups))))HIt isintegration between &aBor hu&an groups))))HIt is

about people interacting in cooperative ways5 it isabout people interacting in cooperative ways5 it is

about social organi3ations o% diverse peoples whoabout social organi3ations o% diverse peoples who

willingly choose to cooperate %or the benet o% allwillingly choose to cooperate %or the benet o% all

hu&an+ind5 it calls %or a syste& in which therehu&an+ind5 it calls %or a syste& in which thereareare

no winners and losers77all are winners5 it is a stateno winners and losers77all are winners5 it is a state

so highly valued that institutions are built aroundso highly valued that institutions are built around

it to protect and pro&ote itEit to protect and pro&ote itE


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Jhat is con'ict

Inco&patibility between two or &ore persons orgroups

*he inco&patibility &ay be real or perceived);(a&ple o% perceived confict) *wo children are

arguing about who will get an orange) ;ach saysshe needs the entire orange, hal% will not do)"urther e(ploration o% their interests as opposedto their e(pressed positions or desired revealsthat one child wants the peel to &a+e a ca+e

while the other wants the %ruit to eat)

Confict &ay be latent it e(ists, but is note(pressedL or overt e(pressed in actions orwordsL


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Jhat causes confictJhat causes confict

8n&et needs %or econo&ic resourcesor the perception that econo&icresources are not distributed %airly

8n&et needs %or sa%ety, respect, andparticipation in social li%e or aperception o% unBust relationships

8n&et needs %or identity, culture,religious values or a perception thatthese are threatened


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ow is confict acted out

*hrough*hrough (or)s(or)s which &ay also include which &ay also includethe use o% silencethe use o% silence

*hrough*hrough actionsactions which &ay include which &ay include

avoiding, contending, or collaborating toavoiding, contending, or collaborating tond &utually acceptable solutionsnd &utually acceptable solutions *hrough the*hrough the creationcreationo% social institutionso% social institutions

that protect one#s own interests or needsthat protect one#s own interests or needs

at the e(pense o% another#sat the e(pense o% another#s *hrough*hrough resistanceresistanceto institutions thatto institutions that

deny one#s own interests or needsdeny one#s own interests or needs


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Jhat we M with confictJhat we M with confict..

C o n f l i c t - - e n e r g y

N e g a t i v e P o s i t i v e

E x p r e s s e d d e s t r u c t i v e l y E x p r e s s e d c o n s t r u c t i v e l y

V i o l e n c e

d e a t h si n j u r i e sd e s t r u c t i o n o f p r o p e r t ye n v i r o n m e n t a l d a m a g e

P e r s o n a l / p o l i t i c a l / s o c i a l c h a n g e e t t e r l i v e s e t t e r p e r s o n a l / s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p e t t e r g o v e r n m e n t e t t e r s o c i a l o r g a n i ! a t i o ng r e a t e r s o c i a l j u s t i c e

" d a p t e d f r o m # C a p a c i t y $ u i l d i n g % o r & s h o p s #


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*ositi+e*ositi+easpects o% confictaspects o% confict

irects attention to social inBusticesirects attention to social inBustices

that need to be addressedthat need to be addressed

'ro&otes needed change in social'ro&otes needed change in social

organi3ations and syste&sorgani3ations and syste&s

Can lead to creative proble& solvingCan lead to creative proble& solving


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Jhat is +iolence

Mvert violenceMvert violenceinvolves direct stri+esinvolves direct stri+es

verbal or non7verbalL against others5verbal or non7verbalL against others5

is intended to do actual har& to theis intended to do actual har& to the

otherother $tructural violence$tructural violencee&erges out o%e&erges out o%

the creation o% social structures andthe creation o% social structures and

institutions that deprive so&e peopleinstitutions that deprive so&e peopleo% their rights and the ability too% their rights and the ability to

satis%y their basic hu&an needssatis%y their basic hu&an needs


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$tructural violence denies the needs o%$tructural violence denies the needs o%individuals, co&&unities, and nations inindividuals, co&&unities, and nations inone or &ore o% the %ollowing areas4one or &ore o% the %ollowing areas4

>eed %or econo&ic resources>eed %or econo&ic resources

>eed %or sa%ety, respect, participation>eed %or sa%ety, respect, participation >eed %or identity, culture, religious>eed %or identity, culture, religious

valuesvalues Mvert violence %reFuently e&erges as aMvert violence %reFuently e&erges as a

response to the e(perience o% structuralresponse to the e(perience o% structuralviolence, which creates sha&e,violence, which creates sha&e,hu&iliation, and despair a&ong victi&shu&iliation, and despair a&ong victi&s


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*ypes o% confict

Conficts present asConficts present as

Inter7 betweenL Nroup e)g4 political parties,Inter7 betweenL Nroup e)g4 political parties,

religious/ethnic co&&unities, interest groups, etc)Lreligious/ethnic co&&unities, interest groups, etc)L

