6th Year German Higher Level Julie Cullen · German Higher Level Julie Cullen Grammar No part of...

6th Year German

Higher Level Julie Cullen

Grammar

No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from The Dublin School of Grinds.

Looking to maximise your CAO points?Easter is a crucial time for students to vastly improve on the points that they received in their mock exams. To help students take advantage of this valuable time, The Dublin School of Grinds is running intensive, exam-focused Easter Revision Courses. Each course runs for five days (90 minutes per day). All courses take place in Stillorgan, Co. Dublin.

The focus of these courses is to maximise students’ CAO points.

SPECIAL OFFERBUY 2 COURSES GET A 3RD COURSE FREE

To avail of this offer, early booking is required as courses were fully booked last year.

What do students get at these courses?

9 90 minutes of intensive tuition per day for five days, with Ireland’s leading teachers.

9 Comprehensive study notes.

9 A focus on simple shortcuts to raise students’ grades and exploit the critically important marking scheme.

9 Access to a free supervised study room.

EASTERREVISION COURSES

NOTE: These courses are built on the fact that there are certain predicable trends that reappear over and over again in the State Examinations.

FREE DAILY BUS SERVICE For full information on our Easter bus service, see 3 pages ahead.

To book, call us on 01 442 4442 or book online at www.dublinschoolofgrinds.ie

Access to food and beverage facilities is also available to students.

25% SIBLING DISCOUNT AVAILABLE. Please call 01 442 4442 to avail of this discount.

EASTER REVISION COURSE FEES:6TH YEAR & 5TH YEAR COURSES

PRICE TOTAL SAVINGS

1st Course €295 €295 -

2nd Course €180 €475 €115

3rd Course FREE €475 €410

4th Course €70 €545 €635

5th Course €100 €645 €830

6th Course €100 €745 €1,025

7th Course €100 €845 €1,220

8th Course €50 €895 €1,465

9th Course €50 €945 €1,710

3RD YEAR COURSES

PRICE TOTAL SAVINGS

1st Course €195 €195 -

2nd Course €100 €295 €95

3rd Course FREE €295 €290

4th Course €85 €380 €400

5th Course €50 €430 €545

6th Course €50 €480 €690

7th Course €50 €530 €835

8th Course €50 €580 €980

DSOG Easter 2017 8pg A4 FINAL PRINT.indd 2 20/02/2017 13:25

Timetable An extensive range of course options are available over a two-week period to cater for students’ timetable needs. Courses are held over the following weeks:

» Monday 10th – Friday 14th April 2017

» Monday 17th – Friday 21st April 2017

All Easter Revision Courses take place in The Talbot Hotel, Stillorgan (formerly known as The Stillorgan Park Hotel).

BUY 2 COURSES &GET A 3RD COURSE

F R E E !

6th Year Easter Revision CoursesSUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME

Accounting H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Agricultural Science H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Applied Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Art History H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

Biology Course A* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Biology Course A* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Biology Course B* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Biology Course B* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Business H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Business H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Chemistry Course A* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Chemistry Course B* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Classical Studies H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

Economics H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Economics H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

English Paper 1* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

English Paper 2* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

English Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

French H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

French H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Geography H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Geography H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

German H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

History (Europe)* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

History (Ireland)* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Home Economics H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Irish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Irish H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Maths Paper 1* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Maths Paper 1* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Maths Paper 1* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Maths Paper 2* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Maths Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Maths Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Maths O Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Maths O Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Physics H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Spanish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Spanish H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Note: 5th Year students are welcome to attend any of the 6th Year courses above.

* Due to large course content, these subjects have been divided into two courses. For a full list of topics covered in these courses, please see 3 pages ahead.

5th Year Easter Revision CoursesSUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME

English H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Note: 4th Year students are welcome to attend any of the 5th Year courses listed above.

