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6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
6.973 Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Lecture 1: Course Overview
Rajeev J. Ram
Office: 36-491Telephone: X3-4182Email: [email protected]
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
•Background: p-n junctions
•Photodetectors
•Modulators
•Optical amplifiers
•Semiconductor lasers
•Heterostructure materials
•DFB and VCSEL resonators
•Modulation
•Systems
Syllabus
Basic concepts
Advancedconcepts
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Outline for Lecture 1Outline for Lecture 1
• Applications of Optoelectronic Devices
• Overview of Devices
• Course Administration
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Optical Devices Optical Devices
Passive Optical Devices• Waveguides• Optical Disk
Active Optical Devices• LEDS• Semiconductor lasers• Detectors
DVD player
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Passive Optical DevicesPassive Optical DevicesWaveguidesWaveguides
Total internal reflection
Corning
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Premium Optical (Toslink) cables are used for digital audio connections
Features:- Application light wavelength 655 + or - 30 nm- Attenuation less than or equal to 0.25 dB per meter- Bend Radius greater than or equal to 17 mm- Connection loss less than or equal to 0.5 dB
Waveguides for DVD PlayersWaveguides for DVD PlayersPlastic Optical FiberPlastic Optical Fiber
PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) core
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
7.5 miles of track
DVD DisksDVD Disks‘‘NanostructuredNanostructured Material’Material’
120 nm deep pits by injection molding
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Active Devices for DVD PlayersActive Devices for DVD Players
Laserstrained QW at 655 nm
Detector
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Devices for Optical CommunicationsDevices for Optical Communications
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Example of Metro WDM
RxTx A B C D
A - 1 2 3B 1 - 4 5C 2 4 - 6D 3 5 6 -
Interconnect tableLogical mesh
6 transmitter wavelengths required for 4 nodes.
OADM Node configuration
Tx Tx TxRx Rx Rx
amplifiers amplifiers
Node A
Rx TxRx Tx
1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6 2,3,4,5,6,6 3,5,6
Rx:1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6 Rx:1,1,2,2,3,4,4,5,6
Rx Tx
Rx:1,2,2,3,3,4,5,6,6
Rx Tx
Rx:1,1,2,3,3,4,5,5,6
Node B Node C Node D
1,2,3 1,1,2,3,4,5 1,1,2,2,3,4,4,5,6
MetroCO/POP
CO/POP
CO/POP
CO/POP
CO/POP
CO/POPCO/POP
CO/POP
Access
ADM
ADMADM
ADM
Local Loop
CoreSan Francisco
Seattle
SubmarineNetwork
Boston
Chicago
Metro
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Putting It All Together: OADM NodePutting It All Together: OADM Node
R-TpV
Transmit & Receive TranspondersClient IP,ATM,SDH/SONET,PDHTransmit & Receive TranspondersClient IP,ATM,SDH/SONET,PDH
Pre-ampEast
Pre-ampWest
WDM
Power ampWest
Power ampEast
ControlChannel
WDM
WDM
WDM
MUX
Traffic Traffic
... ...DEMUX
R-TpRtpRtp TpTpTp Tp
MUX
Gain block•EDFAmplifier•Pump lasers•Detectors•980/1550 MUX•Isolators•Gain equalizers
Multiplexers•AWG (‘Prism’)•Thermoelectrics•Attenuators
Transceivers•EA modulator
+DFB•Thermoelectrics•Isolators•Detectors•Laser Driver•Receiver Amps
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Outline for Lecture 1Outline for Lecture 1
• Applications of Optoelectronic Devices
• Overview of Devices
• Course Administration
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Background: p-n junctions
Large electric fields•p-i-n photodetector•modulators
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9-6
-5.5
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
Position (um)
E (e
V)
NA = 1017
ND = 1017
Unbiased
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
Position (um)
E (e
V)Biased
Injection of high carrier density•diode laser•optical amplifier•tunable filters•variable optical attenuator
Absorption
Emission
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Photodetectors
P I N
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
10 100 10003 dB Bandwidth (GHz)
Equi
vale
nt D
evic
e Sl
ope
Effic
ienc
y at
λ =
130
0 nm
(A/W
)
Fujitsu, 1991
BT&D, 1991
UCSB / Colorado State, 1993
UCLA / JPL / Lucent, 1996
AT&T Bell Labs, 1986
NTT, 1991
NTT, 1994
Ortel, 1996 NTT, 1992
UCSD, 1993
UCSB, 1995
Wq λ Ah cTheoretical Maximum = –––– = 1.05 ––
Gray line indicates maximum available at any given frequency
UCSB, 1997
AT&T Bell Labs, 1986
UCSD / Fermionics, 1996
Thomson-CSF, 1997
AT&T Bell Labs, 1986
UCSD, 1992
UCSB, 1995
NTT, 1991
NTT, 1997
PIN (1500 nm)Waveguide (830 nm)Waveguide (1000 nm)Waveguide (1300 nm)Waveguide (1550 nm)MSM/Schottky (600 nm)
PIN – 1300 nmPIN – 1550 nmWaveguide PIN – 800 nmWaveguide PIN – 1300 nmWaveguide PIN – 1550 nmThomson-
CSF, 1996Ortel, 1994
UCSB / Colorado State, 1995
NTT, 1997
Courtesy of Charles Cox, PSI
Photodetectors
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Electro-absorption ModulatorsFast Electrically Controlled Shutters
E = 0 E = 0
Stark shift in quantum well
