APWH SEMESTER 1 EXAM STUDY GUIDE*please do not give this study guide out to anyone else

Geographical RegionsRed:East AsiaYellow: Southeast AsiaGreen:South AsiaPink:Central AsiaLight Blue: Middle East Purple: EuropeOrange: North AmericaBlack: MesoamericaIndigo: Africa (since we don’t have much)

Guys this may also help -->http :// www . mspugh . net / apwh . htm

UNIT 1: UP UNTIL 600 BCEMesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Hittites, Assyrians)

1. Geography/Agriculturea. “land between the rivers” - Tigris and the Euphrates b. the plain between the rivers gains fertility from the silt depositsc. Sudden and irregular flooding due to the melting of ice in the Northern Mountains

i. Such flooding inconvenient for living, killed manyii. This contrasts with Egypt which had regular floods

d. First domestication began in 8000 B.C.E; Agriculture reached Mesopotamia from 5000 B.C.E

e. At first channeled flood water into the fields; Later used canals2. Government

a. centralized government arose because of need for leadership in building irrigation systems *PATTERN: same as in Egypt and the Harappan civ.

b. Sumer - first civilization, cuneiform (first writing system)c. Babylon

i. Hammurabi’s Code - first codified law, biased based on social class, legitimacy established because Hammurabi claimed it was from a divine source; consistent set of regulations (important innovation)

3. Social Structurea. King → priests → nobles/govt. officials → traders/artisans → farmers → slaves

4. Religiona. Polytheistic b. Gods considered indifferent/cruel -- punish the people with harsh floods, no

afterlife, pessimistic view caused by floodsi. Contrasts from Egypt as they had a more optimistic religion, gods more

forgivingc. Epic of Gilgamesh - first novel of life and death

d. Ziggurats - temples, thought to be for worship, similar to pyramids

Egypt1. Government/ Politics

a. Egypt was first divided into local kingships and governedi. Menes, a ruler in the south, unified North and South into one single stateii. Unlike Mesopotamia, unified earlieriii. Egyptian history is divided into three dynasty: Old, Middle, and New

Kingdomsb. Egyptian State centered around Pharaoh

i. Considered the Pharaoh as the son of the sun godii. He maintained the ma’at, the order of the universe iii. Did not have a code of law because what the pharaoh said was lawiv. Pyramids- tomb, equipped to help them into the afterlife

1. huge workforce (probably during the flood season because they can’t work on their fields)

c. The Capital City i. In the Old Kingdom it was in Memphis, however as the Middle and New

Kingdom emerged it moved to Thebesd. Bureaucrats kept records of land, labor, products, resources, etc.e. Bureaucrats wanted decentralized government while the monarchs wanted a

centralized governmenti. Late Old Age and Intermediate Period was decentralizedii. Early monarchs of the Middle Kingdom made things more centralized

1. by reducing power of the old Elites and creating a new middle class of administrators

2. Economya. Nile River- flooded in the best time for grain agriculture (silt)

i. Floods provided water to irrigation channels that carried the water out to the valley

ii. Travel and communication centered through the Nileiii. worshiped the nile and also felt that nature as an orderly and beneficent

placeiv. CONTRAST: different from Mesopotamia - the Nile’s floods were

predictable, while the Tigris/Euphrates had devastating unpredictable floods

b. Papyrusi. Used as sails, ropes, and paper

c. Fishingd. Self-sufficient economye. Farming villages depended on domesticated plants and animalsf. The government maintained a monopoly over the economy and long-distance

trade, very controlled3. Religion

a. Religion was based on natureb. Gods such as Horus, Osiris, Isis, Seth etc.c. Polytheistic

4. Social Structurea. Pharaoh → Viziers → high priests & nobles → officials, scribes → craftsman →

peasants, slaves, laborersb. Slaves were present but the people were not as dependent on themc. Egyptian women

i. Can own property, inherit property, and will their property to whomeverii. Divorce was allowediii. Received greater respect and freedom than women of Mesopotamia, and

basically any ancient civilization5. Culture

a. Writing system: Hieroglyphics (translated b/c of Rosetta Stone)i. Wrote on Papyrus and carved into stone

b. Other than record keeping, Egyptian Literature included tales of adventure, love poetry, religious hymn, and instructional manual on technical subjects

c. Officials were appointed by monarchs based on their accomplishments and meriti. give land for dependant peasants to work on

d. More isolated during the Old and Middle Kingdomsi. foreigners were regarded as enemies

e. The king limited contact with the outside worldi. Main purpose of contact outside was for natural resources and trade

f. Frequent trade with the Southg. The People of Egypt

i. The population was diverse ranging from dark skinned people related to the sub Saharan Africa to lighter skinned people related to the North Africans who spoke Berber

ii. Peasants lived in the rural villages1. Plowing, sowing, tending emerging shoots, reaping, threshing etc.2. Maintained irrigation channels 3. The people put more emphasis on public property and helped

each other, shows unification4. Ceremonies and celebrations toward gods, included feasts

Israelites & Judaism1. Intro & Geography

a. 2000~500 BCEb. location linked Anatolia, Egypt, Arabia, Mesopotamiac. bordered Mediterranean Sea

2. Government/Politicsa. Philistines = at war with Israelitesb. Saw need for organized system = Saul is 1st kingc. David = successor to Saul, most important Jewish king (peak of Israel monarchy)

i. Made Jerusalem the capitalii. Created a census (population count) to help collect taxesiii. Created army that got paid which made it better

d. Solomon (David’s son) = successor to David

i. Built First Temple in Jerusaleme. After Solomon’s death = N - Israel, S - Judahf. Began to be conquered by other groups è Assyrians, Neo-Bablyon

i. Diaspora = dispersion/scattering of Israelites3. Social Structure

a. Before monarchy:i. Divided into 12 tribesii. Tribal rivalry = leaders had to mediate disputes

b. During David’s reign: huge class discrepancyi. Higher class: priests, royaltyii. Lower class: merchants, peasants

c. Lived with extended families i. Authority to eldest male

1. Male heirs = very very importantii. Arranged marriages = important economic and social institution

d. Israel Womeni. Respected and treated with relative equality as men

1. Helped sustain the familyii. Can’t inherit property or divorceiii. Working class women = farm, herding, cared for house/children

e. Status of women declined as society urbanized/specialized 4. Economics

a. Relied on tradeb. Alliance and trade networks with Phoenicians

5. Religiona. Fundamental source of Israel’s history = Hebrew Bible/Torah (Old Testament by

Christians)i. Founding of Israel = Abraham

1. Born in Ur (Mesopotamia) and travelled to Israel2. Created covenant (pact) with Yahweh (God) = Israel is “holy land”3. Sons of Abraham (Joseph and Isaac) = part of biblical stories

b. Ten commandments = given from God to Mosesc. After death of Solomon, formulation of monotheism – absolute belief in one God

(Yahweh)i. Rigid laws that had to be followed by all Jews

Indus Valley Civilization - Not much known because of undecipherable written records1. Government/Politics

a. Urban centers: Harappa, Mohenjo-Darob. Urban planning = evidence of centralization

2. Economya. Seemed to have depended heavily on trade, with a trade system that extended to

Persia, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, Iran, and even possibly Egypt or Cretei. Most likely traveled by small boats

b. Agriculture: staple crop was mostly wheat and barley, grew own food3. Culture

a. Artifacts and the ruins of cities left behind show a very sophisticated and developed culture

b. Evidence of a complex math system, scientific developments, religion from several artifacts, including multiple sculptures, seals, jewelry, pottery, and etc. and a lot of writing carved into stone which is still mostly undecipherable

Shang1. Government/Politics

a. Led by a warrior aristocracyi. expanded its boundaries by conquest ii. ruled core area directly

b. Members of royal family + high-ranking nobility rule outlying provincesc. Most distant regions: native rulers who swore allegiance to Shang king

2. Economya. traded extensively

i. economic trade network could have expanded all the way to the Middle East

ii. May have traded with Mesopotamia1. evidence: horse-drawn chariot

iii. principal commodities: jade, ivory, silk, mother of pearl (jewelry), carved figurines, decorative inlays

3. Religiona. Fortune-telling, divination (oracle bones)b. Male ancestors worship

i. reinforced a strong sense of patriarchalc. Bronze vessels used in rituals seeking support of ancestors + godsd. Human sacrifice

i. For Gods and ancestorsii. Burials of kingsiii. Used noble officials of court, women, servants, soldiers, prisoners of war

e. Considered themselves to be at the center of the world i. sense of superiorityii. view of the “Middle Kingdom”

4. Social Structurea. Possession of bronze objects = sign of authority & nobility

5. Culturea. system of writing: pictograms + phonetic symbols (originated with Chinese) -

continued to be usedb. Shang artisans: weapons, chariot fittings, musical instruments, ritual vesselsc. Value copper, tin, bronze to make weapons and decorated objects

Zhou (1027 - 221BCE)1. Government/Politics

a. King Wu rebelled against the Shangb. overthrew the Shang in 1027 B.C.E.

