70 Years of Radioactive Risks in America and Japan Kevin Kamps Beyond Nuclear Medical and Ecological...
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70 Years of Radioactive Risksin America and Japan
Kevin KampsBeyond Nuclear
Medical and Ecological Consequences of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
New York Academy of MedicineMarch 11-12, 2013
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Hiroshima to Fukushima
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March 10, 2011
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Days later
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Fukushima Daiichi, after
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Dec. 2, 1942
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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FalloutOppenheimer and Groves at “Trinity” test blast site, July 1945
Destroyed Nagasaki Buddhist temple, with flattened city in background, August 1945
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Operation Crossroads
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Dejà vu, 65 years later
July 25, 1946 Mid-March, 2011
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“Atoms for Peace”
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“Castle Bravo,” March 1, 1954
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Anti-nuclear groundswell in Japan
Daigo Fukuryū Maru Fatal fallout
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Radioactively contaminated seafood
Lucky Dragon’s catch, 1954 Fukushima fallout, 2011
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CIA deployed to Japan
Lewis Strauss Matsutaro Shoriki
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Japan’s infamous “Nuclear Village” is born
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Atomic America
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Atomic Japan
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Workers over-exposed
Tsuruga NPP, Fukui Prefecture, 1981Bruce NGS, Ontario, Canada, Nov., 2009
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Sodium firesMonju, Fukui Prefecture,Dec. 8, 1995
Fermi 1, Monroe County, Michigan, May 20, 2008
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Reprocessing plant fires/explosions
Tokai-mura, Ibaraki Prefecture, March 1997 West Valley, NY, 1966-1972
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Inadvertent nuclear criticalitiesShika NPP, Ishikawa Prefecture, June 18, 1999
Tokai-mura, Ibaraki Prefecture, Sept. 30, 1999
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Inadvertent criticality:Fermi 2, Monroe Co., MI
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Safety cover-ups
TEPCO, 1989-2000, 2002 Davis-Besse, Oak Harbor, Ohio, 2002
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Deadly steam explosionsMihama-3, Fukui Prefecture, Aug. 9, 2004 Surry NPP, VA, 1972, 1986
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Radioactive steam releases
Fukushima Daiichi, 2006San Onofre, San Clemente, CA, Jan. 2012
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EarthquakesKashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant, Niigata Prefecture, July 16, 2007
Entergy’s Indian Point Units 2 & 3, Buchanan, NY
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Nuclear earthquakes (and tsunamis)
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Additional Risks: RPV Embrittlement
Genkai-1, Saga PrefectureEntergy’s Palisades atomic reactor, Covert, MI
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Additional Risks: High-Level Radioactive Waste
Storage Pools
• Fukushima Daiichi Unit 4 on brink of collapse
• U.S. pools contain much more HLRW than Japanese pools
• Many warnings about risk of catastrophic pool fires
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Additional Risks:High-Level Radioactive Waste Leaks
Hanford underground tanks Indian Point HLRW storage pools
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False solutions: Reprocessing and Centralized Interim Storage
Rokkasho reprocessing facility, Aomori Prefecture Savannah River Site, South Carolina
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Some good news: shutdownsOi, Fukui Prefecture, July 2012(the only 2 reactors in all of Japan to be restarted post-Fukushima)
Kewaunee, WI, June 2013
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Some inspiring news: showdowns
Tokyo, 2011-2013 Indian Point, 2011-2013
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GE BWR Mark Is & IIs: Early Warnings
“Recent events have highlighted the safety disadvantages of pressure-suppression containments…What are the safety advantages of pressure suppression, apart from the cost saving?...I recommend that the AEC adopt a policy of discouraging further use of pressure-suppression containments, and that such designs not be accepted for construction permits filed after a date to be decided.”
Contained in a memo to his boss by AEC Safety Officer, Stephen Hanauer, Sept. 20,1972
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GE Mark I/II: Early Warnings, Ignored
“The acceptance of pressure suppression containment concepts by all elements of the nuclear field…is firmly embedded in the conventional wisdom. Reversal of this hallowed policy, particularly at this time, could well be the end of nuclear power. It would throw into question the continued operation of licensed plants…and would generally create more turmoil than I can stand thinking about.”
Contained in a response by AEC Safety Head, Joseph Hendrie, September 25, 1972
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GE 3 blow the whistle
In 1976 Gregory C. Minor, Richard B. Hubbard, and Dale G. Bridenbaugh blew the whistle on safety problems with atomic reactors designed by General Electric. The three resigned from their jobs after becoming increasingly convinced that the atomic reactor design they were reviewing — the Mark 1 — was so flawed it could lead to a devastating accident.
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Post-Chernobyl soul searching• In 1986, Harold Denton,
then the NRC's top safety official, told an industry trade group that the "Mark I containment, especially being smaller with lower design pressure, in spite of the suppression pool, if you look at the WASH 1400 safety study, you'll find something like a 90% probability of that containment failing.”
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Freeze Our FukushimasThere are 31 still operating GE Mark I and II BWRs in U.S.:
Mark Is (23 units): Browns Ferry 1, 2 and 3, Decatur, AL -- Brunswick 1 & 2, Southport, NC – Cooper, Brownville, NE -- Dresden 2 & 3, Morris, IL -- Duane Arnold, Palo, IA --Edwin Hatch 1 & 2, Baxley, GA -- Fermi 2, Monroe, MI -- Hope Creek, Artificial Island, NJ – Fitzpatrick, Scriba, NY – Monticello, Monticello, MN -- Nine Mile Point Unit 1, Scriba, NY -- Oyster Creek, Lacey Township, NJ -- Peach Bottom 2 & 3, Delta, PA – Pilgrim, Plymouth, MA -- Quad Cities 1 & 2, Cordova, IL -- Vermont Yankee, Vernon, VT.
Mark IIs (8 units): LaSalle 1 & 2, Ottawa, IL -- Nine Mile Point 2, Scriba, NY -- Limerick 1 & 2, Pottstown, PA -- Susquehanna 1 & 2, Salem Twp., PA -- Columbia Generating Station, Richland, WA.
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Collusion
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Three Mile Island…
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Chernobyl…
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Fukushima…
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Where Next?!