>ations/$tates>ations/$tates

and intra7 withinLand intra7 withinL $el% personalL$el% personalL

NroupNroup


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Speres o. Con'ict

Jhether %ro& pro(i&ate or structural causes,Jhether %ro& pro(i&ate or structural causes,

conficts are played out at various spheres andconficts are played out at various spheres and

levels o% intensity4levels o% intensity4

'ersonal e)g) $ubstance abuse,'ersonal e)g) $ubstance abuse,une&ploy&ent, lac+ o% satis%action o% basicune&ploy&ent, lac+ o% satis%action o% basic

needsOLneedsOL

o&estic -AJ, child abuse P neglect, rightso&estic -AJ, child abuse P neglect, rights

denial, povertyOLdenial, povertyOL Co&&unity negative ethnicity, rights denial,Co&&unity negative ethnicity, rights denial,

&arginali3ationO&arginali3ationO


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$pheres o% Confict cont)L$pheres o% Confict cont)L

>ational4 Qad governance, divisive>ational4 Qad governance, divisive

politics, negative eects o%politics, negative eects o%

globali3ation, plunder o% nationalglobali3ation, plunder o% national

resources, lac+ o% land policyOLresources, lac+ o% land policyOL

International4 IneFualities andInternational4 IneFualities and

ineFuities in global governance ineFuities in global governance

geopolitics, global war&ingOLgeopolitics, global war&ingOL


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2.2.

IT IS /ER0 I1*ORTANT TOIT IS /ER0 I1*ORTANT TO

RE1E1BER THATRE1E1BER THAT

Con'ict NOT E2UAL TOCon'ict NOT E2UAL TO

/iolence/iolence


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CM>"@IC* A>A@R$I$ $yste&atic study o% the prole, causes,$yste&atic study o% the prole, causes,

actors and dyna&ics o% confict)actors and dyna&ics o% confict) *o understand the bac+ground and history*o understand the bac+ground and history

o% the situation as well as current eventso% the situation as well as current events

*o identi%y all the relevant groups*o identi%y all the relevant groupsinvolved, not Bust the &ain obvious ones)involved, not Bust the &ain obvious ones)

*o identi%y %actors and trends that*o identi%y %actors and trends that

underpin conficts)underpin conficts) *o e(plore the root causes o% the confict)*o e(plore the root causes o% the confict)

;(plore possibilities o% peace;(plore possibilities o% peace


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Key Fuestions %or confict

analysis 'role'role Jhat is the political, econo&ic andJhat is the political, econo&ic and

social cultural conte(tsocial cultural conte(t

Jhat are the e&ergent political,Jhat are the e&ergent political,

econo&ic and social issuesecono&ic and social issues

Jhat are the confict prone areasJhat are the confict prone areas Is there a historyIs there a history


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CausesCauses Jhat are the structural causesJhat are the structural causes

Jhat are the pro(i&ateJhat are the pro(i&ate

causescauses Jhat are the triggersJhat are the triggers

Jhat %actors can contribute toJhat %actors can contribute topeacepeace


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2=2=

yna&icsyna&icsJhat are the currentJhat are the current

confictconfict trendstrends

Jhat are the windows o%Jhat are the windows o%opportunityopportunity

Jhat scenariosJhat scenarioscan becan be

developeddeveloped


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'(()'(() Conflict TreeConflict Tree

'overty 'ri&ary 'arties

InBuries estruction

istory I'#s iseases

$econdary 'artieseath atred

CORE *ro!le3CORE *ro!le3

Lan)Lan)

Root causesRoot causes


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*his is an analogy o% a tree which shows +ey issues*his is an analogy o% a tree which shows +ey issues

involved in the confict) *he confict tree helps to5involved in the confict) *he confict tree helps to5

$ti&ulate discussion about causes and eects o%$ti&ulate discussion about causes and eects o%the confict)the confict)

*he parties to &a+e decisions about priorities %or*he parties to &a+e decisions about priorities %oraddressing confict issues)addressing confict issues)

*he confict *ree enables &ediators to see the*he confict *ree enables &ediators to see theproble& orproble& or

the issues on the sur%ace) *o enable the issues to bethe issues on the sur%ace) *o enable the issues to be

addressed wholistically since the root causes will beaddressed wholistically since the root causes will beaddressed) I% the root causes are not addressed theaddressed) I% the root causes are not addressed the

proble& is li+ely to occur in the %uture)proble& is li+ely to occur in the %uture)


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i.i. STAGES OF CONFLICTSTAGES OF CONFLICT

@atent confictQelow the sur%ace

*ension, &istrust

7open confict

7sur%acecon%rontational

7con%rontationalbehaviour

pea+ o% the confict

7war

7eath

7isplace&ent

7Ceasere

7:econstruction

7Quild r/ships

2??21==9 2??0 2??< 2?1?

