Chapter 2 Notes:

Goals of conquistadoresThe Europeans tried to create settlements in America, but failed because of their unrealistic expectations (wealth, submissive natives, etc.); Attracted by Aztec weath; eventually taken over by the Spanish; Spanish wanted to establish strategic bases off the coast of Mexico and the Caribbean.

Ponce de LeonConquered Puerto Rico; 1512-1513, went to Florida to find gold and slaves, went again in 1521; killed in skirmish with Indians.

Hernando de SotoWent on expeditions with normal Spanish goals; harmed many innocent Indians; never found any gold or conquered anything.

Success/failure of Spanish missionsConquistadores lost to search of The Golden City (Estevancio, Coronado, in addition to others); several expeditions were led up the coast and down the Colorado river, all failed; first successful European settlement was at St. Augustine, Florida.

Jacques CartierIdentified the St. Laurence river as one of 2 entries to North America, the location eventually became the center of French colonization (other point was Mississippi river, used by French later). Led 400 soldiers/10 ships to St. Laurence valley (first French attempt at colonization), but had no native American support, as he cut off the natives with his base. The colony was eventually abandoned after two years of scurvy and native attacks.

Economy of French coloniesFrench calvanists arrived in modern day Jacksonville, established a base briefly in South Carolina (destroyed by Spanish fleet a year later). French fishermen bartered with Indians for beaver skins, as demand was high in Europe. The traders were vastly more successful that the conquistadores. Specialized tool factories created for ‘indian trade’.

French relations with Indians<<basically the same thing as the previous thing…>>Good, they were trade partners.

Samuel de ChamplainFounded the first French settlement in Canada, 20/28 settlers there died; Established an alliance with local Indians to defeat the Mohawk Indians (gained several alliances, including the Hurons).

Dutch colonization in North AmericaDutch ships traded with Indians along the Hudson river (including the recently defeated Mohawks); Dutch trading company built Fort Nasseu near modern day Albany, establishes New Netherland. Another fort was built at the mouth of the Hudson river. Colony leader Peter Minuit bought a local island from the Indians, named it Manhattan; New Netherlands thrived off of the fur trade, also traded shells.

Reasons for/goals of English exploration/colonizationPoorer English were sent to the New Land; opportunities for materials/goods; younger sons received little property, became sailors instead. English had two goals for the New Land: discover possible route to Asia/find gold; raid Spanish fleets off the coast.

Sir Francis DrakeMassacred Irish/Scottish people because they were ‘savages’

Sir Humphrey GilbertEnglish general, drowned returning to England.

Sir Walter RaleighGuilbert’s half-brother; sent Arthur Barlowe to explore the coast. English naval fleet defeated the Spanish Armada, demonstrated English power (drake and Hawking killed)

Joint stock companyBusinesses using money from public stocks to raise funds for settlements. High investor risks associated with the company.

Virginia Company of LondonAfter the Spanish gave up Virginia to the English, they were free to colonize. Overlapping land grants authorized to 2 joint stock companies in Plymouth and London. VA Company of London ran north from Cape Fear to the Hudson River. Colonists were used as employees, with the stockholders regulating behavior. Most colonists + investors thought that the riches would come easily, and hose a settling site on the James River, named Jamestown. Arrogance led to a fools gold rush, and they stop planting crops. 38/105 survived (showed that leadership was needed; first leader hoarded supplies, and the second was lazy).

John Smith3rd Virginia council leader, laid down first sanitation and hygiene rules. His personality allowed for allies, but his frequent displays of military power were used to mask weakness; he had a good relationship with Powhatan, leader of the Powhatan confederacy, and the father of Pocahontas. Injured in an explosion, and relations with Powhatans stopped when he left. Food shortage led to the deaths of 4/5 of the colonists. Anglo-Powhatan war started, victory won by English due to new recruits and a new military rule of the colony (1610-1614).

PowhatanLeader of the Powhatan tribe, had relations with John Smith and the colonists.

John RolfeBegan planting tobacco in Virginia; tobacco became an economic savior. Virginia company began to send new supplies to the settlements.

Headrights50 acre grants to colonists paying for their own passage/by a labor. Poorer people and farmers went for the land and hope; worked for 4 to 7 years in exchange for passage to new land. Military rule abandoned in favor of elected Planters as leaders (beginning of representative government).