i. Priestly power fades away c. continue direct control over core territory, peripheral areas: indirect control

(started from Shang dynasty)

d. Invent concept of Mandate of Heaven to justify seizure of power from Shang1. idea that as long as a leader governed wisely and fairly, he had

the right to claim a divine right to rule2. he would lose this divine right to rule in case of any sort of

corruption, etc.e. Spring and Autumn Period (771 - 480 BCE)

i. Zhou government gives fiefdom to local rulers to spread control throughout

1. Later become separate states (see g.)f. Warring States Period (480 - 221 BCE)

*Justified with Legalism i. Write codes of lawii. Collect taxes from peasants directlyiii. Standardize moneyiv. Manage large-scale public works projects

g. Decline: decentralizationi. Local rulers independently operate and war with each otherii. Nomadic people from North attack

2. Economya. learned to make iron tools and weapons (Warring States Period)

3. Culturea. Hundred Schools of Thought (aka, Golden Age of Chinese philosophy)

i. Daoism 1. Stop fighting, follow “path”2. Accept world as it is

ii. Confucianism1. Doctrine of duty & public service2. Drew parallel between family and the state

a. Universal ideal of benevolence toward humanity = foundation of moral government

iii. Legalism1. Human nature: wicked, only behave in orderly fashion with strict

laws and harsh punishmentsb. Stop practicing divination, bloody sacrifices and burials

Silk Road--100 BCE1. eagerness for western products2. creation of sasanid empire (224-600CE) pushed conflict between parthians and greeks

but also fueled trade along silk road3. also a source of religious ideas4. Impact of silk road

a. trading cities & surrounding farm villages began growing in population.b. integration of cultures displayed in artworksc. spread of ideas & cultured. military campaigns and weapons spread as welle. stirrups were passed along

i. allowed more support on the horse & room for more equipment.Olmec

1. Government/Politicsa. Ruled by religious elite

b. City-states (war with each other frequently)2. Economy

a. Interact with other city-states3. Religion

a. Worship feathered-serpent (La Venta), Olmec Dragon, Maize deity, Jaguarb. Religious activities performed by shamansc. Rulers = religious figure

i. Link to gods and supernatural: provide legitimacyd. Human sacrifice

4. Social Structurea. Gender roles for women

i. Upper-class: gain noble/priestess status; exert informal influenceb.

5. Culture (continuity-foundation for later Mesoamerican cultures)a. Art

i. expert carvers, large stone head sculptures, pyramids, writing, number system, calendar

b. Ball-courts

Phoenicians1. Government/Politics

a. The Phoenicians at first was in control of the NOrthern coasts of the Mediteranean Sea

i. Many settlements were distroyed by nomadic pastoralists and due to the violent upheaval and mass migration in the Eastern Mediteranean

b. The people then dependended on seaborne commerce for survivalc. the geography of lebanon divided the civilization into small city-states

i. These city states became really wealthy due to trade 1. gained some role in international politics

ii. Created the alphebet d. By 1000 b.c.e Byblos was the most important city state of all

i. Tons of trade went one. After 1000 B.C.E Tyre came into power

i. due to King Hiram ii. close alliance with king Solomon

1. trade iii. control and monopolized Medditerranean trade (coastal)iv. Tyre was impregnable

1. really rich but depended on the main land for water and foodf. After 900 BCE tyre began to move westward establishing colonies

i. took control of the med sea tradeg. Carthage

i. Northern Africaii. Well defended

1. watchtowers high walls etc.iii. Large population

1. diverse peopleiv. Politics

1. Two judges and senatev. Strong Navy power

vi. monopoly of trade in the Med Sea2. Economy

a. Economy was all centered around tradeb. basically took over med sea trade routes c. Through expansion they were able to get more resources

i. However also brought conflicts with the Greeks3. Religion

a. Polytheisticb. Hammon (storm god) Tanit (female fertility figure)c. Child sacrifice

i. Tophets- walled enclosures where thousands of small sealed urns containing burned bones of babies

4. Social Structurea. political arena dominated by leading merchant familiesb. People were not required to serve in the army

i. more focused on tradec. Carthage controlled its “empire”

i. the other city states relied to Carthage for saftey and support but was mostly self ruled

UNIT 2: 600 BCE TO 600 CEGreece

1. Governmenta. decentralized, divided into city states (polis)b. divided because of geography (mountains, islands)c. Athens

i. direct democracyii. ruled by landowning aristocrats (oligarchy)iii. Cleisthenes created Council of 500

1. all free male citizens of Greeceiv. center of culture, philosophy, art, etc.

d. Spartai. militaristic state b/c Spartans were outnumbered by helots (slaves) and

feared rebellionii. no arts/science/philosophyiii. importance of state over individualiv. women had more freedom b/c they worked while the men were in the

militarye. Persian Wars - Athens, Sparta, and other city states united in the Delian League

to fight against Persian invadersf. Peloponnesian Wars - Sparta creates Peloponnesian League to rival the Delian

League, because Athens had exploited the Delian League’s treasury to advance their own culture

2. Economya. sea tradersb. Athens had colonies surrounding the Mediterranean for resources

c. Sparta was purely agricultural, no trade3. Religion

a. Olympian gods (polytheistic) - childish imperfect beingsb. Animal sacrifices/monuments to please the gods

4. Culture/Social Structurea. Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle b. Playwrights: Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes (satire)c. Architecture: Pantheon dedicated to Athenad. Art & sculpture: showed perfect human beingse. Patriarchal, women were inferior

Rome 1. Government/Politics

a. 753 - 507 BCE 7 kings with Romulus being the first and the last being the tyrannical Tarquinius Superbus.

i. heads of wealthy families were members of the senate AKA Council of Elders that played dominant role in politics of Roman senate

b. Monarchy → foreign overlords (Etruscans) → Roman REPUBLIC (included Senate; conflict between plebeians and patricians) → Roman EMPIRE (roman republic collapsed due to crises including the bankruptcy of farmers due to falling grain prices and the increased use of slave labor)

c. 507-31 BCE The Roman Republic (WAS NOT A DEMOCRACY)i. All male citizens allowed to attend assemblies but votes of the wealthy

counted for moreii. The peak of power = one of the two consuls control all meetings of

Senate, assemblies, command army on military campaign iii. Roman Senate most powerful (first advisory council for king but gained

power to make policies and govern (Senators nominate their sons to fill up empty spots)

1. members served for life brought state’s wealth, influence, political and military experience

2. Patricians = elite Plebians = majority of population (normal citizens)

3. Patricians had most of power, Plebians did not like this fought for their part in govern and got the creation of tribunes (new official position)

a. elected by lower class, allowed vetoing or block any action of Assembly or Patrician that they thought went against interest of the Plebians

d. 31 BCE - 330 CE Octavian take out all rivals he wanted to be called princeps (first among equals) for this reason this period called Roman Principate.

2. Economya. Master builders and engineersb. roads, aqueducts, fortifications, cities, buildings

i. water transport, trade, interaction with different societies/communitiesc. Agriculture: mostly self-sufficient, large use of aqueducts d. Trade:

i. SILK ROAD, which connected Roman empire to Han China during Classical Era, exported a lot of silver and gold for Chinese products such as silk, tea, and porcelain

1. This was one of the large causes of the fall of Rome because they lost a lot of their silver & gold, and had to keep conquering other lands for more, which overstretched their army

3. Religiona. Early Romans believed in invisible shapeless forces called Numina

i. many different gods *Vesta, Janus, Penates* some had larger spheres of operation *Jupiter - sky Mars - agriculture and war

1. small offerings of cakes and liquids to win favor2. tried to maintain pax deorum (peace of the gods)

ii. Contact with Greeks made them equated their gods to the Greek gods like Zeus, Ares, Athena, Aphrodite

1. Gave them different names, Aphrodite = Venus, etc.b. Christianity was born during the first century C.E. in the eastern edge of the

Roman empirec. Although Rome was relatively religiously tolerant, Christians were heavily

persecuted because they refused to also worship the Roman emperor and were a large threat to the empire

d. Later adopted, tolerated, and made into an official religion - Constantine’s Edict of Milan in 313 CE

4. Social Structurea. depended heavily on slave labor (occasional slave revolts - eg. Spartacus) b. republican period - strictly patriarchal (family head was always male called

paterfamilias; male head had absolute power/authority over family)c. late republican period/early Roman empire - males remained dominant; women

could still not votei. women gained more freedom:

1. right/freedom to divorce2. more economic rights3. greater influence over family financial affairs

Persia 1. Government/Politics

a. Persian Rulers= Achaemenidsi. trace their lineage back to an ancestor named Achaemenes

b. Cemented their relationship with the Median courts through marriagei. Sometime around 550 B.C.E Cyrus and the Median Princess united the

Persian tribes and overthrew the Median Monarchii. Still put both Medes and Persians in position of responsibility

1. Retained the framework of Median Rulec. Cyrus redrew the map

i. Greek city states on the western coast came under persian controld. 539 B.C.E invaded Mesopotamia

i. Babylon went down without a strugglee. After Cyrus died in 530 B.C.E hist son Cambyses took over

i. conquered Egypt and set out to Nubia and to Libya from thereii. Documents state that he was like his father