3rd Year Easter Revision CoursesSUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME

Business Studies

H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

English H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

English H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

French H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Geography H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

German H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

History H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Irish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Maths H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Maths O Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

Science H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Science H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Spanish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

Note: 2nd Year students are welcome to attend any of the 3rd Year courses above.

6th Year Oral Preparation CoursesWith the Oral marking component worth up to 40%, it is of paramount importance that students are fully prepared for these examinations. These courses will show students how to lead the Examiner towards topics they are prepared for. This will equip students with the information they need to maximise their performance in the State Examinations.

FEES: €140

VENUE: The Talbot Hotel, Stillorgan (formerly The Stillorgan Park Hotel)

SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME

French H Sunday 12th March 9:00am - 1:00pm

German H Saturday 11th March 9:00am - 1:00pm

Irish H Sunday 19th March 9:00am - 1:00pm

Spanish H Saturday 11th March 2:00pm - 6:00pm

To book, call us on 01 442 4442 or book online at www.dublinschoolofgrinds.ie

DSOG Easter 2017 8pg A4 FINAL PRINT.indd 3 20/02/2017 13:25

THE GRAMMAR

©The Dublin School of Grinds � Ms Julie Cullen55

It is important that you understand what these words mean in both English and German. The

language that you speak everyday has come naturally to you. Although a parent may correct

your grammar “I have done, NOT I done!”, they don’t usually shout “That’s not the correct past

participle! You used your modal verb incorrectly!” In German, we’re expected to know what all

of this means when we’re not even sure of it in English. Let’s fix that.

Section 1 - Grammatical terms

English German Meaning & example

nouns Substantive Person, place or a thing // der Mann

definite article bestimmte Artikel The // der/die/das

indefinite article unbestimmte Artikel A // ein/eine

cases Fälle Nominativ // Accusativ // Dativ // Genitive

gender Geschlect Masculin // Feminin // Neuter

adjectives Adjektive Describes a noun // die blaue Bluse

prepositions Präpositionen Informs about time & place // in die Schule

pronouns Pronomen Replaces a noun // er/sie/es

verbs Verben Action word // ich gehe

interrogative Fragewörter Wer? Wem? Wo? Wann? Warum? Was?

word order Wortfolge word to end of sentence, verb inverts etc.

relative pronouns Relativpronomen Refers back to a noun


tenses Zeiten Past, Present, Future

modal verbs Modalverben sollen/ wollen/ mögen/ dürfen/ können/ müssen

present tense im Präsens ich gehe/ du gehst/ er geht/ wir gehen

perfect tense im Perfekt Recent past/ letter writing/ ich habe ... gemacht

imperfect tense im Imperfekt/ Präteritum

Distant past/ story telling/ ich war/ ich hatte

conditional tense Konjunctiv would ... formed using ‘würden’ ... ich würde nicht rauchen

future tense im Futur Use ‘werden’: Ich werde zur Schule gehen

past participle Partizip Perfekt gemacht/ gehabt/ gewesen/ gewohnt/ gelebt

infinitive Infinitiv werden/ haben/ sein/ lesen/ machen/ kommen

Pluperfect tense Plusquamperfekt Past past ... I had eaten ... Ich hatte gegessen ... Imperfect of haben/sein +

past participle

Subjunctive Konjuntiv I und II Expresses doubtwäre/ hätte/ würde/ gäbe

English German Meaning & example


Section 2 - Nouns What is a noun? A noun is a person, a place or a thing. It is anything you can put the word ‘the’ in front of and it still makes sense.

In German, a noun is one of three genders:

Masculine - der Vater

Feminine - die Mutter

Neuter - das Kind

All nouns in German get a capital letter.

