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Unit 7 ~ Learning Guide Name:________________ INSTRUCTIONS Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you write the unit test.

7.1 Introduction to Sponges

Phylum Porifera

The simplicity of this group led to the frustration of scientists such as Carter

for many years. _________ (_________) organisms that _______________

______________ are not usually characteristics of an _________. For these

reasons Porifera were often classified as

______. However, upon examination of their

__________ and ______________________

it was determined that _________________.

The term ___________________________.

The ¨pore bearers¨ are the sponges and are

thought to be one of the ________________

_________. Fossils of sponge spicules have been found in the precambrian era rock layers dating

back to 600 million years ago.

It is the sponges with a _________ skeleton that are dried and

used ___________. The skeleton of these animals was used as

a _____________ before synthetic sponges became common.

They can still sometimes be purchased as a ¨sea sponge¨ for

_________________ or you may find that the sponge that you

have been bathing with is really an animal. Did you know that

the bath sponge actually received its name from the animal

and not the other way around?

There are about _______ different species of Sponges.

SIZE

Sponges range in size from as small as 0.5 cm tall to as large

as _________________.

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HABITAT

Mostly __________________________ (marine = salt water)

Some __________ species do exist. example: _________

BODY ORGANIZATION

Sponges have __________________________________ because they have ________________.

In other words, they have _______________. Sponges are ____________________. In addition,

they _______________________________________, (__________________) making them the

_______________________. Sponges have __________________________________________

(water flows in) __________________ (water flows out).

These multicellular sponges have _______________________________.

1. ______________ – inside skin.

2. ______________ – outside skin, protective.

The "middle area" contains ___________________________________________________.

___________________ are _____________ in the mesophyll (middle layer) that are _________

_____________________ (hence the name). The _________________ of amoebocytes is to

__________________, give rise to eggs for _____________________,

_______________________, and differentiate into more-specific cell

types. They also carry _________ to other cells, _________________

_______________, and _______________________________.

Spicules are _______________________________ (chalk), ________

(glass), or ________ (protein) that provides the __________________

of the sponge. Think of spicules as a ______________ for the sponge.

The ___________________________________________.

MOVEMENT

The ___________________ (moving) and can swim. The ___________________ (non-moving).

Adults are attached to substrate such as rocks.

FEEDING

_______________ - A sponge that is 10cm tall must filter more than 100L of water a day to stay

alive!!

During feeding, __________________________________________________ in the body wall,

and ________________________. The ______________________________________________

__________________________________. The food particles are then either ________________

___________________________________________________________________.

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Review of Feeding in Sponges

________________________________.

____________________________________________.

____________________________________________________.

____________________________________________________.

____________________________________________________.

REPRODUCTON

________________________________________________.

____________________ either occurs by ___________________________. In fragmentation, a

_____________________________________. In ________, the animal reproduces by growing a

____________ from the ______________ that eventually detaches. During sexual reproduction,

an _______________ combine to form a ________________ which can ___________________.

Sexual reproduction – ________________________________.

_____________________________________________.

Sponges are ____________ meaning a sponge can ____________________________.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• ______________________

• gas exchange directly between cells and water by ____________ (O2 _______________

and CO2 _________________).

• water enters via _____________ (______) = ____________

• water ________________________ (_____________) = ______________

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• __________________

• specialized cells = __________________________ to other cells in the sponge.

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EXCRETORY SYSTEM

• ____________________

• specialized cells = ______________________________ from other cells in the sponge or

the _________________________ from individual cells _________________________.

Wastes are then ___________________________________________ by water currents.

• Water enter via _______ = ______________.

• Water exits via _____________ = ___________________.

NERVOUS SYSTEM – _______________

MUSCULAR SYSTEM – _______________

SKELETAL SYSTEM – ______________

7.1 Questions:

1) What is a sea sponge? (1 mark) 2) What does a collar cell look like? What is its function? (1 mark)

3) How do sea sponges reproduce? (1 marks) 4) Fill out the table below with a brief description of each of the systems in porifera. Be sure to mention any notable structures within these systems. (6 marks)

System Description

Respiratory System

Circulatory System

Excretory System

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Nervous System

Muscular System

Skeletal System

7.2 Characteristics of Cniderians

The Phylum Cnidaria includes animals such as _______________________________________.