1. cultivating local priests and notables and respecting native traditions

f. Cambyses died in 522 B.C.E ; Darius I took over the thronei. From here on forward in Persia. the Medeians played a smaller role and

the most important posts went to the Persiansg. Darius I

i. expanded Persian Control eastward as far as the Indus River valley and westward into Europe

ii. His empire was one of the largest of all 1. Europe to Pakistan2. Diverse groups of people

iii. Divided the empire into 20 provinces1. Each was ruled under the supervision of a Satrap (governor)

a. The Satrap court was similar to that of the Royal courtsb. Satraps were hereditary

i. lived in the provinces gaining knowledge of the region and people

c. They had to collect and send tribute to t the kingi. Prescribed by the King

d. However as more and more precious metals was taken out of circulation, prices rose

e. Led to Economic Decline2. The King held land of his own which he gave away as donations

to different peopleiv. He was considered to be the laws of the King

1. he promoted the codification of laws2. judges operated throughtout the empire3. and the empire was quite decentralized

a. the King promoted free practicing of religion2. Economy

a. Darius I focused on maritime routesb. well maintained and patrolled royal roads connected the provinces to the capitalc. According to records it is said that the governmentd. workers were divided in groups of men women and children

i. women recieved less than men of equivalent status1. but pregnant or women with babies recieved more

3. Religion - official religion is Zoroastrianism a. founded by Zoroaster in Persiab. dualtheistic (one good god “Ahuramazda” and one bad god)c. precursor to Judaism, Christianity and Islam; similarities to those religions made

people more open to accepting them d. Similarities to above religions include:

i. Good vs Bad (God vs Satan)ii. Heaven and Helliii. Judgement Dayiv. coming of the Messiah

4. Social Structurea. Patriarchal family organizationb. Society was divided into four social and occupational classes

i. Warriors1. dominant2. Landowning aristocracy

ii. Priests1. ritual specialists2. supervised proper performance of sacrifice

iii. Peasants1. primarily village based farmers and shepherds

c. King was the most illustrious of all

Alexander the Great - Hellenistic Era (356~30 BCE)1. Government/Politics

a. Alexander the Great (356~323 BCE) - son of King Philip IIi. defeated Darius III’s Persian forces and reached all the way to Pakistan

1. maintained framework of Persian administration2. created Greek-style city states3. replaced Persian officials with Macedonian/Greek comrades

ii. died at age of 32 = empire was in total chaosb. Kingdom eventually split into 3 major kingdoms = at odds with each other

i. Seleucid, Ptolemaic, Antigonidc. time period of Alexander’s conquests = Hellenistic Age (323~30 BCE)

i. powerfully influenced by Greek cultured. Seleucid = Mesopotamia, Syria, and parts of Anatoliae. Ptolemies dynasty - ruled Egypt, Syria-Palestine

i. ruled in Alexandria = city laid out in Egypt by Alexander1. greatest city during Hellenistic Age2. had Council, Assembly, officials = dealt with local affairs

ii. encouraged immigration of Greeksiii. didn’t encourage learning the Greek language or ways to conquered

people = huge class distinctionf. Antigonid dynasty = Macedonia, N. Greece and parts of S. Greece

i. Sparta = tried to fight against Macedonian army = failedii. Athens due to heart of artistic/literary accomplishments = policy of

neutrality2. Economy

a. cosmopolitan age = long distance trade and communicationsb. manufacturing and bankingc. agriculture still there but most economic activities happened in big cities

3. Religiona. different types of religions existed in various regions

i. Greek godsii. Egyptian gods

1. Ptolemies established themselves as god-kings like pharaohsiii. Syrian gods, etc.

4. Social Structurea. Alexander encouraged interracial marriage (he married an Iranian woman)b. Vast difference in wealth between classesc. learned Greek way of life = could be part of higher classes

5. Culturea. great multi-cultural age = mixing and intertwining of different culturesb. new institutions (libraries, universities), sciences, art, literaturec. Athens = large museum of relics and memories of Greek past

i. University that attracted elite classd. City of Alexandria = ½ million people (population)

i. Mausoleum of Alexander = stole Alexander’s body for legitamacyii. great lighthouse = ancient wonder of the worldiii. famous library and research institution

1. allowed great advances in sciencesa. Euclid = geometryb. Claudius Ptolemy = astronomyc. Archimedes = invented mechanical devices, volumed. Galen = medical knowledge

iv. adopted Greek-style of life 1. e.g. public bath houses, Greek theater,

e. people adopted Greek way of life (language, culture)

Gupta Empire (320~550 CE)1. Geography & Technology

a. Mostly in northern India, central India, west - Punjab, East - Bengal, North - Kashmir, South - Deccan Plateau

i. capital = Pataliputrab. Mathematics = supported by Gupta empire

i. invented concept of zeroii. “Arabic” numeral systemiii. system of place-value notation

2. Government/Politicsa. Grew from Magadha kingdom

b. less centralized than Mauryan empirei. smaller bureaucracy and intelligence networkii. strong army held core of empire togetheriii. governors = freehand in organizing outside areas - led to corruptioniv. asked for tributes from outside kingdoms/kinship groups

c. tried to persuade other kingdoms to followi. “Theater-state” - trying to appeal to other kingdoms by showing them the

beauties and splendors of capital/royal court1. constant dramatic ceremonies, solemn rituals, exciting cultural

events, etc.2. economic base = trade of luxurious goods

d. 5th Century CE = under pressure/threat of Hunsi. eventually fell in 550

3. Economya. agricultural productivity of the Ganges Plainb. iron/salt deposits = monopolyc. coined money = medium of exchanged. artisan guildse. decline in trade on Arabian Sea ports = decline of Roman empire

i. trade with SE and East Asia roseii. Malay/Indonesia trade rose

4. Religiona. Gupta monarchs = mostly Hindu

i. revived importance of Brahmin priestsii. importance of caste systemiii. classic form of Hindu temples developed

b. religiously tolerant = patrons for Hindu, Buddhist, Jain endeavorsc. North = destination for Buddhist pilgrimages

5. Social Structurea. Patriarchal society = men had complete powerb. Women - higher the status = more freedom

i. Decline of status of women = urbanization, formation of complex political/social structures, non-agricultural middle class

1. increase of male control over women’s behaviorii. lost right to inherit property over timeiii. barred from studying sacred texts and participating in sacred ritualsiv. wed at increasingly early age = complete devotion to husbandv. could escape from treatment = join Jainist/Buddhist community

Mauryan Empire (326~184) 1. Government

a. (first)Centralized governmentb. Divided empire into provinces- for tax assessment and law enforcementc. Standard coinage

2. Economya. Network of trade expanded- traded silk goods and textiles, spices and exotic

foodsb. Guilds developed into small scale industries- steady employments

3. Religion (Hinduism-> Buddhism)a. Ashoka

i. Battle of Kalinga- converts to Buddhism

ii. Religious toleration- Hindus and Buddhist in governmentiii. Rock pillar edicts, missionariesiv. Repealed harsh laws

4. Culture/Social Structurea. Buddhism- improved women's lives- Buddhist nuns

Han (200BCE - 200CE)1. Government/Politics

a. Capital: Chang’ani. flourished when Silk Road trade was boomingii. linked with Yangzi (most agricultural region) w. canals

b. Continue to use Mandate of Heavenc. Centralized, bureaucracy

i. Most people: no contact with the central gov. ii. Practice civil service exams (meritocracy)

d. Under Wu Ti (around 140 BCE)i. Han expands: Inner + Outer China, parts of S.E. Asia, parts of KOR &

Manchuria, inner Mongoliae. Use tributary statesf. Military used to keep bordersg. Method of political control: Confucian philosophy + Legalist techniquesh. Decline: nomadic tribes in the north (esp. Xiongnu), agricultural production

downfall, economic slumpi. Become decentralized

1. Split into the Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu, Wu)2. Economy

a. Silk Road tradei. most important export: silkii. Han & Rome (trade partners)

1. Persia - middlemen (a person who buys stuff and resells it)3. Religion

a. Buddhism introduced through tradei. People readily accepted because Confucianism didn’t provide spiritual

stuff + Buddhism offered salvation from sufferingb. Daoism

4. Social Structurea. Family: basic unit of society; patrilinealb. Confucianism

i. Hierarchy: naturalii. FIVE RELATIONSHIPS:

1. Ruler to Subject2. Father to Son3. Husband to Wife4. Elder brother to younger brother5. Older friend to younger friend

UNIT 3: 600 CE TO 1450 CEIslam

● Arose in the Arabian Peninsula in the 600s C.E.● Founder - Muhammad

○ merchant from Mecca○ experienced a vision from the angel Gabriel (delivered the word of Allah - Arabic

for “God”)○ started to preach with the help of Ali (son-in-law and cousin), Abu Bakr (father-in-

law), and his favorite wife, Aisha● 622 - Hajira (the flight to Medina to escape prosecutors in Mecca or conservatives who

thought Muhammad was a threat to Mecca’s economic/social/etc structures)○ marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar

● Five Pillars of Islam○ “there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet”○ pray 5 times daily facing Mecca○ fast during Ramadan○ give alms to the poor○ go on the hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca at least once in one’s lifetime

● Other Islamic traditions○ abstinence from alcohol and pork○ avoid the portrayal of human/animal figures in art○ polygamy (up to 4 wives for men)

● Qur’an or Koran - word of Allah (transmitted directly by Muhammad; every word is sacred)

● Hadith - a collection of the proverbs of Muhammad● Sharia - a codification of traditional Islamic law● Muhammad died in 632 C.E.