1619- 2 reasons it was significant-first women sent to Jamestown-transfer of Africans brought to English settlements to work as indentured servants-Virginia House of Burgesses created (representation)

Problems in J’town by 1622-officials overcharged for supplies and used company workers in their personal tobacco fields; VA Company in debt-high death rate due to servant malnutrition, typhus, contaminated water from Jtown river; most died. Increased tension after the deaths of Pocahontas and Powhatan led to Indian sneak attacks (colonists won battles after destroying native crops)

Separatist PuritansFled from English church to the Netherlands to freely practice their religion. Feared assimilation of their children to Dutch culture, so they emigrated to America.

Mayflower CompactPatent for settlement led by Thomas Merchant granted in 1628. Sent colonists promised to send back lumber, furs, and fish over seven years, then they would own the land they get. Most of the groups were Separatist Puritains. People signed it to be considered a “civil body politic”, a government under James I

Relationship with IndiansTwo English speaking natives helped English settlers (Squanto and Samoset). Taught the English to grow corn. An alliance was organized between Plymouth Settlers and Wampanoag natives, English powerhouse due to firearms. The relationship worsened due to militarization of the colony under Miles Standish. The relationship allowed the colonists to become self sufficient. Went into debt for additional 15 years, they were cheated by the government.

Importance of Pilgrims-Helped inspire American vision of the colonists

-Foreshadowed methods of later euro-mericans to conquer the Indians.

A Place in Time, p. 47a, 47b- significance of Roanoke’s failureJust check the passage in the book

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Chapter 3 Notes

The New England WayJohn WinthropCity on a hillGreat MigrationCompare/contrast Massachusetts/VirginiaJohn Cotton and CongregationalismRoger WilliamsAnne HutchinsonFundamental Orders of ConnecticutCharacteristics of NE townsNew England’s economyNew England familyCharles I and the English Civil WarOliver CromwellHalf-way CovenantKing Philip’s WarSalem witch hysteriaChesapeake SocietyVirginia Government (Governor, council, House of Burgesses)First Families of VirginiaProprietary colonyCecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore)Maryland Toleration ActTobacco farming and its impact on the regionIndentured servantsBacon’s RebellionSlavery vs. indentured servitudeThe Spread of SlaveryCaribbean’s impact on coloniesRelationship between sugar and slaveryBarbados CodeFounding of CarolinasRelationship between rice and slaveryThe Middle ColoniesIroquois Indians

New NetherlandWilliam PennQuakers’ relationship to the governmentIdeal characteristics of PennsylvaniaRivals for North AmericaFrench relationship with IroquoisCoureurs de boisPueblo revoltSpanish response to English/French colonies

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Chapter 4 Notes

RESTORATION AND REBELLIONGeorge Whitefield and reaction to him – Anglican minister. Started that Garden's ministers were unsaved and endangered their parishioner's souls. Claimed that Garden abandoned Calvinist doctrine. Told members of congregations to feel equal to anyone else.

Enlightenment - Dissemination among the educated public of faith in reason rooted in an appreciation of natural science

Navigation Acts and response to them – Designed to benefit England's commercial interests. Barred colonial merchants from exporting such commodities such as sugar and tobacco anywhere except to England, and fro importing goods in non-English ships.

Dominion of New England – Sir Edmond Andros is the governor. Consolidated Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Plymouth into a single administrative unit. Added New York and the Jerseys in 1688.

Sir Edmond Andros and his tactics – Suppressed the legislature, limited towns to a single annual meeting and jailed prominent citizens to crush pretests. Forced a Boston Puritan congregation to share its meetinghouse with an Anglican minister.

Glorious Revolution – Created a limited monarchy as defined by England's bill of rights of 1689. The crown promised to summon Parliament annually, sign all its bills and respect traditional civil liberties.

Leisler's Rebellion –

New York's counterpart of the anti-Stuart uprising. The city's militia seized the harbor's main fort on May 31, 1689.

John Coode and Protestant Association – Leader of the 1681 revolt and 3 others organized the Protestant Association to secure Maryland for William and Mary. They succeeded and the made Church of England the established religion.

William and Mary's rule-impact on colonies – Allowed colonial elites to reassert control over local affairs and encouraged American political leaders to identify their interests with England.

