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Chapter 3 Name: __________________________

Period: _________

Section 1: Chemical Compounds in Cells, Pages 74 -78

Terms to Know

-Atom

-proton, neutron, electron

-Element

-Compound

-Periodic Table of Elements

Atom

Known as the ________________________________

Made up of subatomic particles:

o __________________ (+) means: _________ charge

o __________________ (Ø) means: _________ charge

o __________________ (-) means: _________ charge

________________ and ________________ have the same __________ and they

make up the ________________ of the atom.

Electrons (e- is the abbreviation) are much ______________ than __________

and __________.

e-’s are in constant __________ around the __________.

There are __________ numbers of __________ and __________ in an atom.

o This means that all atoms are __________. How though? ____________

________________________________________________________________

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Element

Definition: ________ _______________ that consists entirely of _______ type

of _____________

There are about _______________________________________

They are found on the _________________________________________

Three states that elements exist in:

o ________________________ (Ne)

o ________________________ (Hg)

o ________________________ (Ag)

Compound

Definition: Substance formed by the ____________________________________

__________________________ elements.

Written as a chemical formula:

o Water- _____________________

o Carbon dioxide- ______________________

o Salt- ______________________

Water

Made up of _______________________________________________

(______________)

It makes up about 2/3’s of your body

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

Organic Compound = _________________________________________

Inorganic Compound = ________________________________________

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Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins

List at least 5 examples of carbohydrates

o ________________________

o ________________________

o ________________________

o ________________________

o ________________________

Carbohydrates

What are carbohydrates made of?

o simple sugars (________________________________________)

o Glucose

Chemical/Molecular Formula: _______________________

Draw glucose:

Complex carbohydratess (polysaccharide)

o 3 + simple sugars

Examples include:

____________________ (plants and animals)

____________________ (plant cells- cell wall)

____________________ (humans- liver)

What are the functions of carbohydrates????

o __________________________________________

o __________________________________________

Lipids

Includes: ___________________________________

Made up of _________________________________

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Gram for gram, ________________ yield more _______________ than carbs

Saturated Fats

All of the carbon-carbon bonds are ________________ bonds

Also known as the ___________ _______________

Leads to the build-up of ________________ in the __________, which we call

_______________________

Unsaturated Fats

One or more pairs of ________________ atoms in the chain are bonded with

_______________________ bonds

Also known as the _________ _______________

Why are lipids important?

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

Nucleic Acids

Found in the _____________________ of the cell

Makes up __________________ (and RNA)

The ________________________ material

Controls the ____________________ and _______________________ of the cell

____________________ structure (two strands twisted together, side by side)

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Proteins

Only organic compound that contains ____________________

Made up of _____________ ________________ (aa’s)

o Only __________ natural aa’s

o ______________ can only _____________ about _______ of these

Why are proteins important???

o __________________- membranes, hair, nails, etc…

o __________________- blood, skin, and eyes

o __________________- chemical messengers

o Helps build _______________________

o __________________- protect body against foreign ________________

o __________________- biological catalysts

Amino Acids

o _______________________________________ of proteins

Enzymes

o __________________ __________________________

Make the ______________ reactions required for life to

_______________ ________________

What is it exactly? A _________________ that affects a reaction

___________________________________________

o _________________ is extremely important to an enzyme

It’s function is __________________________________________

o Enzyme-substrate complex (______________________ Model)

An _______________ combines with a ______________, the

reaction takes place and then the __________________ breaks

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___________ (_________________ being changed) from the

______________ (_________________________ broken down)

Enzyme-Substrate Complex (Lock and Key Model) Drawing

****Think of Pac-Man****

What is denaturation????

o Denaturation is when a ____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

If it _________________ its shape it can ____________________

________________________________________________________

High fevers (106º +) can cause this to happen!