What is a compound noun? A compound noun is a noun made up of two or more nouns. It always takes the gender of the last noun. eg. der Milchmann

Rules for Gender

How do you know if a noun is masculine, feminine or neuter? With each new noun you learn, you should learn the gender too. However, there are some tricks:

Masculine 1. Male persons and animals2. Names of seasons, months and days3. Nouns ending in -ig and -ling4. Nouns ending in -er that refer to a person5. Most nouns ending in -en (except verbs used as nouns)


Feminine 1. Female persons and animals2. Nouns ending in - e

- ei- ik- in- ion- heit- keit- schaft- tät- ung

Neuter 1. Infinitives used as nouns2. Nouns ending in - ment

- tum3. Diminutives (making a word smaller)

- lein- chen

*Nouns came up on ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ in 2015, 2010 and 2008


2015 ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ Nouns

!



!


Section 3 - Pronouns

What is a personal pronoun? Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. For example: you/ me/ him/ her

What is a possessive pronoun? Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership. For example: mine/ his/ hers

What is a relative pronoun? A relative pronouns relates back to a noun already mentioned.

Personal Pronouns

*Personal pronouns came up on ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ in 2007 and 2005


2007 ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ Personal Pronouns

!


2005 ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ Personal Pronouns

!


Possessive Pronouns

* Possessive pronouns follow the same declension pattern as The Indefinite Article

Relative Pronouns

* It is the same as the ‘der/ die/ das’ table except for Dative Plural & Genitive.* Relative pronouns came up in 2015, 2011, 2009, 2008, 2004

mein mine

dein yours

sein his / its

ihr hers / its

unser ours

euer yours plural

ihr theirs

Ihr yours polite

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural

Nominative der die das die

Accusative den die das die

Dative dem der dem denen

Genitive dessen deren dessen deren


2015 Relative Pronouns ‘Angewandte Grammatik’:



!


!©The Dublin School of Grinds � Ms Julie Cullen69


!


Section 4 - Articles & Cases

What is a case? Case refers to the noun or pronoun in a sentence. In German, there are four cases:

1. The Nominative Case2. The Accusative Case3. The Dative Case4. The Genitive Case

What is the Nominative Case? The Nominative Case names the doer or the subject of the sentence.

What is the Accusative Case? The Accusative Case refers to the direct object of the sentence. (The person or thing on the receiving end of the action).

What is the Dative Case? The Dative Case refers to the indirect object of the sentence. It is used with the sense of ‘to/for/from’.

What is the Genitive Case? The Genitive Case refers to ownership or possession.

What is the Definite Article? The Definite Article (bestimmte Artikel) is the word ‘the’. (see der/die/das table)

What is the Indefinite Article? The Indefinite Article (unbestimmte Artikel) is the word ‘a’. (see ein/eine/ein table)

* Definite and indefinite articles came up in 2014 and 2006


The Definite Article - ‘The’ (der/die/das)

The Indefinite Article - ‘A’ (ein/eine/ein)




Dative dem der dem den

Genitive des der des der


Nominative ein eine ein keine

Accusative einen eine ein keine

Dative einem einer einem keinen + n on noun

Genitive eines + s on noun

einer eines + s on noun keiner


2014 Definite / Indefinite Articles ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

!


2006 Definite / Indefinite Articles ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

!


Section 5 - Adjectives What is an adjective? An adjective describes a noun. In German, the adjective gets an ending. There are three different tables.

Adjective endings after der/die/das

Adjective endings after ein/eine/ein

Endings of adjectives used alone

* Adjectives came up in 2013


Nominative e e e en

Accusative en e e en

Dative en en en en

Genitive en en en en


Nominative er e es en

Accusative en e es en

Dative en en en en

Genitive en en en en


Nominative er e es e

Accusative en e es e

Dative em er em en

Genitive en er en er


2013 Adjective endings ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

!


Section 6 - Prepositions

What is a preposition? A preposition usually tells you about time, manner or place. In German, prepositions affect the noun coming after them.

Prepositions that always take the Dative

aus - out of bei - at, near mit - with nach - to, after, according to seit - since von - from zu - to gegenüber - opposite

eg. Ich fahre mit dem Bus zur Schule.

Prepositions that always take the Accusative

durch - through für - for gegen - against ohne - without um - around, at (time) entlang - along bis - until, to

eg. Sie geht den Fluss entlang.