○ umma was to be governed by a caliph (successor - both a religious and political leader)

■ Abu Bakr, Umar (Omar), Uthman● establishment of the Umayyad caliphate SUNNI

○ under Muawiyah○ Sunnis accepted Muawiyah and his successors as legitimate

■ Sunni - “people of tradition and community”; anyone capable could become the caliph

○ Shi’ite did not accept Muawiyah and his successors as legitimate; supported Ali and Ali’s descendants

■ Ali was killed in the war● Sufism - mystical tradition (focused on fasting, prayer and meditation)● CONTINUITY

○ universal appeal: anyone was welcome to convert (Islam was able to spread quickly as a result)

○ succession issues - Sunni vs. Shi’ite

○ important poetry and oral traditions● CHANGE

○ tribal system - iconoclasm (icons destroyed by Muhammad in Mecca)

Umayyad Caliphate (661~750)1. Government/Politics

a. Mu’awiya (governor of Syria) i. ruled from Damascus, Syriaii. became caliph in 661 after assassination of Muhammad Aliiii. chose son (Yazid) to inherit clan = start of Umayyad Caliphate

b. adopted/adapted Byzantine and Sasanid administrationsc. introduced Arabic as language of gov’td. Umayyad fell in 750 = political unrest

i. Shi’ites and Kharijites (different religious sect) = rebelled against Umayyad

1. questioned legitimacy of rulee. 755 = one of family members from Umayyad caliph fled to Spain

i. founded Spanish Umayyad Caliphate2. Economy

a. introduction of Muslim gold/silver coins = symbolized new order3. Religion

a. Shi’ism began to develop after Yazan killed Hasan’s (son of Ali) brother’s familyi. Shi’ites = from political movement to religious sect

4. Social Structurea. converts to Islam = unequal status as Arabs

i. cause of political unrest = rebellionsb. Women = though not as equal, had freedom

i. pursued large range of occupations: scholarships, law, commerce

Abbasid Caliphate (750~945)1. Government/Politics

a. One of Muhammad’s uncles controlled secret organization that coordinated revolt against Umayyad

i. founded Abbasid Caliphateb. Theology and religious law = occupied courtsc. some caliphs sponsored great Greek/Persian/Indian works to be translated into

Arabicd. growing complex gov’t in Baghdad

i. capital = Baghdad (on Tigris River)e. early Abbasid period = “golden age”f. Abbasid decline = evident from half of 9th century

i. struggled with centralizing taxes1. parts of caliphate weakened flow of tax revenues to Baghdad

ii. news of frontier revolts and responses to them = took too long

iii. began to purchase mamluks = Turkic slaves from Central Asia = create standing army

1. gov’t pay them = Mamluks saw that they should unseat caliphsiv. tried to build new capital, Samarra = north of Baghdad on Tigris River

1. financial difficulties and debt = further financial problems for Abbasids

g. 945 = fell under control of mountain warriors from N. Iran2. Economy

a. Trade = gold, silver, copper, and ironb. spread use of cottonc. founded new breed of livestockd. had something similar to banking systeme. postal systemf. introduced uniform coinage system that made commerce easier

3. Religiona. Islam integrated in gov’t/politicsb. spent lots of time interpreting Quran, collecting sayings of Prophet Muhammad,

developing Arabic grammarc. more Sunni than Shi’ite

4. Social Structurea. more non-Arabs converted to Islam = more cosmopolitan

i. different ethnic groups (Greek, Iranian, Central Asia, etc) met in Baghdadii. rise to abundance literary works - Arab poets

b. social discrimination against non-Arab converts fadedc. Arabs = lost previously strong attachments to ethnic identity and kinship

Ottomans (not major group thus incomplete)1. Government/Politics

a. Osman Bey = founder of Ottoman Islamic Empire in mid 14th centuryi. Turkish nomads

b. great influence in eastern Anatoliac. situated in NW (Sea of Marmara) = allowed them to cross Europed. seized power with decay of Mongol powere. new power states created

i. strong emphasis on religious and language for identityf. temporary setback when Timur defeated Ottomans in 1402g. 1453 = Sultan Mehmet II = captured Constantinople, ended Byzantine empire

i. changed name to “Istanbul”2. Religion

a. Empire attracted Muslim soldiersi. wanted to extend frontiers of battles with Christians

Byzantine (600~1200) 1. Government/Politics

a. A.K.A. Eastern Roman Empireb. continuation of Roman imperial rule and tradition

i. absolute ruler = power over legal and religious authority1. prevented breakup of empire2. loss of territory by Arabs = loss of power

a. Arab armies stole Byzantine Egypt, Syria, Tunisiac. long conflict with Islamic empire

i. religious conflict = Crusades against Muslimsii. eventually succumbed to Muslim rule = 1453

d. later Byzantine emperors = enemies in N and S (Slavic people and Turks)2. Economy

a. Barter replaced money transactionsb. decline in economy during 6th Century = bubonic plaguec. Much like Late Roman inclinations

i. set prices, organized grain shipments to capitalii. monopolized luxury good trades (e.g. Tyrian purple cloth)

d. gov’t intervention = slowed economic innovatione. other cities suffered from intense focus on Constantinoplef. agriculture = used slow ox-carts and light scratch plows = efficient for only some

soil types3. Religion

a. established Christianity as official religionb. Relation b/w princes and pope worsened

i. East-West Schism = 1054; break between Latin Church and Orthodox Church

4. Social Structurea. with epidemics, elite class shrunkb. importance of high-ranking aristocrats and rural landowners increasedc. End of 11th century = family-based military aristocracy emergedd. Women

i. 1028~1056 = women ruled alongside emperor husbandsii. 7th century women = increasingly confined at home

1. had to wear a veil, could only socialize with men in familya. might be due to growing Islamic influence

5. Culturea. Artistic creativity = shown through architecture/design of churches & monasteries

i. e.g. Hagia Sophia (during reign of Justinian)b. Byzantine religious art = stiff characters on gold backgrounds

i. strongly influenced painting in West Europec. 9th century = Cyril and Methodius (brothers) = successful mission to Slavs

i. created perfect writing system = Cyrillicii. beginning of competition b/w Greek and Latin forms of Christianity

Delhi Sultanate (1206 - 1526)*only in N. India

1. Government/Politicsa. Describes 5 sultanates, shows how disunited India was throughout historyb. First unification after 600 years, fall of Gupta Empire (change)c. Remain decentralized

i. Hindu lords carry out policies

d. Many sultans killed2. Economy

a. Trade with other Muslim states3. Religion

a. Islam becomes official religion under Muslim rulei. but Hinduism continues b/c practice of religious tolerationii. Buddhism dies out (change)

b. Many convert to Islami. lower caste - convert caste → status goes upii. merchants - improve trade

4. Social Structurea. continue with caste systemb. Women rights (Muslim)

i. More property rights, divorce & remarry (after husband died)5. Culture

a. Urdu - new language, fusion of Persian, Arabic, Hindi

Indian Ocean Trade1. World’s richest maritime trading network

a. Indian Ocean, Iran, Arabia, SE Asia, Europe, Africa, chinab. decentralized = commercial interests tied different regional networksc. Strait of Malacca = meeting point for SE Asia, China, Indian Oceand. could be divided into two groups:

i. Middle East to Arabian Sea to Indiaii. India to Bay of Bengal to SE Asia

2. Dominated by Arab merchants until the 1400s3. Technology of Indian Ocean Trade:

a. Chinese Junksi. huge Chinese vesselsii. 1405-1433 Zheng He (Ming China) leads Chinese junk expeditions

1. Chinese Muslim2. theory on his fleet finding the Americas = “1421” (some large

holes in theory)b. Dhows = cargo/passenger ship in Arabian Sea

4. Many products traded through networka. precious metals, jewels, textiles, spices, cotton, pepper, grains, horses, etc.

i. China - silk, porcelainii. SE Asia - spicesiii. Africa - spices, precious metals