Consequences of King William's and Queen Anne's Wars – War of the League of Ausburg - King William's War - England joined a general European coalition against France's Louis XIV who supported James II's claim to the English crown. Result = 1691, every Mohawk and Oneida war chief died in battle, 1696 French armies destroyed the villages of every Iroquois nation, but the Cayugas and Oneidas. 1702, England ought France and Spain in the War of the Spanish Succession, Queen Anne's War. Taught Anglo-Americans painful lessons about their military weakness. Most important consequence - Political, not military. Wars instilled in them a profound sense of dependence on Great Britain. Reinforced their sense of British identity by buttressing their loyalty to the crown.

Grand Settlement - Five Nations of the Iroquois made peace with France and its Indian allies in exchange for access to western furs while redefining their British alliance to exclude military cooperation.

A MATURING COLONIAL ECONOMY AND SOCIETYMercantilism – European policy makers' aim of guaranteeing prosperity by making their own country as self-sufficient as possible. By eliminating dependence on foreign suppliers, damaging foreign competitors' commercial interests, and increasing their nation's net stock of gold and silver by selling more abroad than they bought. Antithesis of a competitive free-market system.

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations – First theoretical defense of mercantilism.

1750 Navigation Acts – Affected the colonial economy in 4 major ways.1. Laws limited all imperial trade to British ships, defined as those with British ownership and whose crews were 3/4 British. All colonists, including slaves, were British. 2. Barring of export of certain "enumerated goods" to foreign nations unless these items first passed through England or Scotland. Chief "controlled" items were tobacco, rice, furs, indigo

(Plant that produced a blue dye) and naval stores (masts, help, tar, turpentine) Never restricted grain, livestock, fish, lumber or rum. 3. Encourage economic diversification in America. Parliament used British tax money to pay modest bounties to Americans producing such items as silk, iron, dyes, hemp and lumber. 4. Forbade Americans from competing with British manufacturers. It only banned large-scale manufacturing of certain products, most notably clothing; colonial tailors, hatters and housewives could continue to make any item of dress in their households or small shops.

Franklin's population predictions and results – People increase in proportion to the number of marriages, and that is greater in proportion to the ease and convenience of supporting a family. When families can be easily supported, more persons marry and earlier in life. Cities retarded growth because the were unhealthy and contained many people too poor to marry and rear families. Brutish America with its small cities and great expanses of rural space, clearly seemed destined to grow and flourish. Estimated the colonies' population at 1million, Franklin calculated that this number would double every 25 years. Amazingly precise.

Compare 1700/1755 immigration statistics - 1700 - Immigration continued to contribute significantly to colonial population, although it became less important than natural increase. In forty years after Queen Anne's War, colonies absorbed 350k newcomers, 40% of them were African-born slaves. 2000 English settlers arrived annually, 1713, dropped to 500. Ireland - 100k Germany - 65k1755 - So many English went to Pennsylvania that 1/3 was English. The rest were German/Scots-Irish. America got a lot of convicts, most of which were convicts because of trivial crimes. Most of them were thieves.

Compare the living standards of NE, Middle, and Southern colonies – Living standards were highest in the mid-Atlantic, spanning from New York to Delaware. NE - New England prospered the least. Yankees were 1/2 as wealth as colonists elsewhere. Plagued by mediocre soil and short growing season. NE had to import grain to feed themselves. Also became overpopulated. Most NE turned to fishing for money. 1/5 sailor died. Balcony on a ship captain's home from which his wife could watch = Widow's walk.Middle – Major trading area, full of European immigrants (most culturally diverse)Southern – Plantations, had most cash crops. Planters were the wealthiest people in the colonies, but the others were mostly poor (either white or black)

Problems of urban colonial areas – Poverty escalated rapidly in three major seaports of Philadelphia, New York and Boston. High population density and poor sanitation allowed for contagious diseases to run rampant so that 1/2 of all city children died before 21 and urban adults lived 10 years less on average than country folk. As populations ballooned, wages shrunk, cost of rents, food and firewood shot up. Poverty grew to a major problem in mid 18th century. Boston experienced 5 major riots, aimed at closing a public market operated by wealthy merchants, stopping the navy from drafting sailors or halting wartime profiteering.