_________________ the creatures' "____________" and they are commonly called ¨sea nettles¨.

Nettles are a stinging plant.

Cnidarians are further up the "evolution ladder" meaning they are _________________________

(sponges).

There is estimated to be approximately ___________ species of Cnidarians.

The habitat for most cnidarians is _____________ (marine = salt water) but some species live in

_____________.

Many Cnidarians are _______________________________________. The ____________ form

(______________) ____________ (moving) while the ______ form (vase-shaped) ___________

(non-moving).

__________________________________

throughout their life cycle showing an

_________________________. The mouth

faces upwards in the polyp form and faces

downward in the medusa form.

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Cnidarian have an ______________________. The _________________________ is made of

________ while the _____________________ is made of __________. These ____________

lead to a ________________________. There is also a ______________________________ of

the body called __________. The gastrodermis lines the center of the body called the

______________ which results in a __________________. In a sac body plan

____________________________________________. _________________

______________________________.

When ________ a cnidarian is referred to as a ______. ______________________________ are

examples of polyps. The ________ form of a cnidarians is called the _______________ and it is

exemplified by the _____________.

Stinging Cells

__________________________________ cnidarians have specialized _____________________

___________. Each cnidocyte consists of ________________________ which contains a coiled

hollow thread. These nematocysts are triggered to discharge by _____________ or other external

stimulus. The thread will uncoil when the cnidarian is touched and _______________________.

The spines help anchor the stinging thread into the prey.

These stinging cells are very complex and use a lot of energy to discharge, so cnidarians

generally will not use them unless they need to (they feel threatened, or for hunting).

In some species these threads are _________________ that cause paralysis. This is why handling

jellyfish can cause the skin to numb or in more severe cases cause ________________________

___________. The sting of a Box jellyfish may cause death in as little as 3 to 20 minutes. Large

numbers of jelly fish in shallow waters can cause beach closures due to safety concerns.

Hydra

______ are inconspicuous __________________________________________________. All are

members of the phylum __________, characterized by _________________________, presence

of _____________ and a simple gut with only ____________ (________________________).

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The body is a hollow tube consisting of ____________________, separated by an unstructured

_________________ (____________). The _________ (___________), lining the gastrovascular

cavity, produces the enzymes for digesting food. The ________ of cells (__________) generates

the tiny stinging organelles called nematocysts.

____________________________________ and circle the mouth

opening.

______ can be found in a large variety of __________________. They

mostly occur in ponds, lakes, and slow flowing parts of streams and

rivers. ___________________ and live attached to aquatic vegetation,

submerged wood, or stones. Hydra remain stationary for long periods,

although they _____________________, attaching with the tentacles,

releasing the basal disc, and re-attaching. Most species of hydra are

less than 15 mm long (not including the tentacles). Cnidarians alternate between the polyp and

medusa life forms. __________, the _________ stage _________ and

_______________________________________.

Due to simple construction, body column and tentacles are highly extensible. When hunting,

hydra spread the tentacles, move them slowly around and wait for a contact with some suitable

prey. Small animals, which come across the ________, are _______________________ released

from the ________________________. Tentacles coil around the struggling prey and drag it into

expanded mouth opening. When the victim is enclosed within the body cavity, digestion starts.

Cuticles and other undigested remains are later expelled by contractions through the mouth.

Hydra mostly ___________________________ on the body wall. Buds are genetically identical

________, which grow and simply break free when they are mature. Hydra may possess several

buds in different stages of development at the same time.

_____________________. ________________________________________________________

and having __________________. They _____________________________________________

_____. _________________________________________, which attach themselves and ______

____________.

Hydra does not show any signs of aging and appears to be immortal, which could lay

foundations for the future medical research.

Life Cycle of Jellyfish

To reproduce, a Jellyfish has a very unique system.

When in the ________ stage of the life-cycle, the jellyfish will __________________. The adult

__________________________________________________________________. A _________

is formed which __________________ (_______________) and ____________________.