Early Middle Ages Europe1. Government/Politics

a. Carolinigan Dynasty (700-900s)i. Charles Martel stopped Muslims at the Battle of Tours

ii. Charlemagne crowned the 1st Holy Roman Emperor after helping Pope Leo fight some rebellious nobles → strengthened relationship between church&state, implied the Pope has the right to crown secular rulers (later cause of controversy)*

iii. Fell after Treaty of Verdun (decentralization, nobles fighting for power)b. Feudalism

i. England1. William the Conqueror 1099 - centralized feudalism (like

Tokugawa Japan)2. Magna Carta 1215 - limited king’s power

ii. France - Estates Generalc. *Kings vs. Popes

i. canon law - church had exclusive legal jurisdiction over all church/clergy land

ii. bishops held lands as vassalsiii. => conflict over lay investiture, secular rulers appointing bishopsiv. Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Emperor Henry IV in 1076v. 1122: Concordat of Worms, secular rulers gave lands while pope

bestowed spiritual powervi. 1154 King Henry II of England wanted to try clergy in royal courts, Becket

opposed him● 1162 Thomas Becket (friend) became archbishop of Canterbury● 1170 Becket was murdered, Canterbury became major pilgrimage

center2. Economy

a. Manorialism - self sufficient with little to no trade3. Religion

a. once the Roman Empire falls, the Catholic Church’s power rose b. Catholic Church unified Europec. St. Benedict’s Benedictine Order- The Rule: poverty, chastity, meditation,

obedienced. monasteries preserved Greco-Roman literature

4. Sociala. PATTERN: noble (richer) women have more power than regular women

i. i.e. Eleanor of Aquitaine

Kievan Russia (900-1200)1. Government/Politics

a.2. Economy3. Religion4. Social Structure5. Culture

Crusades1. series of military campaigns against Muslims in the eastern Mediterranean that

dominated the politics of Europe from 1095 to 12042. 4 crusades in total 3. without rivalry between popes and kings without the desire of the church to demonstrate

political authority over western Christendom Crusades might never have occurred4. Holy war Muslim go for Jerusalem the sacred land take over it the Romans get angry

and Pope Urban II (Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus asked pope and western European rulers to help confront Muslim threat) tell them to start the first Crusade

5. Crusades were a failure for the Roman empire.6. First Crusade captured Jerusalem and established four crusader principalities *only

successful Crusade*a. Muslim retook Jerusalem in 1187 b. fourth Crusade 1204 the original religious ardor had so diminished that the

commanders agreed at the urging of the Venetians to sack Constantinople first to help pay the cost of transporting the army by ship

c. second Crusade (1147-1149) Third Crusade (1189-1192)

Late Middle Ages (1200-1500 in Europe)1. Government/Politics

a. Trading cities in N Italy, German cities = independent statesb. Some had special royal charters → exempt them from authority of local nobles

(autonomy)c. Pope important d. Hundred Years War

i. used religion was an excuse to fight for more landii. knights became useless because of new weaponry (gunpowder,

longbows, etc.)iii. England’s Parliament gained power of the purse and became more

powerful, further limiting the monarchy’s poweriv. elsewhere, particularly in France, kings gained more power → eventually

became absolutists2. Economy

a. Feudal system w/ serfs i. Serfs rarely rewards → not motivated to be innovativeii. Rural poverty b/c of inefficient farming methods, social inequality, rapid

growth of populationb. Population growth led to more productive ways of farming

i. Three-fields system w/ oatsii. Draining swamps, clearing forestsiii. Some had to farm poor & vulnerable landsiv. ^ eventually, crop yields declined, more people vulnerable

c. After Black Deathi. Free agricultural laborers

ii. Land to pasture sheep for wooliii. Began to grow less labor-intensive crops or use draft animals/tools moreiv. Urban areas: higher wages for workers & guilds had to reduce

apprenticeship v. Overall economy shrank BUT per capita production increased

d. Mining & metalworking (iron/silver/lead/copper), use of mechanical energy expanded (water wheels, mills)

e. Rapid industrial growth had affects on landscapei. Towns grew, dams & canals builtii. Pollution (ex. human waste, runoff from factories/slaughterhouses)iii. Quarry pitsiv. Increased deforestation

f. Continued growth in tradei. B/w cities and surrounding areasii. Long-distance tradeiii. Cities in N Italy, N Europe → Venice, Florence, Flanders, Genoa,

Champagneiv. Growth in textile industries b/c of wind & water energy v. W Europe became less dependent on E European goods

g. Wealth merchant-bankers (15th century) → Florence, supported rulers’ wars/lavish courts (ex. Medici) → Jews = important, Christians technically not allowed

3. Religiona. Latin Christianb. Some people became more religious b/c of Black Deathc. Jews suffered from periodic discrimination & persecution, esp. during times of

crisis (ex. Black Death) → many left, convertedd. Gothic cathedrals (high spires, flying buttresses, large stain-glass windows)e. Reformation

4. Social Structurea. Originally:

i. Divided by class & genderii. Noble household depended on laborers iii. Women’s status < mens’ status

b. Black Death led to social change:i. People could demand higher wagesii. Peasants revolted against wealthy nobles, churchmeniii. Serfdom basically disappeared

c. Women’s life after Black Deathi. Still under male dominanceii. Sometimes able to join guildsiii. Poor women → nonguild jobs in urban textile industries, food/beverage

tradesiv. Lower wages than men

v. Some advances socially by marriage

Renaissance - 1450s1. Crusades brought Western Europe back into contact with the outside world → increased trade with Arabs and Chinese by Venetian merchants → more funding available for cultural purposes → Renaissance2. more secular, focus on humanism (individuality, great men are patrons of the arts)3. Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo4. Scholasticism - reconciliation of reason and faith5. Gothic architecture

Sui Dynasty (604) - not much is known● Reunified China

○ first strong dynasty to emerge after fall of Han● Government based on Confucianism, heavily influenced by Buddhism ● Expanded its borders in a burst of military conquest● Created the Grand Canal (link the Yellow and Yangtze rivers) ● Decline: may be because it spent large amounts of resources on numerous ambitious

construction of canals, irrigation, and military projects

Tang Dynasty (618)- GOLDEN AGE1. Government a. Monarchy, centralized power

b. Adopted administrative system of Sui (three ministries and six departments)c.Civil service exam (based on confucianism)

i. Decreasingly relied on aristocratic recommendations and more and more on promotion based on the results of written examinations

d. First legal code in China e. Tributary system

f. Equal-field systemi. To make sure that residents owned houses and farmers owned land.ii. Land taxation system

g. Method of political control: military--relied on to maintain peaceh. Decline: Internal rebellions → Fragmentation: military governors established own kingdoms

2. Economy a. Handicraft guilds and the use of paper money b. Advanced transportation- canals, roads c. Increased trade- population boom! and expansion

d. Advanced farming toolsi. Raised productivity

e. Irrigation worksf. Commerce

i. Two markets- Domestic trade center (eastern market)- International trade center (Western market)

3. Religiona. Buddhism- was popular during early Tang, but later declined due to many of the Tang officials that were of Confucian discipline

i. Reason for decline: Buddhism seen as undermining family system, erode tax system, attract many people to become monks, nuns

b. Confucianism4. Social structure/Culture

a. 1st Movable type (wood block printing)b. Buddhism allow women to participate in politics

i. ex) Wu Zhao - made herself emperor with ideological and material support of Buddhism

c. Crackdown on Buddhism → destruction of many Buddhist cultural artifacts

Song Dynasty (960)1. Government/Politics

a. Disliked foreign influences--past experience w/ enemies who heavily taxed their military capacities.

b. Was constantly paying tribute. First to Liao, then to the Jurchens. 2. Economy/inventions

a. cut off ties with inner & central asia--instead developed sea connectionsi. advanced seafaring & sailing technologies

b. mathematicians--fractionsc. astronomers--precise calendar based on lunar observationsd. timekeeping & compass

i. mechanical water powered celestial clocke. junk--main oceangoing shipf. fought over control of iron & steel in North

i. became skilled in iron & steel metallurgyg. gunpowderh.

3. Religiona. Neo-Confucianism--main reb. ligion

i. Zhu Xi--central conception that human nature is moral, rational, and good.ii. universal sagehood--state that can be achieved through proper study of

neo-confucianism--state of mental stability & serenity while dealing with troubling problems.

iii. issued civil service exam1. printed preparation books

c. Buddhismi.

4. Social Structure/Culturea. civil man > military man b. didn’t have to come from a noble, gentry, or elite background to join the

bureaucracy--just needed to pass the examc. access to books--expert advice on agriculture, etc. d. increased population due to disease--crowded streets and apartmentse. land no longer source of wealth--credit, money, commerce, etc. boomed.f. women experienced sexism--social restrictions due to rise of confucianism.g. helped husbands and male family members with business, but didn’t really have

own property rights. h. foot binding--makes women unable to move comfortably, but was a sign of

status.