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Electro-absorption Modulators
E = 0 E = 0
Stark shift in quantum well
Applied voltage
Electric field at quantum well
Change in energy level (DOS)
Change in e-h overlap (peak abs)
Electrostatics of pn junctions
2nd order perturbation theory
1st order perturbation theory
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Background: p-n junctions
Large electric fields•p-i-n photodetector•modulators
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9-6
-5.5
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
Position (um)
E (e
V)
NA = 1017
ND = 1017
Unbiased
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
Position (um)
E (e
V)Biased
Injection of high carrier density•diode laser•optical amplifier•tunable filters•variable optical attenuator
Absorption
Emission
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Optical Amplifiers
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Semiconductor Lasers
( ) gzoeIzI =
RII ir = RII ir =Fabry-Perot Resonator
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
current
radiative non-radiative
QW capture leakage
internal lossmirror loss
fiber coupled
above threshold below threshold
photons
outp
ut p
ower
(mW
)
current (mA)
Semiconductor Lasers
threshold
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Heterostructure Materials
undoped 8x1017
P- dopedn-doped8x1017
InP
subs
trat
e
InP
ridge
electrons
holes
Minimum of 3 materials for good optical and electrical confinement
Minimum:Quantum wellQW barrierWaveguide cladding
Typical:Quantum wellQW barrierWaveguide core (SCH)Waveguide claddingElectrical contact layer
optical mode
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
• Advantages– More efficient, higher material gain, lower threshold
• Concentration of carriers near band edge – Less thermal dependence, spectral broadening
Ledenstov et al. Quantum-dot heterostructure lasers. JSTQE, May 2000.
Quantum Confinement in Semiconductor LasersQuantum Confinement in Semiconductor Lasers
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
The World of Semiconducting MaterialsThe World of Semiconducting Materials
InP
850 nm
980 nm
1300 nm1550 nm
655 nm
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
InP
850 nm980 nm
1300 nm1550 nm
InGaAsN(Sb)
Heterostructure Materials
1300 & 1550 nm materials platformsInP – InGaAsP (lasers and detectors)GaAs – InGaAsN (lasers and detectors)
- SiGe (detectors)Si – SiGe (detectors)
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
ACTIVE DEVICESdiode laser
SOAsmodulators
photodetectorsTE cooler
ELECTRONICSMemory
Flip-flops/MUXTransimpedance amps
Bias circuitry
PASSIVE DEVICESAWGsVOAs
DispersionIsolator/Circulator
Silicon
ACTIVE DEVICESdiode laser
SOAsmodulators
photodetectorsTE cooler
ELECTRONICSMemory
Flip-flops/MUXTransimpedance amps
Bias circuitry
PASSIVE DEVICESAWGsVOAs
DispersionIsolator/Circulator
GaAs
ACTIVE DEVICESdiode laser
SOAsmodulators
photodetectorsTE cooler
ELECTRONICSMemory
Flip-flops/MUXTransimpedance amps
Bias circuitry
PASSIVE DEVICESAWGsVOAs
DispersionIsolator/Circulator
InP
Commercial
LabUndeveloped
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Distributed Feedback Laser Resonators
p-InP
top metal
n-InPsubstrate
High spectral purity
Integrated diffraction grating
n1
n1
n2
( ) gzoeIzI =
Distributed Feedback Resonator
grating
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Modulation Response
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Outline for Lecture 1Outline for Lecture 1
• Applications of Optoelectronic Devices
• Overview of Devices
• Course Administration
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
•Background: p-n junctions
•Photodetectors
•Modulators
•Optical amplifiers
•Semiconductor lasers
•Heterostructure materials
•DFB and VCSEL resonators
•Modulation
•Systems
Syllabus
Basic concepts
Advancedconcepts
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Pre-requisites Knowledege
•Continuity equation for minority carrier transport•Drift-diffusion transport in diodes
•Bloch functions in a crystals•Density of states for electrons and holes
•Fermi’s Golden Rule – time-dependent perturbation theory
•Slab waveguide modes
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Recommended Reading
Physics of Optoelectronic DevicesShun Lien Chuang
Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated CircuitsL. A. Coldren, S. W. Corzine
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Term Project
Last time: 60% 9 Homework Sets10% Midterm30% Term project
Term project:• 2 person teams each present one side of an issue• 15% written term paper (instead of HW 10)• 15% oral presentation (instead of class in Dec)
6.973Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Term Project
Suggested Topics:
• Gratings vs. Microrings for Compact Optical Add/Drop
• InGaAsN vs. Quantum Dots for Telecom on GaAs
• Waveguide vs. Resonant Cavity for High Speed Detectors
• In-Silicon vs. On-Silicon Photonics for Optical I/O
• Organic vs. Inorganic LEDs for Alphanumeric Displays
• Electro-Optic vs. Electro-Absorption Modulators in InP
• SOA vs. EDWA for Channelized Amplifiers