Conditions of enslaved people during the 1750 – Shitty hut that was worse than the poorest of houses. Called Negro huts. A beer for a servant could pay for feeding and clothing the average slave. Slaves got 50 lbs of meat per year whereas white servants for 200lbs. Masters provided adult slaves with 8 quarts of corn, a pound of pork each week, but slaves have to grow their own veggies, forage for wild fruits and perhaps raise chickens. Slave children became helpers at 7 and full time workers at 11-14. Masters imposed a dress code that limited slaves' apparel to fabrics worth less than 10 shillings per yard and even prohibited their wearing the cast-off clothes of their owners. 9:00PM curfew for blacks.

Causes and effects of Stono Rebellion – 9:00 PM curfew for blacks. Slaves had a dress code. South Carolina placed all local slave patrols under the colonial militia. 20 slaves robbed guns and ammunition from a store 20 miles from Charles Town. They burned 7 plantations and killed 20 whites, but they spared a Scottish innkeeper who was kind to his slaves.

Requirements for office holders – A candidate must own a minimum of 1000 acres, which barred 80% of white men from running for the assembly. The Board of Trade and its ineffectiveness – Monitors American developments and advising the crown on colonial affairs. The board's small, inefficient staff lacked the vision and energy to provide the strong support needed by embattled governors wresting to maintain authority.

COMPETING FOR A CONTINENTSignificance of Louisiana – France aggressively expanded and strengthened its NA empire. Government sent paupers and criminals to Louisiana to boost its population.

What were problems for Natives? – Depopulation and dislocation. Epidemic diseases, environmental changes, war, political pressures on Indians to cede land and to emigrate all combined to open up new lands for the immigrants. Under the Covenant Chain, agreements with several colonies to relocate, Indians were moved to areas of what are now New York and Pennsylvania.

Significance of Georgia – Intended as a refuge where bankrupt debtors could settle. James Oglethorpe founded the port of entry, Savannah and by 1740, 2.8k colonists settled here. 1740, Oglethorpe tried to take St. Augustine, but failed. Georgia was the only colony where slavery was forbidden because it degrades blacks, made whites lazy and wherever whites relied on slaves, they courted slave revolts, which the Spanish could exploit.

James Oglethorpe –

Dominated the provincial board of trustees of Georgia. Founded Savannah and tried to seize St. Augustine. He hated slavery and made Georgia the only colony where slavery was forbidden. Also pushed a requirement that landholdings be no larger than 500 acres. Failed because rice was the only thing that yielded a profit, so not enough money in the economy.

Spain's influence in Southwest – Livestock raising Ranchos monopolized vast tracts along the Rio Grande and blocked further town settlement. They were the Spanish version of the American Cowboy. Spain established Texas in order to counter growing French influence among the Comanches and other Native Americans on the southern Plains. Spain offered freedom to English slaves who escaped and made their way to Florida.

ENLIGHTENMENT AND AWAKENINGEnlightenment ideals – Confidence in human reason with skepticism towards beliefs not founded on science or strict logic.

Benjamin Franklin – He gathered a small group of young men, mostly aspiring artisans, into a club called the Junto, whose members pledged themselves to debate highbrow questions and to collect useful information for their mutual improvement. Franklin began to publish Poor Richard's Almanack, collection of maxims and proverbs that made him famous. He also organized the American Philosophical Society in 1743 and encouraged all philosophical experiments that let light into the nature of things, tend to increase the power of man over matter , and multiply the conveniences and pleasures of life. Established Philadelphia's first volunteer fire company.

Deists – Concluded that God, having created a perfect universe, did not miraculously intervene in its workings, but rather left it alone to operate according to natural laws.

Great Awakening – An outpouring of Christian revivalism which swept all of British North America because diphtheria killed some kids. Gosh. Represented an unleashing of anxiety and longing among ordinary people living in a world of oral culture.

Jonathan Edwards – Told people that "God hates you and wants to toss you into a pit of fire."

The Refreshings – Presbyterian minister and Dutch Reformed minister had stimulating conversions in prayer meetings called the Refreshings.

George Whitefield AGAIN –

Inspired thousands to seek salvation. An English clergyman who had been stoking the fires of revival in the Anglican church.

New Lights vs Old Lights - New Lights - The rationalist clergyOld Lights - Dominated the Anglican, Presbyterian and Congregational churches.

Long term effects of Great Awakening – The revival started the decline in the influence of Quakers, who were not significantly affected by the great awakening, Anglican and Congregationalists. The GA also stimulated the founding of new colleges, for existing colleges were scarred in their opponents' eyes by their affiliations with either the Old or New Lights.

