7.1

Mechanisms(perceptual, motivational, learning, motor, etc.)

Behavioral capacities

Lifetime reproductive success

Next generation

Developmental programs

Geneticinfluences

Nongeneticinfluences

7.2

Exteroceptive and interoceptive information

Perceptual processes

Short-term acquisition

Long-term storage

Storage

Response selection

Physiological activation Behavioral activation

Retrieval

Ass

oci

ati

ve

lear

nin

g

7.3

(a) Classical conditioning (b) Instrumental conditioning

Stimulus 1(CS)

Stimulus 2(US)

Response 2(CR)

Response 1(UR)

Stimulus 1(SD)

Stimulus 2(SR)

Response 1(Ri)

Response 2(Rc)

7.4

SD Ri SR

(Pavlovian)

eR

(a) Two-process theory (parallel processing)

(b) Occasion-setting theory (hierarchical processing)

SD ri eR Ri SR

ri

(Instrumental)

7.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Sal Lid Sal Lid Sal Lid Sal Lid

Nu

mb

er

of A

nim

als

Re

spo

nd

ing

.

Place

Response

Test

Start

Goal

Caudate Nucleus Caudate NucleusHippocampal Hippocampal

Test Day 8 Test Day 16

7.6

Master

Yoked

Ri Nothing

No R

Trials when Master Animal Responds

R

SDMaster

Yoked

No Ri

“SD”

SR

No R

R

Trials when Master Animal does not Respond

Nothing

“SR”

or

or“SD”

SD

7.7

Startle

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Sessions

To

tal B

eh

avi

or

(%)

Omission

Yoked

Head-jerk

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Sessions

To

tal B

eh

avi

or

(%)

Omission

Yoked

Magazine

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Sessions

Tot

al B

ehav

ior

(%)

Omission

Yoked

7.8

Eyeblink (Rabbits)

0

40

80

120

0 200 400 600 800

CS-US Delay (ms)

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of C

Rs

Keypeck (Pigeons)0

40

80

120

0 10 20 30 40

CS-US Delay (s)

Tri

als

to C

rite

rio

n

Licking (Rats)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4 6 8

CS-US Delay (s)

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of C

Rs

Conditioned reinforcement (Rats)

20

30

40

50

0 2 4 6 8 10

CS-US Delay (s)

Re

spo

nse

s

Conditioned Suppression (Rats)0

2

4

6

8

0 30 60 90

CS-US Delay (s)

La

ten

cy

Flavor Aversion (Rats)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

-2 0 2 4 6

CS-US Delay (h)R

eje

ctio

n R

atio

7.9

Start Box

Goal Box

0

1

2

3

4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Trials

Me

an

Err

ors

FS-R

FS-NT

0

1

2

3

4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Trials

Me

an

Err

ors

S-R

S-NT

Treatment

Treatment

7.10

Acq

uis

itio

n S

core

Cycle/Trial Duration Ratio

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100

7.11

Spontaneous Recovery

024

68

10

0 10 20 30 40

Time (min)

Dro

ps o

f Sal

iva

Disinhibition

0

3

6

9

12

0 10 20 30

Time (min)

Dro

ps o

f Sal

iva

(3)(2)(1)

7.12

Summation Test

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Experimental Control

Groups

Med

ian

Mag

azin

e E

ntry

(s

econ

ds/t

rial)

C

CL

Retardation Test

0

2

4

6

8

Experimental Control

Groups

Med

ian

Mag

azin

e E

ntry

(s

econ

ds/t

rial)

7.13

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Sessions

Log

+ 1

(s)

Tot

al T

ime

500 mg

45 mg

Acquisition Extinction

7.14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

200-Trial Blocks

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Ch

oic

e o

f Re

d K

ey

No 20

No 22

70:30 50:50 30:70 50:50

7.15

Startbox

Side arm(black)

Side arm(white)

Goalbox

Choice box

Delay box

10 cm

Doors

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

10-Trial Blocks

Co

rre

ct R

esp

on

ses

(%)

White noise

Light

Handling

Control

7.16

0 2010 300

.2

.4

.6

.8

Pro

bab

ilit

y

1.0

Postfood Time (s)

Feeder area

Running

Other

Running wheel area

Drinking

Water bottle area

7.17

Predating

Generalsearch

Focalsearch

Handle /consume

Travel

Socialize

Investigate

Chase

Lie in wait

Capture

Test

Ingest

Reject

Hoard

MODE

Locomote

ScanCrawl over

SniffNosePaw

Track

Cut off

Immobile

PounceGrab

BiteGnawHoldChew

Swallow

Spit outWipe off

Carry

MODULE ACTIONSUBSYSTEM

No ResponseLight PainShock

Early trials, first process:

ResponseLight Light off

Later trials, second process:

Fear reduction

Fear

Fear

Pavlovian

Instrumental

7.18

Shock off

7.19

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Defeat Time (min) Bite Number

Def

eat

Tim

e (m

in)

or N

umbe

r of

Bite

s

Master

Yoked

No Shock

7.20

CR UR

Compensatory responses

Hyperalgesia

7.21

CS

Cues present before and during

drug administration

Context

US

Direct effects of the drug

Hypoalgesia

Unconditioned linkConditioned link