L/O/G/O

Cng c kinh t

trong qun l bo v mi trng

L Thu Hoa,

Khoa Mi trng v th i hc Kinh t Quc dn

Email: lethuhoaneu@gmail.com

Mob. 0913043585

Ni dung

Tng quan v cng c kinh t trong qun l BVMT

Quy nh lin quan n CCKT trong Lut BVMT 2005

Thc tin p dng cc CCKT ti Vit Nam

Kin ngh v xut

Cng c kinh t trong qun l bo v mi trng

Cng c kinh t trong QL BVMT:

Cch tip cn chnh sch da trn khuyn khch (incentives)

c xy dng trn nn tng ca cc quy lut kinh t th trng

Tc ng n chi ph v li ch trong cc hot ng ca cc tc nhn kinh t nhm to ra hnh vi tc ng theo hng c li cho mi trng

S dng CCKT nhm 2 mc ch chnh

(1) iu chnh hnh vi ca cc nh sn xut v ngi tiu dng,

(2) to ngun ti chnh cho ngn sch v/ hoc cho vic cung cp cc hng ho/ dch v mi trng

Tng quan v Cng c kinh t

S dng CCKT thng lin quan n:

cc dng chuyn dch ti chnh

hoc to ra nhng th trng mi

Thc t: ba nhm CCKT ch yu

(1) nhm cng c to ngun thu:

Thu mi trng, Ph mi trng, Qu mi trng

(2) nhm cng c to lp th trng:

Chi tr dch v mi trng, Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng

(3) nhm cng c nhm nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng BVMT

K qu mi trng, t cc hon tr, Bi thng thit hi mi trng, Bo him ri ro mi trng

Tng quan v Cng c kinh t

5

6 l do Hiu qu hn ch ca cc cng c iu tit trc tip Xu hng phn quyn hay ci cch cc lnh vc hot

ng hnh chnh Tm kim cc cng c chnh sch c hiu qu hn v mt

kinh t Tm kim cc ngun ti chnh cho ngn sch chung hoc

cho cc chng trnh mi trng ni ring Nhu cu lng ghp c hiu qu gia cc chnh sch kinh

t v chnh sch mi trng CCKT nh l nhng iu kin bo m cho pht trin bn

vng (cng bng cng v lin th h) nguyn tc PPP: Ngi gy nhim suy thoi mi trng

phi tr chi ph phc hi v ti to v nguyn tc BPP: Ngi s dng, hng li t mi

trng/ ci thin mi trng phi tr chi ph

Xu hng tng cng s dng CCKT

CCKT trong QL BVMT Vit Nam

Bo co tng kt 8 nm thi hnh Lut BVMT 2005 (trang 152)

Vic p dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng cha c t ra mt cch tch cc. Cc c ch v k qu, t cc hon tr, giy php pht thi v th trng trao i quyn pht thi, mt s loi hnh tn dng v mi trng cha c xy dng v ban hnh

Ch c 4 CCKT c quy nh trong Lut BVMT 2005 v Lut BVMT (sa i) Thu MT/ Thu BVMT; Ph BVMT; K qu ci to, phc hi mi trng trong hot ng

khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin

Qu BVMT

Thu Mi trng/ Thu BVMT

S dng ph bin nhiu quc gia trn Th gii

To ngun thu cho NSNN

Vit Nam:

Lut BVMT 2005, iu 112. Thu mi trng:

1. T chc, h gia nh, c nhn sn xut, kinh doanh mt s loi sn phm gy tc ng xu lu di n mi trng v sc khe con ngi th phi np thu mi trng

2. Chnh ph trnh Quc hi quyt nh danh mc, thu sut i vi cc sn phm, loi hnh sn xut, kinh doanh phi chu thu mi trng

Lut Thu BVMT 2010

STT Hng ho n v

tnh

Mc thu

(ng/1 n v

hng ho)