Prepositions that take Dative or Accusative

*The accusative shows movement TO a place and the dative shows movement AT a place

an - at, on auf - on hinter - behind in - in neben - beside vor - in front of über - over unter - under zwischen - between

eg. Wir gehen ins Kino. (movement to a place) Wir sind im Kino. (at a place)

Prepositions that always take the Genitive

statt - instead of diesseits - this side of jenseits - on the other side während - during wegen - on account of trotz - in spite of außerhalb - outside innerhalb - inside

eg. Während des Sommers arbeite ich.




Dative dem der dem den

Genitive des + s on the noun

der des + s on the noun

der


* The preposition exercise only requires that you put the correct preposition in the space.* You should revise the meanings of prepositions on the previous pages* Prepositions came up in ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ in 2012

2012 Prepositions ‘Angewandte Grammatik’


Section 7 - Word Order & Conjunctions

* Follow the rule of ‘Time - Manner - Place’

Examples of ‘time’

am Samstag on Saturday

an demselben Tag on the same day

bei Tag during the day

dieses Jahr this year

eines Morgens one morning

heute vor acht Tagen this day last week

immer always

letzte Woche last week

manchmal sometimes

meistens mostly

montags mondays

morgen abend tomorrow evening

morgen früh tomorrow morning

nach dem Film after the film

nach der Schule after school

nach einer Weile after a while

nächsten Sommer next summer

nächstes Jahr next year

nie never

normalerweise normally

oft often


Examples of ‘manner’

How did the action take place?

bei Fuß - by footmit dem Bus - by busmit dem Fahrrad - by bicyclemit dem Flugzeug - by planemit dem Zug - by trainmit der Fähre - by ferrymit der Straßenbahn - by tram

Examples of ‘place’

auf der Straße - on the streetauf die Universität - at universitybei meinem Freund - at my friend’s housebei mir - at my housedraußen - outsidedrinnen - insideim Park - in the parkin der Kneipe - in the pubin der Stadt - in the townin meinem Zimmer - in my roomins Theatre - in the theatrenach Dublin - to Dublinzu Hause - at homezur Schule - to school

um 7 Uhr at 7 o’clock

vor der Schule before school

vorgestern the day before yesterday

während der Woche during the week


Examples of ‘Time - Manner - Place’:

1. Ich fahre am Montag mit dem Bus zur Schule.2. Ich fliege morgen früh nach München.3. Im September werde ich auf die Universität gehen.

**When the time phrase comes first, it flips/inverts the verb**You could also say: Ich werde im September auf die Universität gehen.


Conjunctions

* Word order can also change due to conjunctions

What is a conjunction? A conjunction joins sentences & clauses together to make a longer sentence.

Example:

Ich gehe nicht im Park, denn ich habe Hausaufgaben.

Do not affect word order

und and

aber but

oder or

sondern rather

denn because


Example 1:

Ich gehe zu Fuß zur Schule, weil es so sonnig ist.

OR

Weil es so sonnig ist, gehe ich zu Fuß zur Schule.

Example 2:

Ich werde eine Jacke tragen, wenn es morgen regnet.

Wenn es morgen regnet, werde ich eine Jacke tragen.

Sends the verb to the end:

als and

als ob but

bevor or

bis rather

da because

damit in order that

dass that

ob whether

obwohl although

während during

weil because

wenn if


Example

Es regnet sehr stark, trotzdem gehen wir mit dem Hund spazieren.

Flips/ inverts the verb

also therefore

deshalb therefore

jedoch however

auch also

außerdem besides

dennoch nevertheless

trotzdem in spite of


Section 8 - Tenses

Present tense

* In English there are two present tenses but in German there is only ONE present tense.eg. Ich wohne = I am living AND I live

* The Present Tense came up in 2010 and 2007

Present tense endings

ich wohne

du wohnst

er/sie/es wohnt

wir wohnen

ihr wohnt

sie wohnen

Sie wohnen


2010 Present Tense ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

!


