6628 Os+and+Software 1

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Operating Systems and Software

Computer Concepts

BASICS 4th Edition

Wells



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Wells Computer Concepts BASICS22

Objectives

Distinguish between software and hardware

Describe the difference between applicationssoftware and system software

Describe the three categories of systemsprograms

Describe operating systems formicrocomputers

Describe network operating systems



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Vocabulary

applications

software basic input/output

system (BIOS)

booting

graphical user

interface (GUI)

language translator

Linux Mac OS

MS-DOS

multitasking network operating

system (NOS)



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Vocabulary (continued)

operating system

(OS) system software

UNIX

user interface

utility program

Windows Windows

Embedded CE

Windows Mobile



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Hardware and Software

Hardware refers to the tangible, physical

computer equipment that can be seen andtouched such as the keyboard and printer

Software is a set of instructions issued to the

computer so that specific tasks are

performed. Microsoft Word is an example ofsoftware.



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Types of Software

There are two basic types of software:

Applications software is productivity softwaredesigned for an end user such as word

processors

System software is a group of programs that

control the resources and operations of acomputer system and include operating

systems, utilities, and language translators



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Types of Software (continued)

Operating Systems:

Part of the system software, an operating

system (OS) provides an interface between

the user or application program and the

computer hardware

An example of an operating system isWindows



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Wells Computer Concepts BASICS


Operating system: an interface between users and computers

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Utilities:

Utility programs help you performhousekeeping chores such as:

– formatting a disk

– copying a file

– backing up the hard drive

– consolidating fragmented files



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Language Translators:

Language translators convert English-likesoftware programs into machine language

that the computer can understand

For example, the translator would change

each of the Visual Basic programmingstatements into machine language



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Microcomputer Operating Systems

All computers have operating systems

There are two types of user interfaces:command-line and graphical interface.

Several popular operating systems are

available for microcomputers:

– DOS

– A combination of DOS and Windows

– A stand-alone version of Windows



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(continued)

Early computers used command-line interfaces

With this type of interface, you must type theexact command you want to execute

The first IBM PC in 1981 used this type of

interface called DOS (Disk Operating System)

The user can run only one program at a time

DOS still is accessible in all Windows OS

versions



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(continued)

Command-line interface showing an example of the Ping

command.

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(continued)

Graphical User Interfaces:

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) makecomputers easy to use

When the user turns on the computer asymbolic desktop is displayed with various

icons representing files, disks, and programs Most people use a mouse to click the icons

and execute commands



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(continued)

Graphical user interface

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(continued)

Mac OS:

Macintosh’s operating system, the Mac OS,was introduced in1984 with a GUI

Microsoft introduced its own GUI called

Windows in 1983

Windows 95 was Microsoft’s first true

multitasking operating system



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(continued)

Windows:

Windows 98 was released in June of 1998 andintroduced integrated Web browsing and the

Active Desktop with a browser-like interface

Microsoft’s newest operating system is called

Windows Vista and includes features such aslive icons and a stronger firewall



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(continued)

Turn off the computer by clicking the Start buttonand then the Power button on the Start menu

Vista Shut down options: – Restart: Shuts down and restarts computer

– Sleep: Power-saving option; works the same as thePower button

– Hibernate: Power-saving option; allows you to return tosame programs and files

– Shut Down: Turns everything off



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(continued)

Embedded Operating Systems:

Embedded operating systems includetechnology and tools that enable developers to

create a broad range of devices

This operating system, which resides on a

ROM chip, is used on small handheldcomputers and wireless communication

devices such as PDAs



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(continued)

UNIX:

UNIX is an operating system frequently used byscientists and programmers, originally developed

by AT&T

UNIX is considered a multitasking, portable

operating system that can run on almost anyhardware platform

There are several variants of the language, such

as Linux and IBM’s AIX



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Loading the Operating System

21

Booting is the process of starting a

computer When you start your computer, operating

system commands are loaded into memory

Each operating system boots or starts the

computer in its own way



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(continued)

22

1. Turn on your computer (based on Windows

OS) – Basic input/ output system (BIOS) is activated

followed by a series of diagnostic tests

2. BIOS searches for the boot record

3. Boot record is loaded into RAM – These files contain programming configuration

instructions for hardware devices and software

applications that are installed on your computer



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(continued)

23

4. Software drivers are loaded

–

Drivers are what enable you to use your printer,modem, scanner, or other devices

5. The GUI is loaded

– When loading the GUI, the operating system

reads the commands for your desktopconfiguration and programs in the Startup folder

6. If everything goes as it should, the GUI

appears and the computer is ready to use



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(continued)

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Sharing Files on Different Operating Systems:

It is often necessary to share files across operating

system platforms

A hardware file share solution is an emulation card

loaded on the motherboard that gives the computer

the ability to run programs for another OS

Another solution is to save files in a format that isreadable across systems, such as .txt



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Network Operating Systems

25

A network operating system (NOS) resides on a

network server and allows a group of computers

(also called clients) to be connected and to

share resources

One of the main goals of the operating system is

to make the resources appear as though theyare running from the client computer



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Summary

Hardware refers to the tangible, physical computer

equipment that can be seen and touched.

Software is a set of instructions that tells the

computer what to do; software also is called a

program.

The two basic types of computer software are

applications software and system software.

Applications software also is known as productivity

software.

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Summary (continued)

System software coordinates and controls theresources and operations of a computer system.

Three major categories of system software areoperating systems, utilities, and languagetranslators.

Operating systems provide an interface between theuser and application program and the computerhardware.

Utility programs help users complete specializedtasks such as file management.

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Summary (continued)

Language translators convert English-like softwareprograms into machine language.

A programmer uses a programming language towrite program statements.

All computers have operating systems.

The user interface is the part of the operating system

with which we are most familiar. The two most common user interfaces are

command-line interfaces and graphical userinterfaces.

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Summary (continued)

The Mac operating system is used with Apple’sMacintosh computers.

Icons are symbols that represent documents,software programs, disks, and so forth.

DOS was introduced with the IBM PC in 1981 and isa character-based operating system.

Microsoft introduced the first version of Windows in1983; this was an operating environment.

Windows 95 was Microsoft’s first true multitaskingoperating system.

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Summary (continued)

Windows Embedded CE is a scaled-down Windows

operating system used for small handheld

computers.

UNIX and Linux are portable operating systems.

Network operating systems allow a group of two or

more microcomputers to be connected.

Several methods are available for sharing files on

different operating systems.

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