I Xng du

1 Xng cc loi Lt 1.000 4.000

2 Nhin liu bay Lt 1.000 3.000

3 Du diesel Lt 500 2.000

4 Du ho Lt 300 2.000

5 Du mazut Lt 300 2.000

6 Du nhn Lt 300 2.000

7 M nhn Kg 300 2.000

II Than Tn

1 Than nu 10.000 30.000

2 Than 10.000 30.000

3 Than antraxit 10.000 30.000

4 Than m 10.000 30.000

III Dung dch HCFC Kg 1.000 5.000

IV Ti ni lng thuc din chu thu Kg 30.000 50.000

V Thuc dit c thuc loi hn ch s dng 500 2.000

VI Thuc tr mi thuc loi hn ch s

dng

Kg 1.000 3.000

VII Thuc bo qun lm sn thuc loi hn

ch s dng

Kg 1.000 3.000

VIII Thuc kh trng kho thuc loi HCSD Kg 1.000 3.000

Quc hi thng qua

15/11/ 2010

Hiu lc t 1/01/2012

Nhiu vng mc khi trin khai thu thu Cha to c s thay i hnh vi

Lut Thu bo v mi trng

Lut BVMT (sa i), iu 141. Thu bo v mi trng

1. Cc sn phm, hng ha khi s dng gy tc ng xu n mi trng phi chu thu bo v mi trng.

2. T chc, h gia nh, c nhn sn xut, nhp khu hng ha thuc i tng chu thu c trch nhim np thu bo v mi trng.

3. Mc thu bo v mi trng i vi sn phm, hng ha chu thu c xc nh theo mc gy tc ng xu n mi trng ca sn phm, hng ha v ph hp vi chnh sch pht trin kinh t - x hi ca Nh nc trong tng thi k.

Thu Mi trng/ Thu BVMT

Thu bo v mi trng: xut

i vi Lut BVMT (sa i)

Do c Lut Thu BVMT, khng cn quy nh chi tit trong Lut BVMT m ch cn nu nguyn tc:

T chc, h gia nh, c nhn sn xut, nhp khu hng ha khi s dng gy tc ng xu n mi trng c trch nhim np thu bo v mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut (Lut Thu BVMT)

i vi Lut Thu BVMT v cc vn bn hng dn thc hin

- C th ha i tng v phm vi hn ch vng mc khi trin khai

- Mc thu cn bo m to ra khuyn khch thay i hnh vi theo hng c li cho mi trng

Ph bo v mi trng

Lut BVMT 2005, iu 113. Ph bo v mi trng

1. T chc, c nhn x thi ra mi trng hoc c hot ng lm pht sinh ngun tc ng xu i vi mi trng phi np ph bo v mi trng.

2. Mc ph bo v mi trng c quy nh trn c s sau y:

a) Khi lng cht thi ra mi trng, quy m nh hng tc ng xu i vi mi trng;

b) Mc c hi ca cht thi, mc gy hi i vi mi trng;

c) Sc chu ti ca mi trng tip nhn cht thi.

3. Mc ph bo v mi trng c iu chnh theo l trnh ph hp vi iu kin kinh t - x hi v yu cu bo v mi trng ca tng giai on pht trin ca t nc.

4. Ton b ngun thu t ph bo v mi trng c s dng u t trc tip cho vic bo v mi trng.

5. B Ti chnh ch tr phi hp vi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng xy dng, trnh Chnh ph quy nh cc loi ph bo v mi trng.

Ph bo v mi trng

Cc loi ph BVMT trin khai - Ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi (Ngh nh 67/2003/ N-

CP v Ngh nh 25/2013/N-CP ngy 29/3/2013) - Ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn (Ngh nh

174/2007/N-CP) - Ph bo v mi trng i vi khai thc khong sn (Ngh nh

74/2011/N-CP)

Vn ca Ph BVMT

- Quy nh ca Lut BVMT v ph khng phn bit nhiu so vi thu BVMT: tc ng xu i vi mi trng? khng phi ph s dng?

