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Chapter 4 and 5 Name: _________________*The chapters are combined throughout these notes Period: _____

deoxyribonucleic acid=DNA

The __________ for __________ __________ are found in the genes

o A ______ is something about _____:

o Ex: ________ , _________, _________

A _____ is a _____ _________ of _____ that carries the _________for an _____

___________________________________

______ ____ each contain __________________ of _____________

o ____ chromosomes total

__________ come in ___________

o One on each ________ of a __________.

If a string of beads were a chromosome, what would the beads represent?

–Answer:_______________________

Each ________has ______________ of ____________

o One from the _______and one from the _______

These _______ are NOT _________________________________.

_________ _________ of a _____ are known as ______________________

________________ _____________ , such as ________, are _________ by a

single _________ of _________

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________________ _____________ , such as __________ ___________ , are

controlled by ___________ _______ of ____________

______________ is the passing of _________ from _______ ________________

to the ______________

There are _________ _______________ ways for this to occur:

o ______________________

o ______________________

Sexual Reproduction

_______________ ___________________

________________ gets _____________ of the _________ from __________

____________ and the other _________ from the _________ ________ (mix of

both)

Most _______________ ______________________ do this

Asexual Reproduction

_______ parent

___________ are ____________ ____________ to the ______________

–Ex: _________ and _________

Some organisms can _________ both _________ and _________ :

o ________________________

o ________________________

Punnett Squares

A __________ that shows all the ___________ _____________ of __________

that can result from a __________ _____________

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In a ____________ ______________, the ___________ that each ____________

will __________ on to its ____________ is based on ___________________

In _____ pea plants, what would the F2 generation’s ____________________

and ____________________ be?

o _______________- an organism’s _________________ _________________

o _______________- an organism’s _________________ _________________

Two additional terms are used to describe an organism’s _______________ :

o _______________- the organism has ______ _____________

____________ for a ____________

o _______________-the organism has _______ ______________

____________ for a _____________

Codominance

The ___________ are neither ____________ nor _____________

As a result, both ___________ are expressed in the ________________

Black and white feathers on chickens

o The __________ for ___________ ____________ are ________________

o Letters are written as follows:

•B for _____________ _____________

•W for _____________ _____________

•Try it: A chicken with all white feathers is crossed with

a chicken with all black feathers (WW x BB)

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What is the phenotype of the first generation?

__________________________

What is the genotype of the first generation?

__________________________

Do a Punnett square for the second generation. (Cross the offspring)

1. What are the phenotypes?

• ___________________

2. What are the genotypes?

• ____________________

The Sex Chromosomes

•One of the _____ ______________ of __________________in each _______ ________

•Carry ______________ that determine whether a ______________ is

______________ or ______________

•Carry other ______________ also

Sex/Gender

–The _________ ______________ are the only ______________ that do not have to

match

•If they do- ______________ (______________)

•If they don’t- ______________ (______________)

Sex-Linked Genes

–______________ on the ______ and _____ chromosomes (______________________)

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–___ and ___ chromosomes have different ______________on them

•Therefore, a gene on the ___ ______________may not be on the ___, and

vise versa

Sex-Linked Traits

•________________________

•______________ ______________found on the ___ chromosome

•More _____ show ___________ than ______________

•Why? _______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

–A ______________is a ______________that has ___ ______________ allele and one

___________________ allele for a ______________

–It’s easiest to see how this works with a ______________ ______________:

•XC Y with XC Xc

Genetic Disorders

______________ ______________ that a ______________ inherits through

_________ or ______________

•Causes:

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–______________ in the ______________

–Changes in ______________ ______________ or _________ of ______________

Mutations

–Any _________ in a gene or ______________

–Cause a _________ to produce an ______________ ______________

–The organisms ______________ is not ______________

–Can be ______________ on if it happens in a ______________

–Types of Mutations

•A single _________ can be ______________ for ______________

•One or more ______________ can be ______________

•Chromosomes _________ ______________ all the way

•Extra ______________ of _________

–Effects of Mutations

•Can be a source of ______________ ______________

•Some ______________ are ______________ and some are ______________

and some are ______________

•______________ ______________ can kill an ______________ or

______________ their chance of ______________

•______________ ______________ ______________ an organisms chance for

________

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•Cystic Fibrosis

–The body produces abnormally ______________ ______________ in the

______________ and ______________

–______________ fills the ______________ making it hard for the person to

breathe

–______________ ______________ on one ______________

–Result of a ______________ (three bases removed)

•Sickle-Cell Anemia

–Affects ______________ (a protein in ________that carries ______________)

–When ______________ is low in the ______________ , people with this

disorder have an ______________ sickle red blood cell (RBC) _____________.