ALSO KNOW THAT NEW ORLEANS WAS UNDER FRANCE'S CONTROL.

WOMEN/SLAVES/INDIANS COULD NOT VOTE.

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Chapter 5 Notes

IMPERIAL WARFAREKing George’s WarFollowed the pattern of early conflicts under the rule of William and Mary/Queen Anne. Battles were very small, skirmishes and raids taking place in northeast with high civilian loss (usually by the French/native Americans). Only major engagement in 1745; almost 4000 New Englanders under William Pepperell assaulted French bastion at the tip of Nova Scotia (guarded entrance to St. Laurence river). Bastion was assaulted for almost seven weeks, taken on June 17th 1745. After 3 years of warfare, Britian/France sign Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle in 1748 (exchanged Louisburg for British outpost in India, colonial efforts wasted)

Albany Plan of UnionTo resolve differences among themselves and bring back Indian confidence before the French response, the seven colonies above Virginia gathered to plan their defense. They gave the Indians 30 wagons of presents to keep themselves neutral. They then endorsed an idea for a colonial confederation (the Albany Plan of Union), based on the ideas of Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson. The plan called for a Grand Council of representatives from each colonial assembly, with a crown appointed “president general” as an executive officer. The council would devise military policies, deal with Indian affairs, and could demand money from the colonies according to a formula. Failed because no colony would surrender taxation powers.

French and Indian/7 Years WarFrance sends General Braddock and 1k troops to take Fort Duquesne. July 9th, 1755, 850 French, Canadians, and Indians attacked Braddock’s force of 2200 Britons and Virginians. 900 regular

and provincial troops died, including Braddock, as opposed to 23 Frenchmen (failed due to his arrogance towards colonial power and lack of Indian support). Followed by series of Indian raids along the east coast. Only successful British expedition that year was from 2k New Englanders that seized two French forts near Nova Scotia. Significant because of the aftermath; governor of Nova Scotia ordered troops to drive local French-Canadian civilians from their homes and then burned their villages. Result of the Acadians refusal to promise to not bear arms for France. 5% of Canadas population was deported in this manner to the British colonies, but most moved to Louisiana, became known as Cajuns. British seemed to be facing defeat, but 2 developments arrived: 1. Iroquois and most Indians in Ohio abandoned French support; enabled French to capture back some French Forts. 2. William Pitt took control of military in the royal cabinet and improved the situation by increasing British patriotism (became a symbol of what the Americans and English could do together). More colonists fought in the war at the promise of British Parliament covering most costs of the war; colonists organized 20k troops in 1758, and again in 1759. Captured two forts by late 1758 and drove the French out of north New York by the next year. French resistance ended in 1760 when Montreal surrendered after the fall of Quebec. Treaty of Paris created afterwards, French territories ceded on N.A mainland. Britain gained a lot of land, included Florida from Spain (in exchange for Cuba). Spains empire intact, French reduced to a few islands off Newfoundland and in the West Indies.

Pontiac’s RebellionAnti-British movement organized by Indian Political leaders in response to British arrogance (Indians were treated as subjects rather than allies, denied food ammo and other stuff; colonial squatters moving onto Indian territory, fear that British quartering was supporting this). Eight British forts sacked and two others at P.burg and Detroit. Indian/British peace remade after supply shortage and smallpox infection from infected blankets, as well as knowledge that France wouldn’t return to help. Diplomacy of John Stuart prevented violence from starting up in other Indian territories.

Proclamation of 1763Issued by British government in hopes of conciliating the Indians and ending frontier conflicts; Gave British government direct control of land trade, settlement, trade, and other non-Indian activities west of the Appalachians; Created with the goal of restoring order to Colonial expansion by asserting Crown control. Recognized existing Indian land west of the “proclamation line” until the tribes agreed to cede their land through treaties. Angered colonies because of subordination to imperial authority/enforcement by 10k British soldiers.

IMPERIAL REORGANIZATIONKing George IIIGot throne at the age of 22. Distrusted British political establishment, in contrast to previous kings. Wished to reign as a constitutional monarch that cooperated with Parliament and worked through prime ministers. Adjusted leadership too frequently.