The ______ will then _______________________________________________________.

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To Summarize: A medusa reproduces sexually to create a polyp. A Polyp then will reproduce

asexually (budding) to create a medusa.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – ________________________.

-_______________________________ via mouth.

-Extracellular digestion (enzymes secreted into cavity).

-______________________________________________ and smaller food particles.

The relationship between structure and function is clearly seen in the way cnidarians feed. The

tentacles capture small animals with their nematocysts and paralyze them by injecting poison.

The tentacles then push the prey into their gastrovascular cavity through the mouth. Once in the

mouth enzymes found here break up the prey and the cells lining the cavity absorb the nutrients.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM – ____________________.

-___________________________________________________________________________.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – _____________________.

-Gas exchange directly between cells and water by __________ (O2 diffuses into and CO2 out of

cells) both across epidermis and gastrovascular tissues.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM – _____________________.

-____________________________________________________________________________.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM – __________.

-No muscle cells but some cells can contract and relax (e.g. in the tentacles).

SKELETAL SYSTEM – _____________.

NERVOUS SYSTEM – a ________________.

-A ____________ that react to presence of food and danger for the

purposes of feeding and protection.

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Many cnidarians alternate between medusa and polyp forms in their life cycle. Reproduction

takes place _________________________ by budding.

7.2 Questions:

1) What is a cnidaria known for? Name some examples. (1 mark) 2) Describe what causes the “sting” from a jellyfish, and how the structure functions. (2 marks) 3) Is a Jellyfish free-swimming for its whole life? Explain why or why not. (2 marks) 4) Fill out the table below with a brief description of each of the systems in cnidaria. Be sure to mention any notable structures within these systems. (7 marks)

System Description

Respiratory System

Circulatory System

Excretory System

Nervous System

Muscular System

Skeletal System

Reproductive System

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7.3 Flatworms

____________ (phylum ________________) are a step "up" the ladder of evolution being _____

_________________________________.

Flatworms have a _______________. This body plan means they have ________________ that

__________________________________. However, flatworms are ___________________ and

___________________. Having three germ layers allows for greater tissue specialization giving

flatworms _____________________________________________________________________

_________. These specialized systems are exemplified by the ______ which is a ____________

______________________.

There are ______________ of flatworms.

Class ___________ – example _______ - free living,

incomplete gut, no suckers or hooks.

Class ____________ – example _______ - ________,

incomplete gut, suckers, _________________.

Class ________ – example _________ - _________,

___________, ______________________________,

body consists of _____________________________.

Body Plan

• Both _________________________________

• __________________________.

• _______________________

• ___________ - concentration of sensory organ and nervous tissue at anterior end of body

• __________________ - ___________________(germ layers).

• Ectoderm – forms outer epidermis.

• ___________ - _________________________________________________________.

• Endoderm – forms inner gut.

• __________________________________

Movement

________________________________________________________________________.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system in __________________________. It consists of a _______________ to a

_______________________. A _____________ extends from the underside of the flatworm and

__________________________. The food is then _____________________________. _______

are ____________________________. ______________________________________________

efficiently _______________ because the flatworm is so thin.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Planarians are ______________, meaning they are both male and female, but

they _____________________ between organisms. Adjacent flatworms will

align themselves so that they will __________________ each other. Planaria

also have _______________________. If a planaria is cut lengthwise, it will

grow into two separate animals. And, if a planarian is cut down the center,

but not completely, it will develop two heads.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

_____________________________________________

___________ . These wastes differ from those expelled

from the gastrovascular cavity in that wastes excreted by

the excretory system were first digested and entered the

body of the flatworm. Planarians have ______________

called _______________________________________.

A flame cell is a ____________________ which beat to

keep water moving through ___________________ and

_______________________.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

The ___________________ of the planarian consists of ________________________________

__________________________________________ (the concentration of sense organs, nervous

control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain). This type of nervous

system is _______________________________________. The cephalization consists of a brain,

chemosensitive organs, and ________________. The chemosensitive organs guide the flatworm

toward food and the eyespots are _____________________. Planaria will move away from light

probably to avoid predation. The __________________________________________________.

CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

• ______________________________

• part of the ___________________________.

• _____________________________ directly across the thin cell layers.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• _____________

• controlled by ________________________________________________________

• sometimes ________________________________________.

SKELETAL SYSTEM – ___________

Tape Worm Lifecycle

A tapeworm is a type of parasitic flatworm

Tapeworm Reproduction Summary

• Carried out by specialized body sections called ______________________.

• Tapeworms are _________________________ - contain both ovaries and testes and ____

___________________.

• __________________________________________________.

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• Larvae hatch in water and in grass.

• Larvae are ________

_________________

(intermediate host)

and the larvae then

burrows through the

wall of the intestine

and into the blood

stream. Intermediate

hosts contain

________________

(____________) that

when ingested by the

final host (example.

human) the _______

_________ out as a

___________ which

_____________________.

7.3 Questions 1) What is a flatworm? (1 mark) 2) What body plan is present in a flatworm? Why is this important? (1 mark) 3) Fill out the table below with a brief description of each of the systems in a flatworm. Be sure to mention any notable structures within these systems. (7 marks)

System Description

Respiratory System

Circulatory System

Excretory System

Nervous System

Muscular System

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Skeletal System

Reproductive System

4) Briefly describe the lifecycle of a tapeworm. Hint: It may help to draw out the lifecycle. (2 marks)

7.4 Roundworms

Roundworms belong to the Phylum __________ (also called ___________________).

Nematodes are the most speciose phylum after the arthropods. They _____

____________________________________________________________

__________________________ (they don't like dry places however). One

species is known that can live in old vinegar (Turbatrix aceti) and another

that has only been found in German beer mats. Though only about ______

species have been described some scientists estimate there may be as many

as _______________ all told. They can occur in very dense numbers in the

soil and rotting vegetation, as many as 90 000 have been found in a single

rotting apple, while millions occur in the top 3cm (1 inch) of a square

metre of good quality soil.

While there are a ____________________________________ there are also a ______________

________________, ________________________ to man and other animals as well as to plants,

nearly every living organism has been found to be parasitised by one species of nematode or

another.

Most nematodes are reasonably small, they range in size from 100 micrometres in length (1/10th

of a mm or 1/250th of an in) to the female Giant Nematode Dioctophyme renale which may be

up to 1 metre, or 3 ft long.

Basically a _____________________________________________, the alimentary canal and the

reproductive organs. Nematodes have, what is referred to as, ____________________________.

Nematodes are _______ with an __________________________________________. Despite its

complexity the Nematode cuticle is _________________________________________________

________ through it. Beneath the cuticle is a _________________________________________.

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The combination of the flexure of these muscles with the high pressure of the system produces a

characteristic ____________________ that Nematodes use to swim. Scientifically this is called

______________________.

Roundworms (phylum __________) have a ___________________________. This body plan is

____________________________________ which, you should recall from previous notes, have

a single opening functioning as a mouth and anus called a sac plan. Nematodes have a ________

_______________. This design _________________. At the anterior (____) end there is a _____

which has 3 lips behind which predatory species possess a few teeth, this _______________. The

pharynx of Nematodes _____________________________________________ as it can be used

to suck liquid food into the mouth. Digestion is rapid and _______________________________.

DIGESTVE SYSTEM

Roundworms have a _____________________________. It is a long tube shaped digestive tract

with ____________________. Materials move in one direction only and ___________________

____. As food is pushed through digestive tract it is ____________________________________

_________________________. _______________ continue on through tract and ____________

_______________________.

Free living round worms are often _____________. Some ______________________, some live

on the _____________, while ____________________. Parasitic roundworms attach to and suck

juices from plants (causing crop damage) and animals. They _____________________________

________________________________.

CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

Roundworms have ______________________________________.