- Quy nh v cn c tnh ph phc tp (lng, quy m, c hi, mc gy hi) -> kh trin khai v tn chi ph

- Ch mi bao gm ph bin i, khng tnh ph c nh

- Mc ph thp cha to khuyn khch thay i hnh vi

Ph bo v mi trng

Lut BVMT (sa i), iu 142. Ph bo v mi trng

1. T chc, c nhn x thi ra mi trng hoc c hot ng lm pht sinh ngun tc ng xu i vi mi trng phi np ph bo v mi trng.

2. Mc ph bo v mi trng c quy nh trn c s sau y:

a) Khi lng cht thi ra mi trng, quy m nh hng tc ng xu i vi mi trng;

b) Mc c hi ca cht thi, mc gy hi i vi mi trng.

3. Mc ph bo v mi trng c iu chnh ph hp vi iu kin kinh t - x hi v yu cu bo v mi trng.

4. Ngun thu t ph bo v mi trng c s dng u t cho hot ng bo v mi trng.

5. B Ti chnh ch tr phi hp vi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng xy dng, trnh Chnh ph quy nh cc loi ph bo v mi trng.

Quy nh lin quan n mc ch np ph

1. T chc, c nhn x thi ra mi trng hoc c hot ng lm pht sinh ngun tc ng xu i vi mi trng phi np ph bo v mi trng s dng u t cho hot ng bo v mi trng

Quy nh lin quan n tnh ph

C cu n gin v r rng;

Nhm vo mt s cht gy nhim chnh;

Nhm vo mt s c s gy nhim ch yu

Xem xt c cu ph 2 phn: c nh v bin i

Ph bo v mi trng: xut

K qu ci to, phc hi mi trng

Lut BVMT 2005, iu 114. K qu ci to, phc hi mi trng trong hot ng khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin

1. T chc, c nhn khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin phi thc hin k qu ci to, phc hi mi trng theo cc quy nh sau y:

a) Trc khi khai thc phi thc hin vic k qu ti t chc tn dng trong nc hoc qu bo v mi trng ca a phng ni c khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin; mc k qu ph thuc vo quy m khai thc, tc ng xu i vi mi trng, chi ph cn thit ci to, phc hi mi trng sau khai thc;

b) T chc, c nhn k qu c hng li sut pht sinh, c nhn li s tin k qu sau khi hon thnh ci to, phc hi mi trng;

c) T chc, c nhn khng thc hin ngha v ci to, phc hi mi trng hoc thc hin khng t yu cu th ton b hoc mt phn s tin k qu c s dng ci to, phc hi mi trng ni t chc, c nhn khai thc.

2. Th tng Chnh ph quy nh c th mc k qu ci to, phc hi mi trng i vi tng loi hnh ti nguyn v vic t chc thc hin quy nh ti iu ny.

Cc khon tin k gi vi cam kt phc hi hin trng mi trng sau khi thc hin khai thc; s c hon tr nu thc hin cam kt

Lut khong sn (1996 & 2005); Thng t Lin tch 126/1999/TTLT-BTC-BCN-BKHCNMT ca B Ti chnh, B Cng nghip, B Khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng hng dn thc hin k qu; Quyt nh 71/2008-Q-TTg ca Th tng CP v k qu ci to, phc hi mi trng

Thc hin cn hn ch do khai thc khng php hoc khng chu thc hin ngha v k qu

K qu mi trng i vi hot ng khai thc khong sn Vit Nam

K qu ci to, phc hi mi trng

Lut BVMT (sa i), iu 143. K qu ci to, phc hi mi trng trong hot ng khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin

1. T chc, c nhn khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin phi thc hin k qu ci to, phc hi mi trng.

2. Th tng Chnh ph quy nh c th trnh t, th tc, ni dung k qu ci to, phc hi mi trng trong hot ng khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin.

