.75 CLE Credit – A/V Approval #1114166 Recording Date - March 18, 2019

Meeting Location Date Time Topic

King County Bar Association 1200 Fifth Avenue - Suite 700

Seattle, WA

Monday, March 18, 2019

4:00 PM to 5:00 PM

Soil and Groundwater Remediation

Technologies for Treating Volatiles,

Semi-Volatile, PFAS, Pesticides and

Energetics

AGENDA 4:00 PM Introduction 4:00 PM Presentation: ‘Soil and Groundwater Remediation Technologies for Treating Volatiles,

Semi-Volatile, PFAS, Pesticides and Energetics’, by David Fleming, TRS Group, Inc 5:00 PM Adjourn

SPEAKER BIOGRAPHY David Fleming, TRS Group, Inc -

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March 2019

Technologies for Treating

VOCs and Emerging Contaminants

in Soil and Water

King County Bar Association

David Fleming

TRS Group

360-560-4848

dfleming@thermalrs.com

Who is TRS?

• Culture

– ESOP

• Technologies

• Experience

– >160 projects

• Results

Why ISTR: The Results

99.995% removal

All samples:

• Vadose zone

• Silty clay

Conc. initially go up

Strip Mall in Alexandria, Virginia

ISTR Technologies

Technology Solutions

1. In situ thermal remediation (ISTR)

• Electrical resistance heating (ERH)

• Thermal conduction heating (TCH)

• Heat enhanced plume attenuation (HEPA)

2. PerfluorAd system

• PFAS in water

ComparisonTCH/ISTD - Heating

governed by thermal

conductivity

ERH - Heating governed

by electrical conductivity

SEE - Heating governed

by hydraulic conductivity

ISTR

Properties change w/temperature

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 20 40 60 80 100Henry

's la

w c

onsta

nt (

- )

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0 20 40 60 80 100

Density (

g/m

L)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0 20 40 60 80 100

Vis

cosity (

mP

a s

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 20 40 60 80 100

Surf

ace tensio

n (

mN

/m)

Interfacial tension PCE-water

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 20 40 60 80 100

Vapor

pre

ssure

(atm

)

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

2400

0 20 40 60 80 100

Solu

bili

ty (

mg/L

)

Water

TCE

PCE

oCoCoC

oCoCoC

Electrical Resistance Heating

Uniform heating

Can reach boiling in 45 days

Max temperature: boiling point of water

Early

Final

TRS ERH PROCESS

Electricity is directed into the subsurface area.TRS ERH PROCESS

TRS Power Control Unit

Electrical Resistance Heating

ERH Bored Electrode

• 12” borehole

• Conductive backfill

• Drip water

• Vapor recovery

• Variable energy

Thermal Conduction Heating

Initial uneven heating

FlexHeater℠ well 800°C

Max temperature: 100-400°C

Early

Final

FlexHeater℠ Remediation Service

• Patent awarded Feb. 2019

• Economics of electricity vs gas

• 2” direct push casing

Variable Heating at Different Depths

FlexHeater℠ Element

Fast, Easy & Inexpensive to Install

Combining ERH & TCH

• HybridHeater℠ remediation services

• Patent pending

• ERH & TCH in single borehole

• Add energy where needed

• Hot floor

• High groundwater flow rates

Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)

16°C

26°C

36°C

46°C

56°C

66°C

76°C

86°C

96°C

5 days 12 days 30 days 45 days

0 4 8

Længde [m]

-14.0

-12.0

-10.0

-8.0

-6.0

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

Dybde [m

]

0 4 8

Længde [m]

-14.0

-12.0

-10.0

-8.0

-6.0

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

Dybde [m

]

0 4 8

Længde [m]

-14.0

-12.0

-10.0

-8.0

-6.0

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

Dybde [m

]

0 4 8

Længde [m]

-14.0

-12.0

-10.0

-8.0

-6.0

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

Dybde [m

]

Dep

th (

m)

Length (m) Length (m) Length (m) Length (m)

Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)

0

20

40

60

Dep

th (

ft)

