70 Interesting Facts You May Not Know About Computers

8/19/2019 70 Interesting Facts You May Not Know About Computers

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70 Interesting Facts You May Not Know About Computers & The Internet1. Amazon, originally a printed book seller company, now sells more ebooksthanprinted books.2. The first domain name ever registered was Symbolics.com.3. Abot 1.! billion people connect to the "nternet, only #$% million of them speak

&nglish.#. Sweden has the highest percentage of internet sers, they are '$(.$. )id yo know that &mail was already arond before the *orld *ide *eb came+. -p ntil the 1#th of September, 1$, domain registration was free.'. *hile it took the radio 3! years, and the television a short 13 years, it took the*orld *ide *eb only # years to reach $% million sers.!. -.S. /resident 0ill lintons inagration in anary 1' was the first to bewebcast.. &very minte, 1% hors of videos are ploaded on 4o Tbe.1%. 5f the 2#' 0"66"57 email messages sent every day, !1( are pre spam.11. The first *hite 8ose website was lanched dring the linton9oreadministration on 5ctober 21, 1#. oincidentally, the sitewww.whitehose.com linked to a pornography web site.12. 5ver 1 million domain names are registered every month.13. *ith "ts !%% million "nterent sers, :acebook wold be the third largest contryin the *orld. The first compter company to register for a domain name wasdigital e;ipment corporation.1#. 9oogle ses an estimated 1$ billion k*h of electricity per year, more than most

contries. 8owever, google generates a lot of their own power with their solarpanels.1$. 9oogle estimates that the "nternet today contains abot $ million terabytes of data , and claims it has only inde?ed a paltry %.%#( of it all@ 4ocold fit the whole "nternet on st 2%% million 0lBaydisks.1. The prime reason the 9oogle home page is so bare, is de to the fact that thefonders didnt know 8TC6 and st wanted a ;ick interface. "nfact, the sbmitbtton was a later addition initially, hitting the B&T-B7 key was the only way tobrst 9oogle into life.1'. )og &ngelbart had made the first compter mose in 1#, and it was made otof wood.1!. The first hard drive was created in 1' by Seagate and cold hold $C0 of data.1. The engineers who developed the "0C / were known as DThe )irty )ozenE 2%. Another name for a Cicrosoft *indows ttorial is Frash orse@21. Amongst the most interesting compter facts is, when the first Apple compterwhich was bilt by Steve obs and Steve *ozniak, it was made by sing partsthey got for free from their employers. They were made to scronge spare partsfrom work.22. The worlds first compter which was named the G1, was invented by HonradGse in 13. 8is ne?t invention, the G2 was finished in 13 and was the firstflly fnctioning electromechanicalcompter.23. 5ne of the worlds leading compter and compter peripheral manfactrer8ewlett /ackard was first started in a garage at /alo Alto in the year 13.2#. The first banner advertising was sed in 1#.2$. 0ill 9ates, the fonder of Cicrosoft was a college drop ot.2. 0ill 9ates hose was designed -sing a Cacintosh compter.

2'. 0ill 9ates math SAT score was a perfect !%%.2!. 0ill gates I /al Allen started a company called Traf5)atato monitor trafficflow.2. '%( of virs writers work nder contract for organized crime syndicates.3%. A program named DBother E was the first compter virs to come into sight Din

the wildE J that is, otside the single compter or lab where it was created.31. 5ver ,%%% new compter virses are released every month.32. A virs can not appear on yor compter all by iself. 4o have to get it by sharinginfected files or diskettes, or by downloading infected files from the "nternet.33. The worst CS)5Svirs ever, Cichelangelo attacked the boot sector of yor hard drive and any floppy drive inserted into the compter, which casedthe virs to spread rapidly.3#. The K*&BT4 keyboard layot is 12 years old.3$. Soth koreaLs SH telecom offers an inadible ring tone to its cstomers which, itclaims, can repel mos;itoes.3. "n 1'1, the fi rst speech recognition software named, M8earsayM was developedin "ndia.


