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Transcript of 6
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 1
Implementing HRD Programs
Chapter 6
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 2
The Implementation Stage
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 3
Points to Ponder…The best way to learn any new skill is to learn it on the job.Lectures are not a good method for training.It’s easy to come up with stimulating discussion questions.Case studies are used for time fillers.
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 4
The Learning Pyramid
By Permission: R. Yin (2004)
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 5
Training Delivery MethodsThree basic categories:
On-the-Job TrainingClassroom TrainingSelf-Paced Training
Note: Computer-based training can be in a classroom, or individual/self-paced.
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 6
On-the-Job Training (OJT)Job instruction training (JIT)Job rotationCoachingMentoring
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 7
Characteristics of OJTTraining at one’s regular workstationMost common form of trainingStrengths: Realism ApplicabilityWeaknesses: No formal structure Can perpetuate mistakes
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 8
More on OJTFacilitates training transfer to the jobReduced training costs, since classroom is not neededNoise and production needs may reduce training effectivenessQuality and safety may be impacted
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 9
Job Instruction Training (JIT)
Prepare the workerPresent the taskPractice the taskFollow-up
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 10
JIT ProcessObserve work processesBrainstorm improvementsAnalyze optionsImplement improvementsEvaluate results and make adjustments
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 11
Job RotationTrain on different tasks/positionsOften used to train entry-level managersAlso used to provide back-up in production positions
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 12
Coaching and MentoringCoaching – between worker and supervisor Can provide specific performance
improvement and correctionMentoring – senior employee paired with a junior employee (“protégé”) Helps to learn the ropes Prepares protégé for future advancement
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 13
Classroom Training Approaches
Five basic types:LectureDiscussionAudiovisual MediaExperimental MethodsClassroom-based Computer-Based Training
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 14
LectureOral presentation of material Some visual aids can be addedRemains a very popular training method Transfers lots of information quicklyInteresting lectures can work wellGood to supplement with other materials
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 15
Problems with Lecture Method
One-way form of communicationTrainees must be motivated to listenOften lacks idea sharingPeople don’t always like listening to lectures
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 16
Discussion MethodTwo-way communicationUse questions to control lessonTypes of Questions: Direct: produce narrow responses Reflective: mirror what was said Open-Ended: challenge learners – to
increase understanding
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 17
Challenges of Using the Discussion Method
Maintaining control in larger classesNeeds a skilled facilitatorNeeds more time than lectureTrainees must prepare for the lesson by reading assignments, etc.
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 18
Audiovisual MediaBrings visual senses (seeing) into play, along with audio senses (hearing)Types: Static Media Dynamic Media Telecommunications
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 19
Static MediaPrinted materials Lecture notes Work aids HandoutsSlides – e.g., PowerPointOverhead transparencies
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 20
Dynamic MediaAudio cassettesCDsFilmVideotapeDVDVideo disc
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 21
TelecommunicationsInstructional TVTeleconferencingVideoconferencing
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 22
Experiential TrainingCase studiesBusiness game simulationsRole playingBehavior modelingOutdoor training
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 23
Case Study ConsiderationsSpecific instructional objectivesCase approach objectivesAttributes of particular caseLearner characteristicsInstructional timingTraining environmentFacilitator’s characteristics
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 24
Business Game Simulations
Computerized versus manual Operational Financial Resource boundIn-basket exercise Setting priorities Time-driven decision making
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 25
Role PlaysSelf discovery; use of interpersonal skills a plusSome trainees are better actorsTransfer to job can be difficult
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 26
Behavior ModelingUsed mainly for interpersonal skills trainingPractice target behaviorGet immediate feedback (video, among other media)
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 27
Outdoor EducationRopes courses, etc.Can facilitate teamworkFocus on group problem identification, problem solvingOften good for team buildingFun – but is it effective training?
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 28
Self-Paced TrainingHard-copy Correspondence courses Programmed instructionComputer-Based Training (CBT) Computer-aided instruction Internet/intranet training
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 29
Hard-Copy, Self-Paced Training
Good for remote locations without Internet accessIndividual follows text at own paceCorrect/incorrect answers determine progressTrainee works alone without instructor interfaceStill used, but increasingly being replaced by CBT
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 30
Computer-Based Training (CBT)
Interactive with userTraining when and where user wants itTrainee has greater control over progressCBT can provide progress reports and be tailored to specific instructional objectivesTrainee works on own with minimal facilitation by instructor who is elsewhere
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 31
Types of CBTComputer-Aided InstructionInternet & Intranet-Based Training (e-learning)Intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 32
Computer-Based Training (Classroom-Based)
Group-basedInstructor is present and facilitates computer-based learningTrainees are collocated and can help each otherRequires computer, etc., for each trainee
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 33
Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI)
Drill-and-practice approachRead-only presentation of a “classic” training programMultimedia coursesInteractive multimedia trainingSimulations
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 34
Advantages of CAIInteractive with each studentStudent is self-pacedLogistics – Increasingly available over the Internet
(or via an organization’s intranet) Updates are easily distributedInstructional Management & ReportingCAN be cost-effective…
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 35
E-learningIntranet Internal to site/organizationInternet General communications Online reference Needs assessment, administration,
testing Distribution of CBT Delivery of multimedia
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 36
Intelligent CAIUses computer’s capabilities to provide tailored instructionCan use expert systems, fuzzy logic, and other rubricsCan provide real-time simulation and stimulation
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 37
Implementing TrainingDepends on: Objectives Resources Trainee characteristics
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 38
Other Considerations Concerning Implementation
Physical environment: Seating Comfort level Physical distractions
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 39
P7
ProperPriorPlanningPrecludesParticularlyPoorPerformance
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 40
PlanningDoes NOT prevent failure…… But makes it easier to avoid failure.Planning your HRD implementation before you actually do it greatly increases the likelihood of successful implementation.
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 41
Training Provides Many Things
NetworkingKnowledgeSocial acceptanceImproved interpersonal skillsTeam building
Werner & DeSimone (2006) 42
SummaryGood training: Improves performance Improves productivity Improves chances for promotion Improves the bottom lineTherefore, the right training methods need to be used in the right way to ensure successful HRD implementation.