Lut BVMT (sa i), iu 143:

K qu bo v mi trng (performance bonds/ security bonds)

Quy nh k qu khng ch vi khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin m cn i vi cc hot ng khc c kh nng gy suy gim ti nguyn v bin i mi trng/ nhim mi trng quy m ln (v d k qu i vi hot ng khai thc rng, cc hot ng xy dng v pht trin h tng th)

Khng nn vn tt Th tng Chnh ph quy nh c th trnh t, th tc, ni dung k qu ci to, phc hi mi trng trong hot ng khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin m vn cn nu cc nguyn tc c bn ca k qu

C th gi tin k qu vo Qu MT hoc mt ti khon ngn hng c kim sot bi c quan qun l Nh nc

18

K qu ci to, phc hi mi trng: xut

Qu bo v mi trng

Lut BVMT 2005, iu 115. Qu bo v mi trng 1. Qu bo v mi trng l t chc ti chnh c thnh lp trung ng, ngnh,

lnh vc, a phng h tr hot ng bo v mi trng. Nh nc khuyn khch doanh nghip, t chc, c nhn khc thnh lp qu bo v

mi trng. 2. Vn hot ng ca qu bo v mi trng quc gia, qu bo v mi trng ca

ngnh, lnh vc, a phng c hnh thnh t cc ngun sau y: a) Ngn sch nh nc; b) Ph bo v mi trng; c) Cc khon bi thng thit hi v mi trng i vi Nh nc; d) Tin pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng; ) Cc khon h tr, ng gp, u thc u t ca t chc, c nhn trong v

ngoi nc. 3. Thm quyn thnh lp qu bo v mi trng c quy nh nh sau: a) Th tng Chnh ph quy nh vic t chc v hot ng ca qu bo v mi

trng quc gia, qu bo v mi trng ca cc b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph, tng cng ty nh nc;

b) U ban nhn dn cp tnh quyt nh vic thnh lp, t chc v hot ng ca qu bo v mi trng a phng;

c) T chc, c nhn thnh lp qu bo v mi trng ca mnh v hot

ng theo iu l ca qu.

20

Qu BV mi trng quc gia

Qu BV mi trng a phng: H Ni, Thnh ph

H Ch Minh, Qung Ninh, Ninh Bnh, Ngh An

Qu mi trng ngnh Than

Hot ng h tr ti chnh: Cp vn, vay vn u i, h tr li

sut cho cc hot ng nh x l cht thi, phng nga v khc

phc s c mi trng, nghin cu v trin khai cc cng ngh

thn thin vi mi trng, sn xut sch hn, gio dc v thng tin

mi trng

Hot ng cha thc s hiu qu do c ch hot ng cn nng

tnh hnh chnh

Qu bo v mi trng

Qu bo v mi trng

Lut BVMT (sa i), iu 144. Qu bo v mi trng 1. Qu bo v mi trng l t chc c thnh lp vi nhim v chnh

l phc v cc hot ng bo v mi trng c u tin theo nh hng ca cc c quan mi trng c lin quan.

2. Nh nc khuyn khch cc t chc, c nhn khc thnh lp qu bo v mi trng.

3. Vn hot ng ca qu bo v mi trng quc gia, qu bo v mi trng ca a phng do Nh nc thnh lp c hnh thnh t cc ngun sau y: a) Ngn sch nh nc; b) Ph bo v mi trng; c) Cc khon bi thng thit hi v mi trng; d) Cc khon h tr, ti tr, ng gp, y thc u t ca t chc,

c nhn trong v ngoi nc. 4. Chnh ph quy nh trnh t t chc v hot ng ca cc loi qu

bo v mi trng. 5. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng phi hp vi B Ti chnh hng dn

vic t chc, qun l qu bo v mi trng.