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$enera# Know#edge% $C%N'T ( $AT' %)art *Inda+ s First ,omenWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW"ndia s :irst *oman Bailway )river N Srekha Shankar 4adav"ndia s :irst *oman Tabla Caestro N )r. Aban Cistry"ndia s :irst Becognized 0illionth Nitizen Astha"ndia s :irst *oman Airbs /ilot N )rba 0aneree:irst *oman Secretary 9eneral 5f Baya Sabha N Q. S. Bama )evi:irst "ndian *oman To *in Cagsasay Award NHiran 0edi

:irst "ndian *oman ricketer To 9et 1%% *ickets N)iana &dlee:irst "ndian /aratrooper 5f "ndian Air :orce N 7ita 9hose:irst "ndian *oman To omplete 8er C00S NHadambini 9angli 0ose "n 1!!!:irst *oman heif &ngineer N /. H. Tresia 7angli:irst "ndian *oman At Antarctica N Ceher Coos "n 1':irst *oman :oriegn Cinister N 6akshmi 7. Cenon:irst *oman ommercial /ilot N /rem Cathr 5f )eccan Airways:irst *oman Sahitya Award *inner N Amrita /ritam:irst *oman /resident 5f "ndian Science ongress N )r. Ashima hatteree:irst *oman To *in *TA Tennis Tornament N Sania Cirza


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:irst hief stice 5f Cmbai 8igh ort N stice Saata 0 Canohar:irst "ndian *oman Advocate N Begina 9ha:irst "ndian *oman 0arrister N ornotia Sorabi:irst *oman Srgeon N )r. /rema Ckheree:irst *oman To 9et Arn Award N 7. 6msden:irst *oman hairman 5f 0ankNTarzani Qakil:irst *oman hairperson 5f 7ational *oman ommission N Crs. ayanti /atnayak

:irst "ndian *oman To Beceive Asiad 9old Cedal NHamali Sandh:irst *oman Speaker 5f State Assembly N Crs. Shano )evi:irst Actress "n The "ndian inema N )evika Bani:irst *oman :inger /rints &?pert "n "ndia N SitaQarthambal And 0hrangathambal:irst *oman )oordarshan 7ews Beader N /ratima /ri:irst "ndian *oman To Beach "n 5lympic 9ames NSini Abrahim:irst "ndian *oman To Beceive 7orman 0orlag Award N )r. Amrita /atel:irst "ndian *oman "AS 5fficer N Anna 9eorge:irst *oman /resident 5f Stdent s -nion N An Sachdeva of )elhi -niversity:irst *oman hairperson 5f Baya Sabha N Qiolet Alva "n 12

-atest CommitteesWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW1. ommittee Set -p 5n -ttarakhand :loods N The committee will be headed by AH 9an.2. S Cathr committee N to revise 7ewspaperAdvertisement Bates.3. H. Batna /rabha N ommittee on indecent depiction of women in media.#. Ckl Cdgal ommitteeN looking into -S giant *almart s lobbying activities to enter"ndia$.Ckl Cdgal ommitteeN to look at process of film clearance.. C07 Bao ommitteeN to prepare the bleprint of "ndia s first women s bank'. SH Srivastava ommitteeN to formlate a policy on pblicprivatepartnership model toraise coal otpt..!. H C handrasekhar ommitteeN for rationalization of foreign investment norms. Arvind Cayaram ommitteeN for giving clear definitions to :oreign )irect "nvestment


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!. "C: X *ashington ). *T5 X 9eneva1%. "nternational ort 5f stice X The 8age11. "nternational Atomic &nergy Agency X Qienna12. *orld 0ank X *ashington )..13. "nternational ommittee of theBed ross 9eneva1#. "nternational Caritime 5rganisation X 6ondon

1$. -niversal /ostal -nion X 0erne1. :ood and Agricltral 5rganisation X Bome1'. *orld Ceteorological 5rganisation X 9eneva1!. SAAB X Hathmand1. Amnesty "nternational X 6ondon2%. Transparency "nternational X 0erlin21. *orld "ntellectal /roperty 5rganization X 9eneva22. "nternational Benewable &nergy Agency X Ab )habi pattern.The inpts to the network are provided as a set of initial conditions at the neronotpts.The 8opfield network < by defalt > contains feedback, connecting the otpt of eachneron to the inpt of all the other nerons. 7ormally, selffeedbackarong nerons is

omitted.The memory storage fnction is performed sing an adaptation of 8ebbLs learning rle.There is a < relatively tight > limit on the nmber of training points which can be storedin the networkLs memory."n addition to the patterns which are stored by the ser, there are e?tra patterns inmemory, incldingN"nverse patterns patternswhich are the inverse of the serdefinedpatterns, andSprios patterns randompatterns, the nmber of which increases with the nmber of stored patterns.8opfield networks can accept continos variables or binary variables < binary onlyconsidered here >.0inary networks can tilise either R%, 1 or R1, 1.

R1, 1is sed here de to thereslting simplification in analysis.8opfield networks can be either discrete time < sing difference e;ations > orcontinos time < sing differential e;ations >.