They breathe and excrete waste through their body walls. They do

not have an internal transport (circulatory) system and __________

________________.

The ______________________________ and it distributes digested

________________________________________________. It also

_____________________________.

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EXCRETORY SYSTEM

In roundworms, ________________________________________________________________

___________________.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Nematodes, especially free living forms generally have a _______________________________

_________. This is comprised of a circum-pharyngeal ______________________________ that

extend down through the body to the various parts of the gut and the reproductive organs. They

have ________________ (groups of nerve cells) in the head region ______________. They have

_________________________.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Nematodes are copiously reproductive and _________________________________, which is a

pseudocoelom, is ____________________________________________, either ovaries or testes.

Roundworms have ____________ (__________) while ___________________. The female has

long coiled ovaries that ________________________________. Eggs are stored in a uterus. The

_____________________________. The ___________________________________________.

Sperm cells ___________________ though an opening at the posterior end of the worm. During

copulation _____________________________________________________. After fertilization,

___________________________________________________________. The females lay eggs

over a prolonged time period, thus a female Ascaris lumbricoides may lay her eggs at the rate of

200,000 per day and have had a total 27 million eggs within her at the start of her reproductive

career.

Primitive Characteristics :

• _________________.

• ___________________________.

• ___________________________.

• Cephalization (_______________________).

Advanced Characteristics:

• ____________________.

• ____________________ (round worms).

• __________________________.

Ectoderm – produces tough cuticle.

Mesoderm – _____________________________.

Endoderm – digestive tract.

• ________________________________________!

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• ___________________ - between the mesoderm and the gut is a ___________________.

Roundworm Infections

Roundworms can be parasitic and can be ingested and infect the body of most animals, including

humans.

Roundworms can infect other animals the same way they infect a cat such as cows, pigs, and

dogs.

The worms can be ______________________________________________________________

________________. For example if a cow was infected and a wolf ate some infected muscle, the

wolf could also become infected.

Parasitic Roundworms

Even though _______________________________ are typically enough to ward off roundworm

infection many roundworm diseases are common worldwide including some in North America.

______________________ are common in North America, while more serious infections such as

Trichinosis and Elephantiasis are common in Africa and are rarely seen here.

Trichina worm causes Trichinosis when the host

eats ________________ and the larvae burrow into

______________________. Trichinosis forms cysts

in the muscles of its victims and causes symptoms

such as _____, ___________________, and

________. The images to the right show a trichina

worm and a cyst formed in muscle around a worm.

Pinworms are __________________________ known as Enterobius vermicularis to the medical

and zoology communities. Also called ______________________________ these small, whitish

roundworms are responsible for __________________________________ that commonly inflict

preschool children and other _____________________________________________________.

Although adult pinworms ________________________________, the

___________________________________________ creating a severe

_______________. Other symptoms include disturbed sleep, decreased

appetite and weight loss. _________________________ usually occurs

with ____________________________________________. The eggs

_________________________________________________________.

Once they enter the new host the ______________________________

_________________________________________.

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Hookworm larvae burrow through the skin of

bare feet into the blood vessels and migrate to

the lungs. They then travel to the intestine

where they feast on blood and produce eggs

that can pass out of the digestive tract.

Filaria worms block lymph vessels causing

massive swelling and deformation called

Elephantiasis. Elephantiasis is transferred by

mosquitoes and blocks lymph vessels as the

worms increase in size. Lymph vessels return

fluid to the bloodstream from the tissues so

when the vessels are blocked the limbs

increase greatly in size.

Loiasis, called eye worm or loa loa, is

endemic to the rainforests of central and

western Africa where mango flies of the

Chrysops species serve as both intermediate

host and the parasite vector. About 13 million

people are currently infected.

This map shows the distribution of eye worm infections.

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7.4 Questions 1) Describe a roundworm. (1 mark) 2) Fill out the table below with a brief description of each of the systems in a roundworm. Be sure to mention any notable structures within these systems. (7 marks) System Description

Respiratory System

Circulatory System

Excretory System

Nervous System

Muscular System

Skeletal System

Reproductive System

3) Describe the lifecycle of a parasitic roundworm. Provide an example. (2 marks)

7.5 Segmented Worms

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The _________________________ include animals such as the __________________________

worms. The general characteristics of an Annelid are ___________________________. They are

_____________________________________________________________________________.

However, an Annelid also has a ______________ and ________________. Both the coelom and

segmentation _______________________________________. __________________________

_________ and allow structural support by creating a __________________. The septa allow for

___________________________________________ which will be discussed in the anatomy of

the earthworm later in this lesson. The ______________________________ (______________)

in each segment. The Annelid _____________________________________________________

_____________. The circular muscles encompass the body wall and therefore contractions cause

the body to become long and thin. The longitudinal muscles run the length of the body and cause

the body to shorten and fatten.