Qu bo v mi trng: xut

Lut BVMT (sa i), iu 144. Qu bo v mi trng

Thut ng Qu mi trng (environmental fund) c s dng ph bin hn Qu BVMT; l khi nim chung ch cc loi qu lin quan n cc mc tiu mi trng c th (qu bo v mi trng, qu bo tn a dng sinh hc, qu kim sot nhim) hoc cc chng trnh chi tiu/ u t cho mi trng

Qu mi trng khng phi l mt t chc m l mt c ch ti chnh nhm phc v cc hot ng/ d n/ chng trnh mi trng. C ch ny c cc hnh thc t chc, mc c lp v ngun hnh thnh khc nhau; c hnh thnh v c qun l cc cp khc nhau (quc gia, a phng, ngnh, doanh nghip, cng ng)

Qu bo v mi trng: xut

Lut BVMT (sa i), iu 144. Qu bo v mi trng

Cc quy nh ti iu 144 ch lin quan n qu BVMT quc gia v a phng, khng ph hp vi qu do cc t chc, c nhn, doanh nghip hay cng ng thnh lp xem li quy nh ca Lut BVMT 2005

S cha ph hp trong quy nh ti Khon 1: Qu BVMT l t chc c thnh lp vi nhim v chnh l phc v cc hot ng BVMT c u tin theo nh hng ca cc c quan mi trng c lin quan v khon 2: Nh nc khuyn khch cc t chc, c nhn thnh lp qu BVMT.

Cc cng c kinh t khc: xut

B sung cc quy nh lin quan n s dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng:

Chi tr dch v mi trng rng (PFES)

Nhn sinh thi v t cc hon tr p dng vi cc loi hng ha tiu dng, gp phn thc hin mc tiu xanh ha li sng v tiu dng bn vng

B sung quy nh Pht trin th trng trao i tn ch cc-bon trong nc v tham gia th trng cc-bon ton cu ph hp vi tinh thn ca Ngh quyt Hi ngh BCH Trung ng ln th 7, s 24-NQ/TW ngy 3 thng 6 nm 2013 v ch ng ng ph vi bin i kh hu, tng cng qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng

Chi tr Ngi s dng dch v

(Nh my thy in, cng ty cp nc, cng ty du lich)

Ngi dn vng cao (Sn La. Lm ng)

Tin (20/ Kwh; 40/ m3 nc; 0,5 2%

doanh thu du lch)

Quyn s hu ti sn

H tr marketing

Chi tr dch v mi trng rng (PFES) Quyt nh 380/ 2008/ Q-TTg

PFES: Ngh nh 99/2010/ND-

CP (ngy 24.9.2010) p dng trn ton quc & m rng loi

dch v MT; c hiu lc t 2011

Nhn sinh thi (Eco-label)

L mt danh hiu c cp cho cc sn phm khng gy ra nhim mi trng trong qu trnh sn xut ra sn phm hoc qu trnh s dng sn phm

Cc sn phm c dn nhn sinh thi s c sc cnh tranh cao hn khi ngi tiu dng c nhn thc cao v bo v mi trng

L cng c kinh t khuyn khch ngi sn xut u t bo v mi trng nhm c cng nhn v dn nhn sinh thi

t c cc mc tiu bo v mi trng, iu kin sn phm c dn nhn sinh thi s phi ngy cng kht khe, cht ch hn 26

Nhn sinh thi: xut

27

Tn gi ting Anh: Vietnam Green Label

Nhn xanh Vit Nam

Biu tng

Trin khai trn ton quc: 3/ 2009

29

u im:

Tng trch nhim ca nh sn xut v phn phi sn phm

T trang tri chi ph

Cng bng

C tnh khuyn khch

Hiu qu v chi ph

t cc-hon tr (Deposit Refund Systems)

L cng c buc ngi tiu dng phi tr thm 1 khon tin t cc, v s c hon tr tin t cc khi chuyn giao phn cn li ca sn phm sau tiu dng v ung nhng ni quy nh ti ch/ x l