Section 2, Cell in Its Environment, Pages 80 - 85

Cell Membrane

Selectively permeable –____________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Acts like a __________________________ to an ancient castle

It decides who can ______________________________________

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Methods of movement

Substances can move into and out of the cell by:

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Diffusion

The process by which molecules tend to move from ______________________

_____________________________________________________________________s

o The concentration of a substance is the amount of the ______________

in a given ___________________________

Example of diffusion

If I sprayed an air freshener in a room, the area where the air freshener was

sprayed had many molecules of freshener. The molecules gradually moved from

this area of higher concentration to the other parts of the room where there were

few molecules of freshener and thus had a lower concentration.

*Remember that: Diffusion = Move from High to Low Concentration

Can you think of another example? __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Diffusion in Cells

____________________ move by diffusion from an area of ______________

concentration to an area of ______________ concentration.

When there is a higher concentration of molecules ______________ of the

cell than ______________ , the molecules diffuse ______________ the cell.

*Take a look at the diffusion model*

Draw examples from board here:

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Eventually there is an equal concentration of molecules inside and outside

the cell.

Osmosis

The diffusion of _______________ molecules through a ___________________

_______________ membrane

Osmosis is important to cells because cells can’t _________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Osmosis vs. Diffusion

How are they related?

o In osmosis, water molecules move by __________________ from an

area of ________ concentration through a cell membrane to an area of

_______ concentration.

o Basically, osmosis is the diffusion of water!

Active Transport

The movement of materials through a cell membrane ___________________.

This process goes ____________________ the concentration gradient.

Therefore, molecules go from _______ concentration to _____ high

concentration

Transport Proteins

Transport proteins ___________ molecules ______________________________

_______________________

This process uses _____________ and thus is a method of ________ transport

Transport by Engulfing

A form of active transport

The _______________ surrounds or _________________ (swallows) a particle.

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Once the particle is _________________, the cell membrane _______________

_______ and forms a _______________________ within the cell.

Section 3, Photosynthesis, Pages 86 - 90

Photosynthesis

When a cell captures ______________ in ______________ and ______________

____________________________

**Almost all living things get energy from the _____ directly and indirectly

Making Food

Autotrophs = organisms that ________________________________________

by photosynthesis (_____________________)

Heterotrophs = organisms that _____________________________________

(__________________________)

o Heterotrophs obtain their food by ________________________________

Two Stages of Photosynthesis

Stage 1: Capturing the Sun’s Energy

o Occurs in the ______________________________

o ____________________ are filled with ____________________ which is

the ____________________ that ____________________ light

Stage 2: Photosynthesis

o Where plants use ____________________ to make food

o Need __________________________________ in the __________________

o In the chloroplasts a series of chemical ____________________ occur

o End products of photosynthesis are _______________________________

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Photosynthesis Equation

•Sun + Carbon Dioxide + Water Sugar + Oxygen

_________ + _________ + __________ _____________ + _______

Section 4, What is respiration? Pages 91 – 94

Respiration

Respiration = the process by which cells obtain energy from ____________

o Cells ______________________ simple food molecules (sugar) and

release the ______________________ they contain

Two Stages of Respiration

1st Stage: In the _____________________, __________________ is broken

down into ________________ molecules. This releases a small amount of

_____________________

2nd Stage: In the ________________, the smaller molecules

________________ with ________________ to produce _____________________

______________. This reaction releases a large amount of ________________

Respiration Equation

Sugar + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

_________ + __________ _____________ + ___________ + _________

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

During photosynthesis, plants use ___________________ and release _______

During Respiration, organisms use ________ and release _________________

They are virtually _________________

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Fermentation

It is an energy-_______________ process that ______ ______ require _______

It provides energy for cells ______________ using ________________

Two types of fermentation

_______________________ Fermentation

_______________________ Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation

When ____________ and other ___________ celled organisms break down

sugars and produce ______________, ____________________ and

_____________ as the end results

Used for _____________________ and ____________________

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Occurs when your body uses ______________ ______________ than it can be

______________ … therefore your cells ______________ oxygen

The fermentation that happens supplies your cells with ______________ and

produces _____________________________

Feel ___________ and burning in your ______________when this happens

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Section 5, Cell Division, Pages 95 - 102

What is the cell cycle?