TCH heater boring

Steam injection well

Multiphase extraction well

Horizontal vapor extraction well

Surface cover

TCH + SEE

TCH + SEE

Steam on

Profile in zones without steam

TCH only

Final profile

Technology Matrix

ERH

TCH

SEEDeepLarge

High KNAPL

VOCClaySilt

Porous rockWet

DrySaline

SVOCMobile DNAPL

Ex Situ

SmallHydrolysis

BioHEPABG

SandVOCEasy goals Dry

High K

Value

• ISTR -

• Fast and certain in difficult matrices

• Contaminant reductions by >99%

• Beneficial long term effects

• PerfluorAd –

• Pre-treatment or stand alone

• Filtration

• Saves money

Creating Success

• ISTR creates drawdown gradients

• Define treatment volume

• Establish verification sampling strategy

• Groundwater

• Soil

• Power density – key specification

Site Examples

ERH in the Puget Sound Area

Location Year Contaminants Project Name Contract Client

Seattle 2002 PCE DNAPL Lake City Way Drycleaners Guaranteed Private

Tacoma 2007 DNAPL,

LNAPL, Solid

Grease

EGDY Superfund, Ft. Lewis PBC, Fixed Seattle USACE

Everett 2007 TCE DNAPL Powder Mill Gulch Fixed Price Private

Ballard 2008 PCP Heat enhanced oxidation T&M Private

Seattle 2014 PCE, TCE, Oil Cascade Chemical Guaranteed Private

Seattle 2014 PCE Phinney Ridge Fixed Price Private

Lake Union 2015 PCE Dexter Avenue Fixed Price Private

Tacoma 2015 DNAPL, LNAPL Well 12A Superfund Site PBC, Fixed Seattle USACE

Green Lake 2017 PCE Former drycleaner Fixed Price Private

Tacoma 2017 DNAPL Well 12A – heat enhanced bio T&M EPA Region 10

Rainier Ave 2018 PCE Former drycleaner Fixed Price Private

Seattle 2018 PCE Operating drycleaner Fixed Price Private

ISTR in Sedimentary Rock

90 ft. rock sequence

Sandstone

~8% primary porosity

82 days of heating

400 lbs. TCE removed

99.9% mass reduction

Seattle Neighborhood

Brownfield Redevelopment

New Developments

HEPA® RemediationAccelerating Naturally Occurring Processes

• Hydrolysis – water-based reaction

• Abiotic reactions with soil mineralogy

• Mass transfer

• Enhanced biodegradation

Dissolved Organic Carbon

2013 Post-35°C Bio

2010 Post-ERH

2009 Pre-ERH

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

DPT-01R I MW-04AR I MW-04BR I MW-16B I MW-16A F MW-03AR F Average

2

1 1

3 32 2

150

16

66110

1,200 1,100

308

130,000

560

3,100

20,00033,000

4,300

37,332

Gro

un

dw

ater

TC

E (µ

g/l)

Concentrations Continue to Decline

99.99% average reduction

Hydrolysis of RDX

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Ha

lf-l

ife

(d

ays

)

Temperature (°C)

RDX (pH 7)

RDX (pH 8)

Emerging Contaminants

TRS ERH patent:

• 1,4-Dioxane

• Miscible compounds

PFAS: FlexHeater℠ technology

• Vadose zone soils

• Ex situ cells

Treatment of PFAS in Soil

PFASStarting

Concentration (ppb)% reduction

PFOS 21000 >99.999%

PFBA 91 >99.999%

PFPeA 100 >99.999%

PFBS 41 >99.999%

PFHxA 200 >99.999%

PFHpA 27 >99.998%

PFHxS 1600 >99.999%

PFNA 16 >99.997%

PFDS 48 >99.999%

PFOA 64 >99.865%

PFAS Soil Removal at 400°C

39

PFAS Volatilization from Soil

Time & Temperature

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Unheated300 °C

350 °C400 °C

PFA

S So

il C

on

cen

trat

ion

(µ

g/kg

)

Two Weeks of Heating

350°C: 99.91% reduction

400°C: 99.998% reduction

Dioxin Treated in Vietnam

PFAS Water Treatment - PerfluorAd

© Cornelsen Umwelttechnologie GmbH

Treatment of 1,4-Dioxane

0

50

100

150

Before ERH 140 µg/L

After ERH1.4 µg/L

1,4

-Dio

xan

e (

µg

/L)

Early ERH Field Effectiveness

Los Angeles, CA

99.0% Removal

1,4-Dioxane – Field Results

San Diego, CA

>99.8% Removal

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Ave

rag

e C

on

ce

ntr

atio

n (

µg

/L)

Before ERH 3,303 µg/L

After ERH614 µg/L

1,4-Dioxane – Field Results

Cerritos, CA

>81% Removal

Evaluating

Options

Example Site Remediation Parameters

Treatment Volume:

Electrical Resistance Heating Treatment Area: 20,000 sq. ft

Average Shallow Extent of Heating: 5 ft

Average Deep Extent of Heating: 35 ft

Typical Depth to Groundwater: 20 ft

Treatment Volume: 22,200 cu. yd

Assumed Total Organic Carbon Content of Soil: 0.25%

Is a New Surface Cap Required? no

Subsurface Components:

Number of Electrodes: 75

Electrode Boring Diameter (in.): 12-inch o.d.

Average Distance Between Electrodes: 17.5 ft

Total Depth of Electrodes: 36 ft

Depth to Top of Electrode Conductive Zone: 5 ft

Number of Heater Wells: 0

Heater Well Diameter: (in.): 2-inch o.d.

Average Distance Between Heater Wells: 0 ft

Total Depth of Heater Wells: 0 ft

Depth to Top of Heater Wells: 0 ft

Number of Co-located Vapor Recovery Wells: 75

Number of Temperature Monitoring Points: 10 (7 sensors each)

Contaminant Information:

Controlling Contaminant: TCE

Average Clean-up Percent: 99%

Assumed VOC Mass: 6,000 lb This VOC mass is based on an assumed average conc. of 100 mg/kg.

Vapor Recovery and Condensate Streams:

Vapor Recovery Air Flow Rate: 800 scfm using a 40-hp vapor recovery blower

Vapor Treatment Method: carbon

Assumed Activated Carbon Required: 59,000 lb

Condensate Production Rate: 3 gpm

Electrical Information:

Power Control Unit (PCU) Capacity: 2000 kW

Average Electrical Heating Power Input: 1179 kW

Total Heating Treatment Time: 94 - 126 days

Bid Energy (kWh): 2,960,000 An additional 90,000 kWh is used by surface equipment.

Confirmatory Soil Sampling:

Number of Confirmatory Soil Borings Included: 10 With 6 soil samples per boring. Budget for 96 total confirmatory samples.

The above remediation parameters are estimated +/- 20%. Final parameters will be determined during system design.

Conclusions

• ISTR -

– VOCs, semi-VOCs, PCBs, 1,4-Dioxane

– PFAS in soil

– Heat enhanced in situ destruction

• ERH, TCH, SEE

• Fractured rock

• PerfluroAd system

– PFAS in water

48

Contact Information

David Fleming

TRS Group

360-560-4848

dfleming@thermalrs.com