Yuan Dynasty (1368) - Mongols1. Government/Politics

a. Genghis Khan (Mongols) affected all of Eurasia → Chinese were the first Mongol targets

b. Genghis Khan’s grandsons quarreled → had to divide the Mongol Empirei. Kublai Khan

1. gained control of Southeast Asia and China2. Moved the capital to Beijing3. Proclaimed the Yuan Empire (China)4. can be considered the unifier of China as a single state.5. unable to conquer Japan (kamikaze winds), Vietnam, Burma

2. Economya. Kublai Khan rebuilt China’s bureaucracy and economy

i. repaired roads and canalsii. built new citiesiii. restored trade with the west

1. Silk Road - emerged again as a vital trade route3. Religion

a. Kublai Khan adopted Buddhism4. Population/Social

a. appearance of bubonic plague → decrease of populationi. people began to rebel - civil wars → led to overthrowing of Yuan empire

in 13685. Culture

a. Kublai Khan made Mandarin Chinese the official language

Ming Dynasty (1368) 1. Government/Politics

a. Hongwui. rebel who took down the Yuan Empireii. Established the Ming Dynasty

iii. Hongwu’s son Yongle was also a strong rulerb. Hongwu and Yongle recentralized the country and repaired the damage from the

warsi. population grewii. economy recoverediii. Yongle transformed Beijing into a magnificent capital by building the

Forbidden City2. Economy

a. Economy recovered as the population started to increase once again as Hongwu and Yongle started to repair damage and bring back order/peace

b. maintained a tributary systemc. allied with kingdoms in Vietnam and Koread. large and effective armye. navy - an instrument of diplomacy and intimidation for some timef. expansion of Chinese trade in the Ming dynasty

i. Zheng He - admiral and explorer1. 7 long voyages to Southeast Asia, India, ME, and East Africa2. expanded tributary systems 3. brought back more knowledge of the outside world4. expanded trade with different foreign regions5. after Yongle’s death, Chinese rulers lost interest in exploration

and naval expansion (global turning point; if China had continued to maintain its power overseas, then China could’ve been the main power/force of colonization and worldwide exploration)

3. Religiona. Confucianism and Buddhism

i. major guiding forces in Chinese philosophy and religion4. Social Structure5. Culture

a. influence on Korea, Vietnam and Japani. art, religion and literature

b. Confucianism & Buddhismc. porcelain

i. exquisite glassware and ceramicsd. scroll painting

i. major art formii. depicted landscapesiii. long, vertical rolls of silk and paper

Heian Japan (794-1185)1. Government/Politics

a. unusual and complex form of gov’ti. emperor - descendant of Shinto gods (sacred)

1. lost political power

2. remained important as a symbolic figureheadii. real power - noble family gained position of chancellor (duty of

“protecting” the emperor)1. chancellor kept the emperor in seclusion and ruled in his name

b. Fujiwara clani. ruling family from 858 onward

c. new government - shogunatei. Heian regime was destroyed by the Tairo-Minamoto war

1. two warrior clans were rivals to the emperor’s throne (Tairo and Minamoto)

2. Tairo and Minamoto drove out the Fujiwara3. Taira was defeated by the Minamoto

a. Minamoto created the shogunate (different form of government)

i. marked the transition from classical age to medieval period in Japan (Heian → shogunate)

2. Religiona. influenced by China - importation of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism

3. Social Structure4. Culture

a. golden age in premodern Japanese historyb. peaceful, prosperous and culturally brilliant during Fujiwara clan’s reign

i. Japanese painting - high level of skillii. Lady Murasaki’s The Tale of Genji (epic about love and Japanese court

life)1. dates to this period

c. early culture was influenced greatly by Chinai. religion - infliuenced by importation of Confucianism, Daoism and

Buddhismii. Chinese ideograms influenced the Japanese alphabetiii. Tang China’s poetry, painting and architecture impacted Japanese style

d. cultural refinement and preoccupation with court life led the Fujiwara clan to neglect military affairs

i. various warrior clans started to create conflicts with each other

Feudal Japan/First Shogunates1. Government/Politics

a. Kamakura (1185-1333)i. Minamoto moved the capital from Heian to Kamakuraii. decentralized military governmentiii. real power belonged the shogun (“great general”)

1. emperor - symbolic poweriv. kept order in Japan

1. repelled Kublai Khan’s two attempts to invade from China

b. Ashikaga (1336-1573)i. moved capital back to Kyoto (formerly Heian)ii. politically weaker than Kamakuraiii. allowed greater decentralization than Kamakuraiv. 1500s - Japan became very disunified - most daimyo ruled lands

independently.2. Economy

a. Ashikaga shogunatei. trade and commerce flourishedii. important merchant class emerged

3. Religiona. new forms of Buddhism arrived

i. Zen Buddhism (called Chan Buddhism in China)1. popular among samurai class2. philosophically simple

ii. Pure Land (Jo Do) Buddhism1. promised a heavenly afterlife2. popular among lower classes

4. Social Structurea. shogunates were feudal systems

i. shogun - “great general”ii. daimyo - landowning warlords

1. shoguns shared power with the daimyoiii. samurai - “one who serves”; warrior class

1. shogun and daimyo came from the samurai class2. followed the Bushido (“way of the warrior”)

a. Bushido - strict code of loyalty, honor and braveryb. women had a certain social and political influence

Mali1. Intro & Geography

a. Western Sudan (succeeded Ghana)i. Kingdom of Ghana

1. few details remain about early years of kingdom2. prospered until 1076 = conquered by desert nomads3. first land outside of a caliphate to peacefully convert to Islam

b. Islam was spreading rapidly around Africac. To the East, Christian Nubian kingdoms collapsed, but Ethiopia survived.

2. Governmenta. Sundiata created Malib. Rulers were Muslimsc. Empired. Ibn Battuta claimed “complete & general safety” prevailed in the vast territories.

i. foreigners had no fears of being robbed.

e. expanded thanks to iron & horses. 3. Economy

a. Empire was Islamici. Opened up the international commercial world.

b. depended on agriculture and regional & trans-saharan trade routesc. controlled upper Niger & gold field of Niger headwatersd. Trans-Saharan trade: Control over gold & copper trade & contact w/ N. African

Muslim traders--> unprecedented prosperitye. had advanced technology-->iron & horses-->enhanced agriculture and trade.

4. Religiona. Islamic-->allowed profuse trade from the very start since its rulers were Muslim,

and a lot of the wealthy traders in Africa were Muslim. Particularly North Africa.b. Mansa Musa-->made the Hajj to Mecca-->eager to promote Islam & its culture.

i. Brought a huge entourage and was very lavish with his gold. So much gold, the value of gold remained depressed for years in placed like Cairo.

5. Social Structure/Culturea. Had slavesb. Heavily influenced by Islam (mansa musa’s hajj)

i. Built mosques, opened Koranic schools, etc.c. was a very safe placed. griot-->storytellers

i. Epic of Sunjata-->battle for the land Mali stood on. e. Inequality

i. prisoners of war--male soldiers & female slavesii. many more female slaves than male slaves

f. Gendersi. Male--hunters, farmers, merchants, specialists, soldiers, griotsii. Female--cloth & salt makers, concubinesiii. women were excluded from oral tradition, and aren’t recognized for their

important contributions to the empire’s expansion. iv. male dominant society

Mongols1. Government/Politics

a. Military conquestsi. sought trade partners + caravan routesii. factors contributing to Mongol’s ability to conquer so much land:

superior horsemanship, better bows, technique of following arrows with cavalry, include non-Mongol soldier into armies

iii. Russia - only successful invasion during winteriv. Most westward point: Vienna

b. Officials chosen through talent + loyaltyc. Rule in Russia

i. Indirect rule, RUS - tributary state

ii. isolated Russia from other European countries (therefore Russia didn’t fully experience the Renaissance or the Enlightenment

d. Rule in Persia i. Only care about taxes and order (tributary state)ii. Ilkhanate (khanate established in Persia)

1. Ilkhan Ghazan converted to Islam, massacre Christians and Jews2. Decline: Excessive spending, failing papery money, last ruler died

without heir (succession issue)2. Economy

a. Secured trade routes; ensured safety of merchants, ambassadors, missionariesi. created relay stations (it’s like 휴개소)

b. Silk Road trade revived b/c Mongols made good roadsi. eventually spread Black Plague

c. (Later) High inflation throughout entire empire3. Religion

a. practice religious tolerance because their only interest was tradeb. Religions: shamans, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam

4. Social Structurea. Nomadic society

Teotihuacan1. Government/Politics

a. Aristocracy--not 100% sure but there was a ruling elite. however, scholars confirmed that there was no single powerful figure.

i. controlled state bureaucracy, tax collection, and commerce.b. Religious & Commercial center. c. NOT an imperialistic state controlled by military elite.

2. Economya. Agriculture

i. growth of city & labor resources-->brought marginal lands into production1. drained swamps2. installed irrigation systems3. terraces built into hillsides4. chinampas--artificial islands--lake muck and waste piled on top of

beds of reeds--year round agriculture--subsurface irrigation & resistance to frost--sustained growing population.

b. two largest craft groups--pottery & obsidian toolsc. used military to expand trade relations.

3. Religiona. Polytheistic, animismb. human sacrifice--essential for the well being of the civilization & its peoplec. religious architecture reflected movement of the stars

i. pyramids dedicated to sun & moon gods & lesser deities.d. Quetzalcoatl--feathered serpent--culture-god.

4. Social Structure/culturea. urban population boomed due to a volcanic eruption that disrupted agricultureb. city elite increased power--farming families forced to relocate to cities.c. population grew-->apartment-like stone buildings surfaced.

d. evidence of social stratification--elite & working class.