Cell cycle = the regular sequence of ____________________________________

that cells undergo

o The cell cycle has three stages:

1: ___________________________

2: ___________________________

3: ___________________________

Stage 1: Interphase

Interphase is the period ________________ cell ______________ occurs

The cell grows to its _______________ size, makes a _____________________,

and prepares to __________________ into __________ cells

Growth = the cell _________________ in size and produces all the

_________________ needed to carry out its __________________

o Example: the cell enlarges its endoplasmic reticulum, makes new

ribosomes, and produces enzymes

Both _________________ and _________________ make copies of themselves

during the growth stage

The cell matures to its ___________________________________________

After the cell has grown to its mature size –____________________________

DNA Replication = The cell makes a copy of the _______________________

o (DNA is a nucleic acid found in the chromatin in a cell’s nucleus and

it holds all the information that the cell needs to carry out its

functions)—we’ll learn more later on about this

At the end of DNA replication, the cell contains _________________________

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___________ set will be given to ________________________________________

Preparation for division

o Once the cell’s DNA has replicated, the cell ________________________

o At the end of interphase, the cell is _______________________________

Stage 2: Mitosis

Mitosis = the stage during which the cell’s _____________ _____________

into __________________________________________________________

During mitosis, ______________________________ is distributed into

__________ of the _____________________________________________

Mitosis occurs in four phases:

•1 –_________________________________

•2 –_________________________________

•3 –_________________________________

•4 - _________________________________

ent

PROPHASE

Prophase – The ____________________ in the nucleus ___________________

to form __________________________

o Chromosome = each ____________________ rod of condensed

_______________________________

o Chromatid = Each ____________________ rod of the chromosome

Structures called _________________________________ form a _____________

between the ______________________ of the cell

The nuclear ____________________________ breaks down

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METAPHASE

Metaphase = the chromosomes _______ up across the __________________

of the cell

Each chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber at its _____________________,

(Think, Center)) which is still holding the ______________________ together

ANAPHASE

Anaphase =

o The _________________________________ split

o 2. The two __________________ ________________________

o 3. One chromatid moves along the _______________ to ______________

of the cell. The other ____________________ moves to the

_____________________

o 4. The cell becomes ____________________ out as the ________________

ends __________________________

TELOPHASE

Telophase = The _________________ begin to stretch out and ____________

their __________________________ _____________________________

o This occurs in the two regions at the _____________________________

o A _______ nuclear membrane forms around each ________________ of

___________________________

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Stage 3: Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis = The cell membrane _______________ in around the

____________ of the cell

Eventually the cell pinches in _______________

Each _________________ cell ends up with the same ____________ of

_______________________ chromosomes and about _________ the

_____________________ and ________________ as the _________________ cell

In animals: the cell membrane squeezes together around the

____________________ of the cell. The cytoplasm pinches into _____________

cells with about __________ of the ___________________ in each

______________________ cell

In plants: The rigid ____________________ cannot squeeze together so

instead a ________________________ forms across the ___________________

of the cell. The cell plate ____________________________ into new cell

________________________ between two _________________________ cells.

New ___________________ then form around the cell _____________________.

Cytokinesis marks the ___________________________________. __________

____________________ have formed. Each daughter cell has the same

number of __________________________ as the ________________ parent cell

DNA Replication

Cells make __________ of their _________________________________________

DNA replication ensures that _________ daughter cell will have __________

of the _________________________________ it needs to carry out its

__________________________

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DNA Structure

In a “_________________________________”

Made up of four kinds of __________________________ bases:

o 1. _______________________ (A)

o 2. _______________________ (T)

o 3. _______________________ (G)

o 4. _______________________ (C)

__________________ and __________________ attach together

__________________ and __________________ attach together

ALWAYS! They will never attach a different way!

The ___________ molecule “___________________” between its _____________

_________________. New bases will pair with the _____________ on each

__________________. As a result, two ______________________ DNA

molecules ______________.