7.1 dna structure and replication
Transcript of 7.1 dna structure and replication
7.1 DNA Structure and Replication
GuidanceDetails of DNA replication between prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ. Only the prokaryotic system is expected.The protein enzymes involved in DNA replication should include helicase, DNA gyrase, single strand binding proteins, DNA primase, and DNA polymerases I and IIIThe regions of DNA that do not code for proteins should be limited to regulators of gene expression, introns, telomeres, and genes for tRNAs.
Understandings• Nucleosomes help to supercoil the DNA• DNA structure suggested a mechanism for
DNA replication• DNA polymersases can only add nucleotides to
the 3’ end of a primer• DNA replication is continuous on the leading
strand and discontinuous on the lagging strand• DNA replication is carried out by a complex
system of enzymes• Some regions of DNA do not code for proteins
but have other important functions
Applications/Skills• A: Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
investigation of DNA by x-ray diffraction• A: Use of nucleotides containing
dideoxyribonucleic acids to stop DNA replication in preparation of samples for base sequencing
• A: Tandem repeats are used in DNA profiling• S: Analysis of results of the Hershey and Chase
experiment to provide evidence that DNA is the genetic material
• S: Utilization of molecular visualization software to analyze the association between protein and DNA within a nucleosome
DNA is the Genetic Material• Alfred Hershey and Martha
Chase showed DNA contains the genetic information, not protein• Two cultures of bacteriophages:
one with radioactive sulfur (component of protein) and one with radioactive phosphorous (component of DNA)
http://www.hyglos.de/typo3temp/pics/f248049cfa.jpg
• The bacteriophages were then used to infect E. coli• One culture of E. coli contained
radioactive P within the cell wall; the other contained no radioactive S within the cell wall• This showed that DNA was
transferred from the bacteriophage to the bacteria and must be the substance containing genetic information
http://www.hyglos.de/typo3temp/pics/f248049cfa.jpg
DNA Structure• Nucleotides are attached by
phophodiester bonds • Condensation reaction• New nucleotides are always attached
to the 3’ end of the previous nucleotide
http://usmle.biochemistryformedics.com/wp-content/uploads/3-5phosphodiester-linkage.jpg
Structure continued• Purines are double ringed structures
(Guanine and Adenine)• Pyrimidines are single ringed
structures (Cytosine and Thymine) • A-T: two hydrogen bonds• C-G: three hydrogen bonds
DNA Packaging• DNA is organized into nucleosomes• 8 histone proteins (positively
charged)• DNA (negatively charged) wraps
around twice• H1 histone to help maintain structure
of nucleosome
• Further wrapping of DNA into supercoiled chromosomes
http://www.mit.edu/~kardar/teaching/projects/dna_packing_website/histone_dna.jpg
https://beyondthedish.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/chromatin1.jpg
DNA Sequences• Highly repetitive sequences• About 45% of total DNA• 5-300 bp’s• Up to 100 000 replicates• Sometimes called jumping genes due to the fact that they can move around
the chromosome that they are a part of• No coding functions
DNA Sequences• Protein-coding genes• Less than 2% of DNA• Single copy genes with coding function• Contains code for producing a protein• Interspersed among noncoding fragments (introns)
DNA Sequences• Structural DNA• About 20% of DNA• No coding function• Around the centromere and telomeres
Summary of Replication
Helicase binds at the origin and breaks H bonds between nitrogenous bases
Replication forks
1
2
Primase attaches at the fork and produces an RNA primer
3
DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction4
DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides
5
Assembled continuously toward the fork
Assembled discontinuously toward the fork (Okazaki fragments)
DNA ligase seals Okazaki fragments together