2007 Present Tense ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

!


Perfect tense

* Conjugated using ‘haben’ or ‘sein’ + past participle of the verb* Haben = regular verbs

eg. Ich habe meine Hausaufgabe gemacht * Sein = verbs showing movement from one place to another

eg. Ich bin ins Kino gegangen * Used when talking about the recent past* Used in letter writing* Germans often use ‘ich hatte’ and ‘ich war’ when talking about the recent past for

convenience even though they are Imperfect tense.

Imperfect tense

* Used when talking about the distant past* Used in story telling* The Imperfect Tense (Präteritum) came up in 2014, 2005, 2004

Imperfect tense endings

ich wohnte

du wohntest

er/sie/es wohntet

wir wohnten

ihr wohntet

sie wohnten

Sie wohnten


2014 Imperfect Tense ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

!



!


Future Tense

Conditional tense

* I would go ... you would stay ... he would come ... we would buy

Future tense conjugation

ich werde meine Hausaufgaben machen

du wirst Fußball spielen

er/sie/es wird Blumen kaufen

wir werden ins Schwimmbad gehen

ihr werdet die Klassenarbeit widerholen

sie werden nach Österreich reisen

Sie werden mit dem Auto fahren

Conditional tense

ich würde ... gehen

du würdest ... bleiben

er/sie/es würde ... kommen

wir würden ... kaufen

ihr würdet ... haben

sie würden ... werden

Sie würden ... laufen


Pluperfect tense

* This is the ‘past past’ tense (plusquamperfekt auf Deutsch)* I had lived ... you had played ... he had made ... we had learned* I had gone ... you had stayed ... she had come ... we had been

Pluperfect tense conjugation for verbs that take ‘sein’

ich war ... geganen

du warst ... geblieben

er/sie/es war ... gekommen

wir waren ... gewesen

ihr wart ... gestorben

sie waren ... geworden

Sie waren ... gelaufen

Pluperfect tense conjugation for verbs that take ‘haben’

ich hatte ... gewohnt

du hattest ... gespielt

er/sie/es hattet ... gemacht

wir hatten ... gelernt

ihr hattet ... gesagt

sie hatten ... getanzt

Sie hatten ... gefeiert


Section 9 - Regular verbs What is a verb? A verb is an ‘action’ or ‘doing’ word.

What does ‘conjugate’ mean? It means to say the verb in every possible manner. eg. I am, you are, he is.

What is the first person, second person, third person? I = first person You = second person He or she or it = third person


Section 10 - Irregular verbs

* Most verbs will follow the rules but as always there will be exceptions. The following is a

very long list but you don’t need to know every single one.

* Familiarise yourself with the verbs that appear time and again.

* The majority of verbs in the perfect tense take ‘haben’ but you must familiarise yourself with

the verbs that take ‘sein’.

* ‘Sein’ shows movement from one place to another.

eg. Ich bin nach Deutschland geflogen.

Wir sind mit dem Bus zur Schule gefahren.

* It is helpful to know the Imperfect list as some of them look completely different and will

often appear in the Reading Comprehension.


2013 Verbs ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

!


2009 Verbs ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

!