Fu55y ystem & Neura# Networ4s Notes:-GG4 659"KN *hat is a fzzy set+


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A fzzy set is a set that is defined by a membership fnction. A membership fnction assigns to eachelement in the set nder consideration a membership grade, which is a vale inthe interval R%, 1. "n classical sets, obects either belong to a set or do not belong to a setU there is noother choice. 0y defining a set sing a membership fnction, it is possible for an element to belongpartially to a set. :or e?ample, if a door is slightly open, one might say that the door is open, with amembership grade of %.2 to indicate that the door is slightly open. *e might also say that the door isclosed, with a membership grade of %.!. 0y sing a fzzy set, we are able to indicate that the door is

partially open or partially closed. -sing classical logic, we wold not be able to do thisU the door wold beconsidered either open or closed with no inbetween.:zzy logic is a concept of Zcertain degree.*ho is the fonder of fzzy logic+AnswerN ). Gadeh 6otfi.The only ambigity in fonder of fzzy logic that may occr is 0ddha. becase :zzy

logic was inspired by 0ddha bt was only officially fond in the %s inclding the wordZfzzyZ itself.The idea of fzzy logic was first advanced by )r. 6otfi Gadeh of the -niversity of alifornia at 0erkeley in the 1%s. )r. Gadeh was working on the problem of compter nderstanding of natral langage. 7atral langage is not easily translated into the absolteterms of % and 1. :-GG4 659" S-99&STS inaccracy and imprecision. *ebsters dictionary defines theword fzzy as Dnot clear, distinct, or preciseU blrred.E "n a broad sense, fzzy logicrefers to fzzy sets, which are sets with blrred bondaries, and, in a narrow sense,fzzy logic is a logical system that aims to formalize appro?imate reasoning.:zzy logic is an approach to compter science that mimics the way a hman brainthinks and solves problems. The idea of fzzy logic is to appro?imate hman decisionmaking sing natral langage terms instead of ;antitative terms."t is formally defined as a form of knowledge representation sitable for notions thatcannot be defined precisely, bt which depend pon their conte?ts. "t enablescompterized devices to reason more like hmans.The idea of fzzy logic is to appro?imate hman decisionmaking

sing natrallangageterms instead of ;antitative terms. :zzy logic is similar to neral networks,and one can create behavioral systems with both methodologies. A good e?ample isthe se of fzzy logic for atomatic controlN a set of rles or a table is constrcted thatspecifies how an effect is to be achieved, provided inpt and the crrent system state.-sing fzzy arithmetic, one ses a model and makes a sbset of the systemcomponents fzzy so that fzzy arithmetic mst be sed when e?ecting the model. "na broad sense, fzzy logic refers to fzzy sets, which are sets with blrred bondaries,and, in a narrow sense, fzzy logic is a logical system that aims to formalizeappro?imate reasoning.:zzy logic differs to 0oolean logic in a sense that something can be tre to a certaine?tent and does not have to be st tre or false.apan is crrently the most active sers of fzzy logic. *hen it was fonded in the %sthe Americans and the rest of the world totally ignored the idea. "nstead, it was

adopted by the apanese followed by Horea and other parts of the &ast. rrently '%(of apanese prodcts se fzzy logic.

ata tructure Notes)ata is simply a vale or a set of vales which represents some fact or figre. "nitiallywe have raw data. To se it properly, we have to process this data in a meaningflway.


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*hen data has single vale, it is called data item.*hen data can frther be categorized in sb items, it is called grop item.A file is a collection of logically related records that can be treated as a nit.An entity is an independent obect abot which data is being collected. "t is ageneralized class of people, places, or things for which data is collected,stored, and maintained.&ntity set is a collection of similar entities.

A key is a field or set of fields in a record that is sed to identify the record. "t isni;e in a file.The processed data is known as information. :rom raw data, we e?tract data accordingto or re;irements. This data is meaningfl and is known as information. "nformationhelps in decision making.)ata strctre refers to the ways of assembling or organizing data so that it can besed efficiently. i.e. the logical or mathematical model of organizing data is called datastrctre."n a linear data strctre, the data items are arranged in a linear se;ence so thatprocessing of elements is possible in a linear manner.

A data strctre whose elements do not form a se;ence so there is no ni;esccessor or predecessor is called nonlineardata strctre.

