7. the Preschooler

8/2/2019 7. the Preschooler

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The Preschooler

ages 3 through 5 yearsNur. 346

Dr. Manal Kassab


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General characteristics (Apperance)

Much calmer period in the childs development:growth is steady but slow

The 3-year-old may still have the prominentpotbelly of toddlerhood but will slim down overthe next few years

During preschool years, both boys & girls slim

down as trunks of their bodies lengthen

Although their heads are still somewhat large fortheir bodies, by end of preschool years most

children have lost their top-heavy look


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Biological development

The average child gains about 2.3 kg per yearand grows 6.757.5 cm/ year

The average weight is 14.6 kg at 3 years, 16.7

kgat 4 years and 18.7 kg at 5 years The average height is 95 cm at 3 years, 103cm

at 4 years and 110cm at 5 years

Motor development consists ofincreases instrength and refinement of previouslylearned skills


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Gross motor development

Walking, running, climbing and jumpingare well established by 36 months

By age of 3 the preschooler rides a

tricycle, walks on tiptoe, balances on onefoot for a few seconds and broad jumps

By age of 4: skips and hops proficiently

on one foot and catch a ball reliably

By age of 5: the child skips on alternatefeet, jumps rope.


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Fine motor development

Drawing shows severaladvancements in the perceptionof shape and the development of

fine muscle coordination

The 3-year-old child copies acircle and imitate a cross and

vertical and horizontal lines.


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Fine motor development

The 3-year-old is not

able to draw a complete

human figure but draws

a round circle, later addsfacial features, and by age

5 or 6 years can draw

several parts (head,

arms, legs, body & facial

features


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The Brain

Brain & head grow more rapidly than other part ofbody at a rate in early childhood less rapid thanduring infancy

By time children have reached 3 years of age brainis s of its adult size

By age 5 it has reached 9/10s of its adult size

Mylineation process where nerve cells are covered &insulated with layer of fat cells having effect ofincreasing speed of information traveling throughnervous system


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Visual Perception

Only toward end of early childhood are mostchildrens eye muscles adequately developed toallow them to move their eyes efficiently across aseries of letters

Functional Amblyopiaknow as lazy eyeresulting when one eye is used less than other-sometimes requires surgery


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Psychosocial development

Developing a sense of initiative positive response to the world's challenges,

taking on responsibilities,

learning new skills,

feeling purposeful.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxwWr6T_O6s&feature=related(10:05)

Parents can encourage initiative by encouragingchildren to try out their ideas.

We should accept and encourage fantasy andcuriosity and imagination.

This is a time for play, not for formal education.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxwWr6T_O6s&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxwWr6T_O6s&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxwWr6T_O6s&feature=related


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Psychosocial development

Stage ofenergetic learning

The capacity for moral judgment has arrived. A parent has the responsibility, socially, to

encourage the child to "grow up -- you're not a

baby anymore!"

But if this process is done too harshly and tooabruptly, the child learns to feel guilty about his

or her feelings (over restriction and fear of

wrongdoing)


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Cognitive development

Preoperational Stage: Ages 27

Preconceptual phase: ages 24

Intuitive phase: ages 47

Now that child has mental representations (ability to let

a symbol (e.g., a word) stand for an object in the

environment), begins to utilize symbols

Egocentrismthinks everyone experiences the world exactly as they

do (Single view point)

Animistic: Inanimate objects have lifelike qualities just like

themselves

E.g., sun is angry at clouds and chased them away


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Moral Development

Preconventional level:Punishment obedience orientation: 24

Nave instrumental orientation (Nave hedonism) 47yrs

Actions are directed toward satisfying their needs.

Instrument ofreciprocityyou do something for me and

Ill do something for you


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Language Development

4 Years

Knows names offamiliar animals

Names common objects in picture books or magazines

Knows one or more colors They talk constantly regardless of whether anyone is

listening to or answering them

5 Years

Can count to ten

Speech should be completely intelligible, in spite of

articulation problems (stuttering)

Speech on the whole should be grammatically correct


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Play

At 4 years:

Associative play: group play in similar or identicalactivities but without rigid organization or rules

Imitative, imaginative and dramatic play:dress-up clothes, dolls, housekeeping toys, dollhouses,telephones, trains, trucks, planes

Imaginary playmates are so much a part of this age

period

At 5 years cooperative play:

more realistic activities, where the preschooler can obeyrules and regulations


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Solitary PlayA child is in a room full of other

children, but he/she is playing aloneand not paying attention to anyone.