Infinitive Present Imperfect Perfect English

backen backt backte gebacken to bake

befehlen befiehlt befahl befohlen to command

beginnen beginnt begann begonnen to begin

beißen beißt biss gebissen to bite

betrügen betrügt betrog betrogen to deceive

bewegen bewegt bewog bewogen to move

biegen biegt bog gebogen* to bend, turn

bieten bietet bot geboten to offer

binden bindet band gebunden to tie

bitten bittet bat gebeten to request, ask

bleiben bleibt blieb geblieben* to stay

braten brät briet gebraten to roast

brechen bricht brach gebrochen to break

brennen brennt brannte gebrannt to burn

bringen bringt brachte gebracht to bring

denken denkt dachte gedacht to think

dürfen darf durfte gedurft to be allowed to

empfehlen empfiehlt empfahl empfohlen to recommend

erschrecken erschrickt erschrak erschrocken* to be frightened

essen isst aß gegessen to eat

fahren fährt fuhr gefahren* to travel, drive

fallen fällt fiel gefallen* to fall

fangen fängt fing gefangen to catch

finden findet fand gefunden to find

fliegen fliegt flog geflogen* to fly


fliehen flieht floh geflohen* to flee

fließen fließt floss geflossen to flow

frieren friert fror gefroren* to freeze

geben gibt gab gegeben to give

gehen geht ging gegangen* to go

gelingen gelingt gelang gelungen* to succeed

genießen genießt genoss genossen to enjoy

geraten gerät geriet geraten* to fall into

geschehen geschieht geschah geschehen* to happen

gewinnen gewinnt gewann gewonnen to win

gleichen gleicht glich geglichen to resemble

graben gräbt grub gegraben to dig

haben hat hatte gehabt to have

halten hält hielt gehalten to stop

hängen hängt hing gehangen to hang

heben hebt hob gehoben to raise

heißen heißt hieß geheißen to be called

helfen hilft half geholfen to help

kennen kennt kannte gekannt to know

klingen klingt klang geklungen* to sound

kommen kommt kam gekommen to come

können kann konnte gekonnt to be able to

kriechen kriecht kroch gekrochen* to crawl

laden lädt lud geladen to load

lassen lässt ließ gelassen to let



laufen läuft lief gelaufen* to run

leihen leiht lieh geliehen to lend

lesen liest las gelesen to read

liegen liegt lag gelegen to lie

lügen lügt log gelogen to tell lies

messen misst maß gemessen to measure

mögen mag mochte gemocht to like

müssen muss musste gemusst to have to

nehmen nimmt nahm genommen to take

nennen nennt nannte genannt to name

pfeifen pfeift pfiff gepfiffen to whistle

raten rät riet geraten to advise

reiben reibt rieb gerieben to rub

reißen reißt riss gerissen to tear

reiten reitet ritt geritten* to ride

rennen rennt rannte gerannt* to run

riechen riecht roch gerochen to smell

rufen ruft rief gerufen to call

scheiden scheidet schied geschieden* to separate

scheinen scheint schien geschienen to seem

schieben schiebt schob geschoben to shove

schießen schießt schoss geschossen to shoot

schlafen schläft schlief geschlafen to sleep

schlagen schlägt schlug geschlagen to hit

schließen schließt schloss geschlossen to shut



schneiden schneidet schnitt geschnitten to cut

schreiben schreibt schrieb geschrieben to write

schreien schreit schrie geschrien to shout

schweigen schweigt schwieg geschwiegen* to be silent

schwellen schwillt schwoll geschwollen* to swell

schwimmen schwimmt schwamm geschwommen* to swim

schwingen schwingt schwang geschwungen to swing

schwören schwört schwur geschworen to swear

sehen sieht sah gesehen to see

sein ist war gewesen* to be

senden sendet sandte gesandt to send

singen singt sang gesungen to sing

sinken sinkt sank gesunken* to sink

sitzen sitzt saß gesessen to sit

sollen soll sollte gesollt to ought to

sprechen spricht sprach gesprochen* to speak

springen springt sprang gesprungen to jump

stehen steht stand gestanden to stand

stehlen stiehlt stahl gestohlen to steal

steigen steigt stieg gestiegen* to climb

sterben stirbt starb gestorben* to die

stinken stinkt stank gestunken to stink

stoßen stößt stieß gestoßen to push

streiten streitet stritt gestritten to quarrel

tragen trägt trug getragen to carry, wear



* denotes verb that takes ‘sein’ in the Perfect Tense instead of ‘haben’