"n homogeneos data strctres all elements are of same data type."n nonhomogeneosdata strctre the elements may or may not be of same type.The data strctre that are atomic are called primitive.The data strctre that are not atomic are called nonprimitive.Static data strctres are ones where size of strctre I its associated memorylocation is fi?ed when the program is compiled.Those data strctres where size of strctre I its associated memory location is notfi?ed i.e. it may vary are called as )ynamic )ata Strctres.An Array is a collection of homogeneos data items stored nder a same name and atcontigos memory locations. 8omogeneos data elements mean data elements of same type. "t is a grop of related data items which have common name.a linked list is a dynamic data strctre in the sense that we dont re;ire size of linked list in advance. &ach node has at least two partsN "nfo /art "t contains data in

the node. This data may be some scalar vale or a complete record. And 6ink /art "tcontains the address of the ne?t node. The last node contains Fnll vale whichindicates that it is the end of list.A stack is a list of elements in which an element may be inserted or deleted only atone end, called the Top. This means, that elements are inserted to as well as removedfrom the top of stack. /sh and /op are the two basic operations that are performedon the Stack.Kees are also called M firstinfirstotM


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/roperties of Algorithm inclde "npt I 5tpt, )efiniteness, Se;ence, :initeness,:le?ibility, 9enerality, &ffectiveness.To analyze an algorithm is to determine the amont of resorces necessary to e?ecte it. Cost algorithms are designed to work with inpts of arbitrary length. -sally the efficiency or comple?ityof an algorithm is stated as afnction relating the inpt length to the nmber of steps or storagelocations .

The choice of a particlar algorithm depends on following performance analysis andmeasrements N Space comple?ity and Time comple?ity*hen we analyze an algorithm it depends on the inpt data, the efficiency of analgorithm Fs comple?ity is measred for three cases namely 0est case, Average caseand *orst case.Abstract data types or A)Ts are a mathematical specification of a set of data and theset of operations that can be performed on the data. They are abstract in the sensethat the focs is on the definitions of the constrctor that retrns an abstract handlethat represents the data, and the varios operations with their argments.

-in4ed -istsA link list is one of the fndamental data strctres and can be sed to implement other datastrctres. 6ink list is a se;ential data strctre. "t is a list of nodes where each node have at least twopartsN1. "nformation part N8ereinformation is stored. All the nodes contain similar typeof information.2. 6inked part N8ereaddress of ne?t node is stored. "t has a pointer that identifies thene?t node in the list.6inked 6ist is a dynamic data strctre. i.e. here memory is allocated at rntime.Also,memory need not be contigos. *e can allocate memory where we can get a free node.Size of linked list depends pon the free memory in the compter system. . "tems may beadded to it or deleted from it at will.

Advantages of 6inked 6istN1. 6inked list are dynamic data strctre. That is, they can grow or shrink dring thee?ection of a program.2. "t allows a new element to be inserted at or deleted from any position.3. Adding or removing element is cheaper as compared to arrays becase no movement

of data is re;ired. Adding or removing an element is of comple?ity 1 which isminimm for any operation.#. 6inked lists can be sed to represent polynomials.$. Core memory saving can be achieved by sharing some elements in 2 or more linkedlists.. 6inked 6ist is sefl for applications that se data strctre of npredictable size.'. oncatenation of two lists can be done easily sing linked list as compared to arrays.!. "t can be sed to represent sparse array to save space.

. "t can be sed to represent variable length strings efficiently.1%. "n linked list representation, memory is not preallocated.Cemory isallocated whenever it is re;ired. And it is deallocated when it is notneeded. So it implements efficient memory tilization.11. Cany comple? applications can be easily carried ot with linked list.

)isadvantages of 6inked listN1. "t allows se;ential access only becase each element contains the address of ne?telement.2. Access to an arbitrary data item is little bit cmbersome and also time consming


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becase of se;ential access.3. "t re;ires e?tra storage space for address part which makes them nonseflforsmall data items. To store an integer nmber, a node with integer data and addressfield is allocated. That is more memory space is needed.#. "f an array is nearly fll, then linked list takes more space than array.The primitive operations performed on the linked list are as follows

1. reation2. "nsertion3. )eletion#. Traversing$. Searching. oncatenation

-in4ed -istsAlgorithm of traverse where Finfo the information part of node, Flink is address part of node, Fstart points to the address of first node. This algorithm traverses the linked list.1. Rmake first node the crrent node by storing its address in Fptr.ptr=start

2. Rrepeat process ntil we reach at end of listwhile ptr @=nll process infoRptr ptr=link Rptr Rptr points to ne?t nodeend while3. end

/rogram "mplementation of traversing a linked listvoid traverse[strct list WptrU

ptr=startUwhile[ printfUptr=ptrYlinkU]retrnU]"n the above code fragment first contains the address of the start node passed to it by thecalling fnction which is main in most of the cases. 7ow we assigned a temporary variableptr the address of start. 7ow by testing the condition while which means whether ptre?ists and if it e?ists we display the info part of the node and move the ptr to ne?t node.And we repeat the same process repeatedly ntil the ptr points to 7-66.

70 Interesting Facts You May Not Know About Computers

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