Writs of assistance

Authorized by governor of Massachusetts, documents that authorized revenue officers to seize illegally imported goods. Allowed officials to enter ships/buildings where goods may be hidden. Considered unconstitutional; required no cause for suspicion. Boston merchants sued under James Otis to challenge constitutionality. Boston merchants lost; Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson noted use of writs in England. Despite loss, fundamental conception of Parliaments role under British Constitution asserted. Contended that Parliament couldn’t adjust the constitution at will (not a written constitution, collection of principles and customs guaranteeing certain rights to citizens)

Sugar ActPassed with the goal of raising 100k pounds (would offset 1/5 of the military expenses in N.A) Raised tension between Britain and the colonies; Sugar Act ended policy of exempting colonial trade from revenue raising measures. Different from the Navigation Acts in the sense that The Nav. Acts were not designed to bring money into the British Treasury, but to benefit the imperial economy indirectly by stimulating trade and preventing competition. Sugar Act featured new taxes, also stipulated that colonists could export lumber, iron, skins, hides, other commodities to foreign countries only if they landed in Britain first (hoped that colonists would purchase more imperial wares for American Marker/buy fewer goods from foreign competitors). Also complicated requirements for shipping colonial goods. Virtually impossible for colonial shippers to avoid violating the Sugar Act. Vice-Admiralty CourtsSugar Act also disregarded English protections to a fair trial (judges had a financial incentive to find people guilty, as they got a percentage of the confiscation). People couldn’t be tried where they committed the offense, they had to go to Halifax, Noca Scotia. They also reversed normal court procedures (innocent till guilt proven), defendant was required to disprove the charge.

George GrenvilleOrdered the British Navy to enforce the Sugar Act.

Stamp Act/Reaction to itDesigned to force colonists to pay their share of imperial expenses, after Britons were annoyed by the fact that the colonists were taxed more lightly than them. Required colonists to buy specially stamped paper for various printed items (newspapers, licenses, diplomas, etc.). People could be tried in Vice Admiralty courts. Supported by Grenville and most of his followers, but some people (notably William Pitt), objected to the levying of an internal tax on the colonists because they tax themselves with their own elect. (taxation without representation). Grenville argued ‘Virtual Representation’, where members of Parliament are above the narrow interests of those he represents, and he considers the welfare of all subjects when deciding stuff. Their elect was also no different from English or Scottish town councils. Colonists saw it as Parliaments indifference to their interests, and the shallowness of the theory of virtual representation. They rejected the Parliament taxing them, but they conceded that they had the limited legislative power. They assumed that the British empire was a loose federation, where their governments had independence, instead of a giant nation governed by London. Journalists were angered, predicted the end of journalism.

Patrick HenryPersuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several resolutions denying Parliaments power to tax the colonies. Convinced other Americans (and eight other colonial legislatures) to stand against British Taxation.

Loyal Nine and Sons of LibertyGroup of middle class artisans, shopkeepers, and businessmen; recognized that the stamp distributors were the weak link of the Stamp Act. Saw that public pressure on them before taxes were due on November 1 st , the act would become inoperable . Along with widespread economic distress, they shot Boston to the head of the resistance. Groups called Sons of Liberty began to form around the colonies after several riots and mobs in Boston. Their violence was directed towards against the property and left escape for their victims. They didn’t kill or tar/feather anyone, but stamp distributors had their pride hurt. After Hutchinsons Mansion Incident (Bostonians demolished the home of Thomas Hutchinson, an opponent of the Stamp Act), Sons of Liberty sought to prevent other incidents like that, so they don’t alienate other elite opponents of the stamp act. Organized unarmed public ‘armies’, with discipline and order.

Declaratory ActStamp act revoked in 1766, alongside passage of Declaratory Act, which confirmed parliamentary power to legislate for the colonies in ‘all cases whatsoever’

EnlightenmentDuring the 1760’s and 70’s, a group of English radicals (notably Joseph Priestley and James Burgh), drew on Enlightenment and Oppositionist (believed that Parliament members had sold their souls for financial gain and conspired against liberty) authors to organize a critique of English government and create a new way of thinking about politics. Saw that to protect liberty, a free people had to avoid moral corruption on their own to resist power and tyranny, and had to be alert to any conspiracies against liberty.

ERA OF ANGLO-AMERICAN CRISISTownshend ActsSeries of acts passed by Charles Townshend. T he purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies. Military presence in Boston led to Boston Massacre.