The Phylum name ___________________________________. Segmentation allows specialized

sections within the animal for different purposes. The _______________ is divided into separate

compartments (septa) by partitions. These septa enable different compartments to contract or

expand independently. ___________________________________________________ provides

insurance against injury.

There are three Classes of Annelids that we will discuss in this book.

1. Class _____________ meaning ¨_____________________¨.

2. Class ________________ which includes ___________________.

3. Class ________________ which includes _________________.

Earthworms

Segmented worms of the class _________________ (maximum 20 setae per segment) are

exemplified by the common earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Earthworms do not have

_______________________________________ such as Nereis, ____________________ in the

anterior end ____________________. They ___________________, but are capable of detecting

and avoiding water without actually coming in contact with it. Earthworms ____________ and

_____________ while _______________________________. Earthworms ________________,

______________________________________________________________________________

___________________. Some segmented worms such as the Tubifex (sludgeworm) can survive

in polluted sediments and areas with little oxygen.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system of the earthworm and other annelids is ______________________. In the

earthworm, _______________________________ as they burrow _______________________.

From the pharynx food ______________________________________________. It __________

____________________________________________________________. The food _________

_________________________________________________________________________. The

_______________________________, which ________________________________________.

_________________________________________________________________.

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Here's an image showing Oligochaeta digestive system.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system of an Earthworm is the _________ we see a _______________________.

This means that the _________________________________________________ (like veins and

arteries) all the time. The blood does not just fill up the body cavities, like in the more primitive

organisms that we have looked at.

The circulatory system of an Earthworm _____________________________________________

____________________________ that connect the two vessels together behind the head region.

The ______________________________ toward the back of the worm through the ventral blood

vessel and blood returns through the dorsal blood vessel. Due to the __________________ of the

branches, which is ____________________________, they are termed ¨hearts¨ or ___________.

The purpose of this closed circulatory system is to

_____________________________________

_____________________________________________

_.

Earthworms ________________________________ as

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_____________________________________________ and

_________________________________________.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

As stated in the general characteristics, __________________________________________. In

earthworms, a pair of nephridia in each segment ________________________________ out the

_______________________. The ___________________________ are _______________ these

___________. Each segment of the earthworm except the first three and last one have nephridia.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system of an Earthworm is a _________

_________ connected by a ____________________.

Most body segments have a single ganglion. These

worms also have an ___________________ (brain!) and

_______________________________________ ________________________________.

Movement in these worms is made possible by segmentation. They have ______________ and

_______________________. To move, the worm _________________________________ and

__________________________________________. __________________________________

___________________________. Then ____________________________________________

______________________________.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Earthworms are __________________ with male organs located in the head and female organs

______________________. The clitellum is the _____________________________________.

1.

2.

3.

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Earthworms _________________(an individual worm _____________________________) by

aligning head regions with clitellums. Two earthworms press their ventral surfaces together with

the anterior ends pointing in opposite directions. The __________________________________

_______________________. Each earthworm injects sperm into the mucus which moves into a

pouchlike seminal receptacle of each worm. __________________________________________

_________________ (thick carbohydrate) which picks up the worms eggs and stored sperm. The

_____________________________________________. The tube closes up to form a protective

case for 2-3 weeks until the young worms hatch.

7.5 Questions

1) Describe a segmented worm. Provide an example. (1 mark) 2) Fill out the table below with a brief description of each of the systems in an earthworm. Be sure to mention any notable structures within these systems. (7 marks)

System Description

Respiratory System

Circulatory System

Excretory System

Nervous System

Muscular System

Skeletal System

Reproductive System

3) Why is an earthworm important to humans? (1 mark)