treffen trifft traf getroffen to meet

treiben treibt trieb getrieben to force

treten tritt trat getreten* to step

trinken trinkt trank getrunken to drink

tun tut tat getan to do

verbergen verbirgt verbarg verborgen to hide

verderben verdirbt verdarb verdorben to spoil

vergessen vergisst vergaß vergessen to forget

verlassen verlässt verließ verlassen to leave

verlieren verliert verlor verloren to lose

vermeiden vermeidet vermied vermieden to avoid

verschwinden verschwindet verschwand verschwunden* to disappear

verzeihen verzeiht verzieh verziehen to pardon

wachsen wächst wuchs gewachsen* to grow

waschen wäscht wusch gewaschen to wash

wenden wendet wandte gewandt to turn

werben wirbt warb geworben to advertise

werden wird wurde geworden* to become

werfen wirft warf geworfen to throw

wiegen wiegt wog gewogen to weigh

wissen weiß wusste gewusst to know

wollen will wollte gewollt to want

ziehen zieht zog gezogen to pull

zwingen zwingt zwang gezwungen to force



Modal verbs

* You must use a modal verb with another verb

* The infinitive of the other verb goes to the end of the sentence.

eg. Ich muss zur Schule gehen.

* Modal verbs came up in 2011

müssen - to have to dürfen - to be allowed to können - to be able to

ich muss ich darf ich kann

du musst du darfst du kannst

er/sie/es muss er/sie/es darf er/sie/es kann

wir müssen wir dürfen wir können

ihr müsst ihr dürft ihr könnt

sie müssen sie dürfen sie können

Sie müssen Sie dürfen Sie können

mögen - to like to wollen - to want to sollen - to ought to

ich mag ich will ich soll

du magst du willst du sollst

er/sie/es mag er/sie/es will er/sie/es soll

wir mögen wir wollen wir sollen

ihr mögt ihr wollt ihr sollt

sie mögen sie wollen sie sollen

Sie mögen Sie wollen Sie sollen


2011 Modal Verbs ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

!


Section 11 - Question words

Wann? when?

Warum? why?

Was? what?

Was für? what type?

Welche? which?

Welcher? which?

Welches? which?

Wem? to whom?

Wen? whom?

Wer? who?

Wessen? whose?

Wie? how?

Wie lange? how long?

Wie oft? how often?

Wieviel? how much?

Wie viele? how many?

Wo? where?

Woher? from where?

Wohin? where to?

Womit? with what?

Worein? into what?

Worin? in what?


Section 12 - Direct and indirect speech

What is direct speech?

Direct speech is dialogue. It can be identified by „quotation marks‟.

Example: ,,Sarah ist krank‟. (“Sarah is sick”)

* Konjunctiv I is used to form indirect speech.* Apart from ‘sein’ and six modal verbs, it is restricted to third person.* All verbs have -e added to the stem of infinitive.* Students have never been asked to form the Konjunktiv I. You should be able to recognise it

though.* You only have to be able to recognise the third person. It is easier than you think!

haben = er habe werden = er werde machen = er mache fahren = er fahre gehen = er gehe arbeiten = er arbeite können = er könne

sein ich sei du seist er sei wir seien ihr seiet sie seien Sie seien

* Direct speech (direkte Rede) came up in 2012:


2012 Direct Speech ‘Angewandte Grammatik’


What is indirect speech?

Indirect speech is speech that somebody else reportedly said.

Example: Er sagte, dass Sarah krank sei. (He said that Sarah was sick)

Direkte Rede (direct speech) Indirekte Rede (indirect speech)

1. ,,Sarah ist krank‘‘ ...... Er sagte, dass Sarah krank sei. 2. ,,Ist Sarah krank?‘‘ ...... Er fragte, ob Sarah krank sei.


6th Year German Higher Level Julie Cullen · German Higher Level Julie Cullen Grammar No part of...

Documents

Transcript of 6th Year German Higher Level Julie Cullen · German Higher Level Julie Cullen Grammar No part of...