Maya1. Geography & Technology

a. Mayan civilization = present-day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, Southern Mexicob. Developed calendar from Olmec tech = pretty accurate to current one

i. based on astronomyc. Mathematics

i. concept of zero (PARALLEL: Gupta)ii. place values

d. Writing = hieroglyphsi. recorded on deer skin, bark-paper books, pottery, stone columns

2. Government/Politicsa. Not unified politically

i. Numerous city-statesb. Rival kingdoms struggled for regional dominancec. power cities controlled smaller dependent cities

i. built huge temples and pyramids = link with religion, kings and astronomyd. Wars = more to capture captives rather than territory

3. Economya. strongly dependant on agriculture = slash and burn tactics

i. later = more advanced agricultural tech (ex: irrigation systems, terraces)b. Not a lot of “international” trade due to isolationc. some trade with other Meso-american civilizations

4. Religiona. closely linked with astronomyb. members of elite and rulers = both political and religious functions

i. king = could communicate with religious bodiesc. Warfare closely related = lots of rituals to win wars

i. sacrificed elite captives (practiced more human sacrifice)5. Social Structure

a. Mayan society = patrilinealb. Priests = high class = communicating with gods and interpreting signsc. Women

i. ruling class = had political/religious rolesii. less known about working class womeniii. Women = essential to household economy and religious rituals

6. EXTRA INFO:a. don’t know reason for declinationb. b/w 800~900 CE = people started to leave/abandon citiesc. historians believe: maybe epidemic disease...? or after Teotihuacan fall = no

more trade

Toltec (little is known about the Toltecs)1. Government/ Politics

a. At first based their conquest stated on military powerb. The city of Tula was constructed in a grand style (capital city)

i. dominated central Mexicoc. two fulers or chieftains ruled Toltec

i. This division eventually weakened and led to the decline of Tula

2. Religiona. human sacrifices

3. Social Structurea. Said to be a satellite population that Teotihuacan placed on the northern frontier

to protect against invasions from the northb. Borrowed the cultural legacy of Teotihuacan and created a civilizationc. known to be a violent group of people and a huge importance to the rest of the

mesoamerican civilizations in terms of inventionsd. more warlike character

Aztec1. Government/ Politics

a. Monarchyi. Don’t have absolute powerii. Council of powerful aristocrats selected new rulers from male members of

the ruling lineageiii. Once selected the ruler was force to renegotiate the submission of tribute

dependencies and demonstrate his divine mandate by setting up a new round of military conquests

2. Economya. Large population → problem: feeding all the peopleb. They built a dike that divided Lake Texcoco from Fresh water to Salt water

i. This created more options and were able to create more chinampasc. Tribute system on those of the conquered

i. supported their suppliesd. A special class of Merchants controlled long-distance trade

i. special transportation methods were not developed so they took with them small items( gold, jewlery, feathered garments, etc.)

e. The nobles was jealous of their power and did not give the privileges of a high class

i. the merchants feared to publicly display their affluencef. No money system

i. instead used cacao, gold, and cotton clothg. diverse goods

3. Religiona. Religious rituals dominated public lifeb. polytheistic, animism

i. Both male and femalec. The cult of Huitzilopochtli(associated to war) had a major contribution to the

religious life of the Aztecsi. as Aztec grew the importance of this cult grewii. However they started to identify this god with the Sun

1. they believed the god required a diet of human hearts2. led to human sacrifices

d. Two temples in tenochtitlan i. for Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc(rain-god)ii. symbolize two bases of the Aztec economy: War and agriculture

e. Human sacrificei. war captives were used as sacrificial victimsii. the level of human sacrifice: on a different scale for Aztecs compared to

before peoples4. Social Structure

a. Used to serve their more powerful neighbors as serfs and mercenariesb. However as they gained power they moved to small islands near the shore of

Lake Texcoco and began to build their twin capitalsi. Tenochititlanii. tlateloco

c. Social hierarchy emerged as empire expanded i. Warrior elite: seized landii. Lower class: no voice in governmentiii. Higher class: possess estates that cultivated by slaves and landless

commonersiv. The highest jobs for Hereditary nobles

d. Society divided in clansi. jobs together and fight together

e. Kings: hold elaborate rituals to show off their wealthf. Big difference between classesg. Huge population

Inca1. Government/Politics

a. imperial bureaucracyb. royal family claimed to be the descendants of the sun god.c. militarismd. Initially a chiefdom--reciprocal gift giving & redistribution of food and textiles.e. Cuzco--capitalf. left local rulers of their territories in place, but requested their heirs to live at the

royal court & to bring representations of important local gods--hostage system. 2. Economy

a. conquered additional distant territories--increased scale of forced exchange & lands were environmentally diverse--diverse yields and products.

b. vertical exchange system--economy varied based on latitude.i. ex. what they had by the sea was different than what they had halfway up

the mountain. c. pastoralists--llamas & alpacas--military & prosperity--food, clothing,

transportation. d. technology & commodities.

i. khipus (quipus)--borrowed from earlier andean civilizations--series of knots recording information; lack of writing system.

ii. utilitarian tools and weapons of copper and bronzeiii. textiles of beauty from cotton & wool

3. Religiona. polytheisticb. sun godc. sacrifices of valuable commodities and some human sacrifices demonstrate the

abundance of riches and splendor in the civilization--in attribution to the ruler’s claimed descent from the sun.

4. Social Structure/Culturea. men & women responsible for caring for the herds.

i. women--weaversii. men-drivers for long-distance trade

b. Mit’a--mandatory public servicei. built cuzco, provincial cities, the royal court, made up the imperial armies,

etc.ii. soldiers, construction workers, craftsmen, messengers, etc. terraced

mountains, maintained irrigation work, built storage facilities and roads, drained swamps, etc.

iii. allowed material surplus that provided the bare necessities for the old, weak, and ill.

c. reduced equality as civilization grew--gap between rich and poor increased.

Global Trends (for essays)

* rulers establish legitimacy by claiming their power comes from a divine source- i.e. Hammurabi’s Code, Mandate of Heaven, Egyptian pharaohs, Roman emperors, Hindu priests, (1600s) Louis XIV the “Sun King”

* therefore: rulers who use the above technique are not usually religiously tolerant, because they use religion to unite their country and maintain control, and new religions would undermine that- i.e. Hindu brahmins disliking Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism, Roman emperors persecuting Christians

** civilizations rise up around river valleys because- need for irrigation/structures to control flooding → need for leadership to organize such large scale projects → leadership turns into centralized government- irrigation/water → fertile land → population growth and urbanization → labor specialization

*** religions rise when supported by the rulers of the civ.

- i.e. Ashoka supporting Buddhism, Constantine making Christianity legal, Mansa Munsa becoming Muslim

**** trade leads to prosperity- Venetian merchants become rich from Silk Road/Mediterranean trade → able to finance the Renaissance

- Dark Ages to Renaissance- Ghana/Mali rise from the trans-Saharan gold&salt trade

- stateless societies in Africa to centralized kingdoms- Eastern Rome (aka Byzantine) prospers from Silk Road trade

- when soldiers from the Fourth Crusade sack Constantinople, Venetian merchants gain control of the Bosporus Strait → Constantinople eventually falls

***** effect of Islam on women’s status depends on geographic location- initially egalitarian/improved women’s status- veil came from when the Abbasids conquered Damascus (capital of Persia), where women already wore veils- status in West Africa and SE Asia remained relatively the same even after Islam, because those areas already had strong matrilineal traditions\

CONTINUITIES AND CHANGES OVER TIME INFORMATION DIVIDED BY UNITS

UNIT 1○ Continuities of Development

■ Specialization of labor● possible through surplus of food

■ With specialization of labor, can develop “civilization”○ Changes in Middle East

■ Mesopotamia● Sumer first

○ first time system, cuneiform, wheel, twelve month system○ polytheistic○ ziggurats

● Babylon○ code of hammurabi

● Hittite invasion● Assyrian empire

○ cruel assholes● NeoBabylon● Persian Empire

○ Changes and continuities of Role of Women■ role in food production more limited

■ most civilizations were patriarchal, but depended usually on social status and class; upperclass were more restricted in public appearances, but slaves/lower class still did outside work

■ public veiling of women appears early as the babylonian empire■ culture/religion impacts womens status → buddhism and christianity, women are

equal, but not in hinduism and confucianism● hinduism, women not allowed to read vedas● confucian societies usually were patriarchical

UNIT 2 and 3 (600 CE to 1450)● continuities and changes of Europe

○ roman empire unites Mediterranean for centuries, but this changes■ In 395 CE, empire split into west and east, forming byzantine, and in 800

CE, formed holy roman empire in the west■ both united by religion, but in 1054, christianity is split into catholicism and

orthodox christianity○ bubonic plague

■ first occurs in 1330s, spreading to Europe in 1347■ kills ⅓ of population■ many changes: status of feudal hierarchies, religious hatred intensified,

and eventually loss of faith in the church■ led to shift toward commercial economy, more freedom for individuals,

and development of new industries (guilds)○ urbanization

■ due to increase of trade, led to creation of cities, since merchants need place to barter and shit