Parallel PlayChildren are playing the same gameor activity. They are playing next to

each other, but they are not talking ordoing the same activity.

Associative PlayChildren areplaying the

same game,but they arenot workingtogether orconnectingwith one

another.

Cooperative PlayChildren are working together to playa game.


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Sleep and Sleep Problems

Average preschooler sleepsapproximately 12 hours a night

Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

during deepest stage of sleep

common in about 15% ofchildren and is related to socialrather developmental factors


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Nightmaresfrightening dreams that awakensleeper more often toward morning than just

after child has gone to bed

Night Terrors sudden arousal from sleep &

intense fear accompanied by number of

physiological reactions:

rapid heart rate & breathing,

loud screams,

heavy perspiration &

physical movement


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Sleep and Sleep Problems

Recommendation: a consistent bedtime ritual that

signal readiness for bed

Keeping a light on in the room

Providing transitional objectssuch as a favorite toy usually

soft & cuddly

Helping children to slow downbefore bedtime


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Fears

Occurs because their imagination is so

active.

Fear of dark. Fear of mutilation (simple injury, painful

procedures).

Fear of separation.


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Nutrition

Nutritional requirements for

preschoolers are fairly similar to those

of toddlers

The requirements for calories: 90

kcal/kg, average daily intake of 1800

calories

Fluid requirements 100 ml/kg daily Protein requirements are 1.2 g/kg daily


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Nutrition

Daily Eating Routines 3-year-old - fairly good appetite but prefers

small portions, will feed self independently

4-year-old - fluctuating appetite dislikescertain foods, likes to help in preparation ofmeal

5-year-old - eats well, but not every meallikes familiar foods & likes make own

breakfast.


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IMPORTANT NUTRIENTS FOR

PRESCHOOLERSNutrient Function Food Sources

Calcium Healthy bones

and teeth

Milk, cheese, yogurt, milk in puddings and

soups, calcium fortified beverages

Iron Healthy red

blood cells,

prevents

anemia.

Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, cooked beans and

lentils, peanut butter, nuts, seeds, fortified

breakfast cereals, dried fruit

Vitamin A Healthy skin,

eyes and nails,

protects against

infection.

Sweet potatoes, carrots, spinach, kale, dark

orange squash, cantaloupe, sweet red

peppers, apricots, broccoli

Vitamin C Healthy

muscles and

bone, increases

iron

absorption.

Oranges, kiwi fruit, 100% fruit juice (apple,

orange), grapefruit, strawberries, sweet green

and red peppers, broccoli, tomatoes, Brussels

sprouts


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IMPORTANT NUTRIENTS FOR

PRESCHOOLERSNutrient Function Food Sources

Vitamin D Healthy

bones and

teeth

Fish liver oils, fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines,

tuna), fortified milk and margarine. Moderate

exposure to sunlight also helps the body

produce vitamin D .Vitamin B12 Healthy red

blood cells

Found only in animal products such as meat,

fish, poultry, eggs, and milk products. Foods

fortified with vitamin B12 such as soy and rice

beverages, and soy-based meat substitutes.

Zinc Healthygrowth Red meats, some seafood (oysters), and wholegrains.

Fiber Healthy

digestion,

prevents

constipation

Breads and cereals made with whole wheat,

wheat bran, oats, rye flour, vegetables and

fruit, cooked beans and lentils.


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Common Health Problems

1. Infectious disorders:

Communicable diseases: Chicken Pox,Diphtheria, Measles, Pertussis, etc.

Conjunctivitis. Stomatitis.

2. Ingestion of injurious agents:

Cosmetics and personal care products, cleaning

products, plants, foreign bodies, gasoline. Heavy metal poisoning (mercury, iron, lead)

3. Enuresis

4. Tonsillitis:

7. the Preschooler

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