–These abnormally ______________ ______________ clog the

______________ ______________ and cannot carry as much ______________

–______________

–Must have ______________ ______________ for ______________

______________ to have the disease

–Person with only ______________ ______________ for sickle-cell is a

______________

•______________ ______________ of disease

•Less likely to get ______________

–High ______________ in ______________ and ___________________________

•Hemophilia

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–A person’s ______________ ______________ very ______________ or

______________

–Do not produce a ______________ needed for ______________

______________

–Danger from ______________ ______________ from ______________ and

______________ is very high

–______________ ______________ on the ___ chromosome

•______________-linked

•More frequent with ______________ than ______________

•How did this disease effect history??? _______________________________

___________________________________________________________________

•Down Syndrome

–______________ ______________ of chromosome _____

–Chromosomes ______________ to ______________ properly during

______________

–Person’s have a varying degree of ______________ ______________ and

usually ______________ ______________

•Pedigrees

–______________ or a ______________ ______________ that traces a

______________ in humans

–Example of a pedigree

•Managing and predicting genetic disorders

•Karyotypes

•A ______________ of all the ______________ in a cell

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•Chromosomes are ______________ in ______________

•Usually used to predict ______________ ______________

•Genetic Counseling

•Help couples understand their ______________ of having a ______________ with

a particular ______________ ______________

•Use ______________ ______________ and _____________________________

Selective Breeding

•The process of ______________ organisms with ______________ ______________ to

be ______________ of the next ______________

•________ was developed this way in ______________ thousands of years ago

•______________ ______________ for this

•Inbreeding

–______________ ______________ that have similar ______________

–Offspring have very ______________ ______________ to ______________

•Two plump turkey’s will probably have a ________ offspring

–______________ very ______________

•Increases the ______________ that ______________ may inherit

______________ that lead to ______________ ______________

•Hybridization

–______________ cross TWO ______________ ______________ individuals

–Want the best ______________ from both ______________

•Cross ______________ that has many ______________ with one that is

______________ to ______________

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Cloning

•An ______________ that has ______________ the same genes as the

______________ from which it was ______________

•Some ______________ are very easy to ______________

–____________________________- just cut a stem off and plant in soil

•A new ______________ ______________ plant will grow

•Researchers have also ______________ ______________

•______________ and ______________

–Methods to do this are very complex

•Take the ______________ of an animal’s ______________ ______________ and

using that ______________ to produce a new ______________

Genetic Engineering

•______________ from one ______________ are ______________ into the

______________ of another ______________

•Forms and types:

–__________________________________

–__________________________________

–__________________________________

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•Bacteria

–_____________________

•Used for people with ______________

•Scientists ______________ the ______________ that code for

______________ into the bacteria DNA and then the ______________

produces insulin

•Other organisms

–______________ genes can be ______________ into ______________

–Cows produce the ______________ in their ______________

•Use this to treat ______________

–Genes inserted into ______________ so they can ______________ in

______________ temperatures

•Gene Therapy

–Involves ______________ ______________ of a gene ______________ into a

person’s cells

–Could ______________ be used to ______________ some ______________

______________

Human Genetics

•Human Genome Project

–Genome -all the ______________ in one cell of an ______________

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–Goal is to ______________ the DNA ______________ of every gene in the human

______________

–_________________________________ is completed

•DNA Fingerprinting

–Can show whether ______________ are ______________

–______________ from a person’s ______________ is ______________ down into

small pieces

–Selected ______________ are used to produce a ______________ called a

______________ ______________

–Only ______________ ______________ have the same fingerprints