● usually developed along trade routes● usually very wealthy, lots of power of rulers who controlled the

routes● most populous/powerful cities during this time period was near the

biggest trade route: Silk Road○ ex) Baghdad, Merv, Chang’an○ later, after 1400s, Constantinople

● China○ civil service changes and continuities

■ bureaucracies contribute to china’s stability■ key term: meritocracy■ what this shit means: even though family in power of empire changes, the

people who worked in the civil service didn’t change■ what you need to know: when mongols rape everyone, bureaucracy

remains, just foreign administrators

COMPARE N CONTRAST DIVIDED BY UNITS

UNIT 1Nomadic vs Agricultural Societies

○ food surplus → job specialization → complex civilizations/government○ view of land

■ nomadic: the land belongs to everyone! less conflict■ sedentary: MY FUCKING SHIT → conflict against nomads

● newcomers = warriors or rapists, not neighbors○ women’s role

■ nomadic: brings the fruits and veges, helps the children, pretty important■ sedentary: go make me a sandwich (less status, few exceptions)

Olmec + Chavin vs other early civilizations○ didn’t develop along river valleys○ isolated compared to to other civilizations○ no wheels, due to less trade, because of isolation○ everything else is pretty similar → similar polytheistic belief, similar government structure

Mesopotamia vs Egypt● Mesopotamia had random, devastating floods while Egypt had regular, life-giving floods

Pax Romana vs Golden Age of Greece/India● when major empire expands land, becomes center of artistic and scientific knowledge

○ due to lots of wealth flowing in its capital from conquered regions○ due to less worry of military involvement

● Golden Age of Pericles (Greece)○ democracy○ delian league, creation of alliance○ Rational Thought: socrates, plato, aristotle○ drama → comedy and tragedy, other arts (sculptures), math and sciences, Illiad

and Odyssey● Gupta Empire

○ decentralized○ enjoyed relative peace, significant advances in science and art

■ development of pi and zero■ arabic numerals

○ Reinforced caste system

Fall of Han, Gupta, Rome

Rome, 476 CE Gupta 550 CE Han China 220 CE3

tax revolts by upper class, church exempt from taxes

not enough taxes for military officials exempt from taxes, difficult to collect from peasants

decrease in trade n/a population increases, less land for people

25 of 26 emperors die in 50 year span

n/a corruption of court official

division of empire, weakens west

land division increase provincial official powers

unable to control large estate owners

unable to defend from invasions from huns and goths

unable to defend from white huns

conflict with the xiongnu, who invaded after collapse

rise of Christianity rise of buddhism

Internal and external struggles lead to all fall of empires; commonly taken out due to nomadic invasions

Confucianism and Daoism● Confucianism--focuses on human relations

○ encouraged filling government positions with educated and capable people● Daoism--focuses on self

○ discouraged existence of government. ● Both advocate peace and harmony

○ both focus on self-improvement○ both rose during Warring States Period when people were looking for peace

Sample AP World Prompts

1. Analyze similarities and differences in techniques of imperial administration in TWO of the following empires.

● Han China (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.) - civil service exams (meritocracy); Confucianism; bureaucracy

● Mauryan/Gupta India (320 B.C.E.–550 C.E.) - Maurya is highly centralized, legalistic - strong leaders with ruthless policies (except for Ashoka); Gupta is decentralized, uses caste system to provide stability

● Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E.–476 C.E.) - emperor, there’s a Council of 300 but they don’t really have power because it’s so large (no once can cooperate, like the US Congress); “Bread and Circus” - free grain and entertainment to keep the poor (majority of people in the city) happy; generals use military power

2. Analyze continuities and changes along the Silk Roads from 200 B.C.E. to 1450 C.E.CONTINUITY: goods that are traded, how culture/religion & diseases spread; CHANGE: who participates

● When Rome falls in the 5th C, western Europe is widely cut off○ Arab caliphates rise, Muslims become rich middlemen merchants

○ Tang reopens Silk Road trade in China, then Ming closes it in the 1430s● Heading WEST (from China): silk, porcelain, luxury goods● Heading EAST (from Europe, Africa, ME): silver (China is the black hole for silver),

amber, ivory, carpets, furs● Chinese goods are always in high demand, so Western countries continue to pay with

silver for Chinese goods. This continues on until the trading unbalance is so high Western nations try to force China to import more goods (Opium War, Treaty of Nanking)

3. Analyze continuities and changes in the cultural and political life of ONE of the following societies.• Chinese, 100 CE to 600 CE

● POLITICAL - centralized until 200s → decentralized (change), 580s: rise of Sui dynasty [return to centralized gov.] (change), use of civil service exam except during 3 Kingdoms period (continue)

● CULTURAL - Confucianism (continue), Buddhism--introduced through trade (change), Golden Age--flourish of art (continue)

• Roman, 100 CE to 600 CE• Indian, 300 CE to 600 C

● POLITICAL - Decentralized--less control over rural areas (change), Religious tolerance *REASON*: Buddhists’ beliefs: acceptance (continue), Cause of fall--weak leadership, nomadic invasions *GLOBAL CONTEXT*: all classical civilizations fell due to nomadic invasions

● CULTURAL - Hinduism (continue), Caste system (continue), Golden Age--math, sci. developments [concept of zero, Arabic #s] + art (change)

The time periods cover the fall of the Han, Rome, and Gupta empires. SEE ABOVE CHART

4. Compare the process of state-building in TWO of the following in the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.• Islamic states• City-states• Mongol khanateISLAMIC STATES VS. MONGOL KHANATES-COMPARE: military conquest, religious tolerance (keep ppl from rebelling)-CONTRAST: Mongols - key interest: trade

5. Analyze the political changes and continuities in ONE of the following civilizations before the 600s CE.

● China○ Creation of the Mandate of Heavan (Shang to Zhou)○ Codes of law were written○ Change to Legalism Confucianism and Daoism

● Rome○ Roman Republic to the Roman Principate

■ The Republic Failed and people like Julius Ceasar took control● Mesopotamia

○ creation of hammurabi’s code--first written set of rules.

6. Analyze the changes and continuities in the status of women between the Stone Age and the emergence of the first civilizations

● Women were relatively equal to men during the Stone Age; males and females had different but equally important jobs - hunting vs gathering; CONTINUITY women important because they produced children, and big families were needed for survival

● Women were the first farmers (because they gathered and gradually began weeding/farming to make sure the useful plants flourished more)

● CHANGE: Women lose status with the emergence of civilizations (reduced to childbearing and housekeeping duties)

7. Compare and contrast the way religion justified social hierarchies and gender relations in TWO of the following regions before the 600s CE.

● India → Hinduism○ This caused the caste system and justified it○ women--were obligated to remain loyal to their husbands

■ Sati, when divorced forced to live as a widow, remarriage was very rare.○ although sons and daughters equally inherited mother’s property when the father

died, the daughters inherited ¼ of what the sons received. ■ they regard mother figures as sacred though.

● China → Confucianism○ the five relationships advocated hierarchy, such as rulers to subjects. ○ less power to women ; more patriarchal

■ also puts husbands over wives. ● Rome → Christianity

○ mostly places men in powers of position while placing women in submissive positions--excludes women from positions of power in church.

8. Compare and contrast how environmental factors affected the development of civilizations in TWO of the following areas before the 600s CE.

● Egypt○ Nile unified country, becomes powerful because of large population (labor force)

from agriculture; dependence on Nile causes them to worship nature gods● Sub-Saharan Africa

○ Desert => isolated states connected by trade● Mesoamerica

○ Harsh geography (the isthmus of Panama is almost impossible to go through by foot)

■ caused not much contact between the civilizations in the region■ Inca had to develop new methods of agriculture and trade between

different elevations

9. Analyze the changes and continuities in the cultural and intellectual outlook of ONE of the following regions between 600-1450.

● Europe○ Growing Renaissance, importance of Christianity

● Middle East○ Arrival of Islam, more unified, Golden Age (Abbasid)

● China○ Rise of Neoconfucianism (women’s status drops); reopening of Silk Road during

Tang and Zheng He’s expeditions (Mings) but then Ming isolates itself from the world because it’s so much better than everyone else

10. Analyze the economic and technological changes and continuities in ONE of the following regions between 600 and 1450.

● Central Asia ← FUCK CENTRAL ASIA DON’T CHOOSE THAT SHIT● East Africa

○ Economic■ Growth of city-states along the East African coast as Indian Ocean trade

began to increase, these city-states, such as Mogadishu, Sofala, and Kilwa became important areas of trade and interaction of ideas

● Merchants traded gold, slaves and ivory for pottery, glassware, and textiles from Persia, India and China

■ Use of paper money, system brought in by Islams○ Large increase in the amount of maritime trade and long distance trade

■ Better navigational technology such as magnetic compass● South America

○ chinampas--year round agriculture; helped to sustain growing population○ still focused on agriculture, but began to show versatility with the use of vertical

agriculture.