Quartering ActOrdered colonial legislatures to pay for certain goods needed by soldiers stationed within their respective borders. Didn’t force citizens to accept soldiers into private homes or force

governments to make new barracks. 5 colonies fell under it, 4 complied. New York didn’t provide supplies because so many soldiers got stationed there. John WilkesLeader of oppositional movement towards domestic and foreign policies of George III and Parliament being dominated by wealthy landowners.

Customs racketeeringthe act of customs agents seizing cargo on ships for their own gain but claiming that they have the legal right to do so. Sparked intense conflict between Britain and America.

Samuel AdamsSteered colonists toward revolution. Master of ‘mob violence and propaganda’.

John AdamsPlayed role in convincing congress to independence, largely wrote constitution.

Spinning bees and women’s resistanceUpper class female patriots calling themselves “Daughters of Liberty” played a role in defeating the stamp act (attended political rallies, ignored men that didn’t resist the tax, denied Tea after the impact of the Revenue Act, etc.) Nonconsumption led to boycott of several English manufactures, where women created clothing and such for the colonies (organized spinning bees). Not only helped undermine the masculine prejudice, but endowed spinning/weaving with political virtue.

Lord NorthPrime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. Wanted to make an example of Boston insurrection, created Tea Act (which was responded to with the Boston Tea Party). Boston fought back, and the rest of the colony caught on.

John HancockHad his ship “liberty” taken. Mob was created and drove all revenue inspectors from Boston.

Boston MassacreBritish troops shoot into a rioting crowd (protesters of the Townshend acts), killed 5 and injured 11. Sparked rebellion among colonies.

Committees of correspondenceColonist’s first attempt to maintain close and continuing cooperation over a wide area. Linked every interior community to Boston through a network of activists; allowed Adams to send messages for each town local committee to read at local meetings.TOWARD INDEPENDENCETea Act/Boston Tea partyEliminated any remaining import duties on tea entering England and lowered selling price to consumers (ironic because the same saving could’ve been achieved by repealing the

Townshend tax, which would’ve ended colonial objections to companys tea + produce more good will). Alarmed Americans because they saw it as a menace to colonial representative government. Law would raise revenue, which the Brits would use to pay royal governors. Committees of Correspondance resisted and opted to keep the E.I.T.C ships from landing. 50 young men disguised themselves as Indians and then threw 45 tons of tea into the Boston harbor.

Coercive (Intolerable) ActsResponse to Boston Tea Party

1. Ordered navy to close boston harbor2. Made boston government less democratic; upper house no longer elected, crown

appointed. Government had absolute control over appointing sheriffs and judges.3. British Soldiers/enforcers of royal authority would be tried for murder in England or in

other colonies4. New quartering act allowed governor to requisition empty private buildings for housing

troops.5. Quebec Act (not part of them, but viewed as such), established Roman Catholicism as

Quebecs official religion.

1st Continental CongressAssembled in response to Intolerable Acts; every colony but Georgia sent delegates to Philly on September 5th 1774. Created Suffolk Resolves that declared colonies no obedience to the I.Acts, that a provisional gov’t should collect all taxes until former MA charter was brought back, and that defensive measures should be taken in the event of Royal attack. Voted to boycott all british goods and to cease exportation of most goods to the britian and its west Indian possessions unless a reconciliation was reached.

MinutemenCitizens that collected arms and organized extralegal militia units, that could respond to an emergency instantly

Lexington and ConcordMA governor Gage sent 700 brit. Soldiers to seize military supplies at Concord. 70 minutemen organized at Lexington to attempt and stop, 8 killed, 1 redcoat injured. Brits eventually encountered a ‘swarm’ of Yankees at Concord, 273 redcoats killed.

Common SenseBook by Thomas Paine, crushed last American sentimental attatchment to the king. Told Americans that kingship was rooted in superstition and dangerous to liberty, as well as the king being a brute and a liar.

2nd Continental Congress

Instructed to propose independence (done by Richard Henry Lee on June 7th, formally adopted on July 2nd). United States of America on July 2nd.

Declaration of IndependenceProposed by Richard Henry Lee, approved on July 4th. Jefferson elevated the colonists grievances from a dispute over English Freedoms to a struggle of ‘universal dimensions’. Argued that English government had violated its agreement with the colonists, so they can replace it with their own government. Emphasized equality of all individuals, and the right to justice, liberty, and self fulfillment.

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