*RE-CONFLICT

CONFRONTATION

CRISIS

OUT CO1E

*OST-CONFLICT


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IIILIIIL Force Fiel) Anal4sisForce Fiel) Anal4sis

'ositive or riving %orces'ositive or riving %orces >egative or restraining %orces>egative or restraining %orces

Tis is a tool .or anal45in, !ot positi+e an) ne,ati+e .orces ina con'ict6

Te purpose7

TTo i)enti.4 tose .orces (ic eiter support or in)er a plano. action or a )esire) can,e6

TTo assess te stren,t o. tese .orces

TTo )eter3ine (a4s o. increasin, positi+e .orces o. )ecreasin,


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Contd..

Te .orce) Fiel) Anal4sis (or8s .ro3 te pre3ise

tat (ene+er a part4 as ,oo) intentions9 tere

are oter parties (it !a) intention6 In an4

inno+ation tere are .orces tat support an) .orcestat oppose te inno+ation6 It tere.ore 3eans

tat in an4 con'ict situation9 tere are partiestat are perpetrators an) tere are tose tatare a,ainst +iolence6 A peace !uil)er nee)s to

i)enti.4 tese positi+e an) ne,ati+e .orces sotat proper strate,ies 3a4 !e put in te ri,tplaces6


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7Cabinet

7onors

78n

7ilitary7Acade&icians

7>NM#s

7:eligious leaders

7istrict leaders

77CQM#s/>NM#s

7@ocal leaders/elders

7Jo&en/Routh leaders

TO*

BOTTO1

1IDDLE

FE:

1AN0

*; 'R:AI

STRATEGIES FOR *EACEBUILDING AND TRANSFOR1ATISTRATEGIES FOR *EACEBUILDING AND TRANSFOR1ATI


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*EACE BUILDING FRO1 BELO:*EACE BUILDING FRO1 BELO:

Te Top & Le+el peace !uil)in, process isTe Top & Le+el peace !uil)in, process is

e;pensi+e9 not people )ri+en9 as ti3elinese;pensi+e9 not people )ri+en9 as ti3elines

an)an)

in+ol+es outsi)ers6in+ol+es outsi)ers6

Te p4ra3i)s a!o+e so( tat it is easier toTe p4ra3i)s a!o+e so( tat it is easier to

trans.or3 te ,rass-root !ase) co33unitiestrans.or3 te ,rass-root !ase) co33unitiestantan

te top le+el actors6te top le+el actors6

:itin rural co33unities9 te people:itin rural co33unities9 te peoplete3sel+este3sel+es

soul) !e .acilitate) to resol+e teir con'ictssoul) !e .acilitate) to resol+e teir con'icts

trou, teir o3e ,ro(n 3eto)s6trou, teir o3e ,ro(n 3eto)s6


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"@IC* :;CM>$*:8C*IM>

*4sical )a3a,e is +er4 noticea!le7 )estruction o.

!uil)in,s9 )isplace3ent o. in)i+i)uals an)co33unities9a!sence o. pu!lic ser+ices an) )eats6

*s4colo,ical )a3a,e is !elo( te sur.ace an) is9

3ost)an,erous6 Tis is usuall4 i,nore) in .a+our o.p4sical reconstruction6

Te principles tat un)erpin te reco+er4 processsoul) ac8no(le),e te local cultures an) (a4o. li.e as !asic to all plannin,6 *eople (it teir)i+erse tra)itions nee) to !e in+ol+e) at allle+els an) teir e;pertise an) resource is tefrst priorit46 An4 inter+ention soul) !e !ase)on .ull consi)eration o. te realities on te,roun)6


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Practices and *ethodsPractices and *ethods

in international conflict resolutionin international conflict resolution


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iplo&acyiplo&acy

>egotiation>egotiation

ConciliationConciliation

ediationediation

ArbitrationArbitration

AdBudicationAdBudication

InterventionIntervention


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Interactive confict resolutionInteractive confict resolution

8noGcial diplo&acy8noGcial diplo&acy

'reventive diplo&acy'reventive diplo&acy

'roble& solving wor+shops'roble& solving wor+shops

Mpen %oru&Mpen %oru&

Creative peacebuildingCreative peacebuilding

;nviron&ental peacebuilding;nviron&ental peacebuilding

*ruth and reconciliation co&&issions*ruth and reconciliation co&&issions

;arly warning syste&s;arly warning syste&s


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A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONA CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION

TRUTH

-Transparenc4

-Re+elation

-Clarit4

1ERC0

7"orgiveness

7Co&passion

7$upport


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*RINCI*LES OF *EACE BUILDING

CM':;;>$I-;>;$$4 'eace building should beco&prehensive by enco&passing all aspects o%

hu&an lives be they social, political, econo&ic orcultural)

I>*;:;';>;>C;4 'eace building is an all inclusiveactivity that depends on all %actors and actors in thesociety) 'eace is a group eort e)g) police Pco&&unity policing, involve&ent o% churches, >NM#s,private/corporate sector)

$8$*AI>AQI@I*R4 @ocal peace structures should be&aintained at all ti&es even when there is har&ony)

$*:A*;NIC4 'eace building is a process whoseactivities are planned towards achieving har&onious

8 Feb- Understanding Conflict

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