Mc ch: tng cng thu gom cht thi sau tiu dng (c bit l cht thi c hi) ti ch, ti s dng hoc x l mt cch trit , an ton vi con ngi v mi trng

c bit thch hp vi hot ng qun l cht thi rn (pin, c quy, v lon, chai, bng n, v tu xe, du m thi)

t cc-hon tr: xut

Giy php x thi/ Cta gy nhim: nh nc pht hnh; chnh thc cng nhn quyn c thi mt lng cht gy nhim nht nh vo mi trng trong mt giai on xc nh cho cc ngun thi

Ngi gy nhim c quyn mua v bn cta gy nhim, ng ngha vi quyn c thi nhiu hay t hn la chn linh hot c li nht cho doanh nghip m vn t mc tiu mi trng tng th

C li cho c hai bn mua v bn, tit kim tng chi ph x hi cho BVMT

c p dng ti nhiu quc gia Hin c p dng cho gim kh thi gy hiu ng nh

knh th trng trao i tn ch cc-bon

Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng v th trng trao i tn ch cc-bon

V d: th trng cc-bon ton cu

Th trng cc-bon trong khun kh Ngh nh th Kyoto

Th trng chnh thng, mang tnh bt buc php l da trn cc c ch linh hot ca Ngh nh th Kyoto, trong c C ch pht trin sch (CDM)

Th trng cc-bon ngoi khun kh Ngh nh th Kyoto (th trng mua bn gim pht thi kh nh knh t nguyn - VCM)

Th trng t do, cc bn t nguyn mua bn lng tn ch cc-bon c xc nh t cc d n gim nh pht thi kh nh knh, c xc nhn ca bn th ba v c thc hin bi cc cam kt trong hp ng k (th trng ny c c cc thnh phn khng tham gia Ngh nh th Kyoto), pht trin ch yu Chu u, Chu M

Th trng cc-bon

Tng gi tr th trng

tng 11%, gi tr th

trng l hn 176 t

la vi tng khi

lng giao dch l 10.3

t tn cc bon.

CER v ERU tng 43%

t 1.8 t tn CO2e,

gi tr hn 23 t USD

Th trng cc-bon: Ai l ngi bn?

Vit Nam hin tham gia th trng carbon trong khun kh Ngh nh th Kyoto vi t cch nh cung cp chng ch gim thi (CER), tp trung vo cc d n CDM trong cc lnh vc nng lng, thu hi kh thi, x l nc thi, rc thi n thng 11/2012: 165 d n v C ch pht trin sch (CDM) ca Vit Nam c Ban Chp hnh Quc t CDM cng nhn, vi tng lng gim pht thi trong thi k tn dng l 80.728.254 tn CO2

Cc cng c kinh t khc: xut

B sung quy nh v K qu mi trng (performance bonds/ security bonds) i vi cc hot ng c kh nng gy suy gim ti nguyn v bin i mi trng/ nhim mi trng quy m ln (v d k qu i vi hot ng khai thc rng, cc hot ng xy dng v pht trin h tng th)

B sung quy nh v p dng hch ton mi trng, gm hch ton mi trng v m lin quan n h thng ti khon quc gia lng ghp kinh t - mi trng, GDP xanh cp trong Quyt nh 432/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt Chin lc Pht trin bn vng Vit Nam giai on 2011 - 2020 v khuyn khch p dng hch ton mi trng vi m tm doanh nghip

B sung quy nh v khuyn khch p dng kim ton mi trng (gm kim ton ni b v kim ton bn ngoi; kim ton nguyn liu, nng lng; kim ton cht thi; kim ton tc ng mi trng v kim ton kh gy hiu ng nh knh) v bt buc p dng i vi kim ton tun th php lut mi trng

L/O/G/O

Cm n qu v lng nghe v chia s!