The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

509 B.C. Rome becomes a republic.

264 B.C. The First Punic War with Carthage begins.

218 B.C. In the Second Punic War, Hannibal invades Italy.

44 B.C. Conspirators kill Julius Caesar.

A.D. 284 Diocletian, who will divide the Roman Empire, becomes emperor.

A.D. 476 Western Roman Empire falls with the ouster of the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus.

500 B.C.

Rome’s growth and decline over the years.

According to legend, Rome was founded Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars

Ancient Rome-3 GroupsAncient Rome-3 Groups

• LatinsLatins-Farmers, Shepherds-Farmers, Shepherds

• Settled Latium (on Tiber River)Settled Latium (on Tiber River)

• Built original settlement at RomeBuilt original settlement at Rome

• First “Romans”First “Romans”

Ancient Rome-3 GroupsAncient Rome-3 Groups

• GreeksGreeks-Settled southern Italy and Sicily-Settled southern Italy and Sicily

• Prosperous in trade and businessProsperous in trade and business

Ancient Rome-3 GroupsAncient Rome-3 Groups

• EtruscansEtruscans-Northern Italy-Northern Italy

• Skilled metalworkers/engineersSkilled metalworkers/engineers

Rome, in the beginning, was a monarchy

• King was the head of the religion and held most of the power. Etruscan Kings

• Romans declared they would never again be ruled by a king!

• Romans establish a new government called a republic “res publica”-public affairs.

• Power rests with the citizens who vote to select leaders.

Early Roman RepublicEarly Roman Republic

• PatriciansPatricians-Wealthy landowners who held most of -Wealthy landowners who held most of the power. Inherited wealth and social status.the power. Inherited wealth and social status.

• PlebeiansPlebeians- Commoners, artisans, and - Commoners, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the merchants who made up the majority of the population. They were citizens of Rome who population. They were citizens of Rome who could vote.could vote.

• TribunesTribunes-representatives of the Plebeians who -representatives of the Plebeians who protected them from power of the Patricians.protected them from power of the Patricians.

So instead of a king, they had two consuls-this was the executive branch of the government.

• Each consul had to consult the other before acting and one could veto the other.

• Were patricians elected to one year terms

• Supreme commanders of the military

• Took care of daily affairs and kept other officials in line. Also presided over the Senate.

The Senate

• A body of 300 patricians from the wealthiest families.

• Served for life.

• Advised consuls, approved projects, did foreign policy.

• Was the main power in Rome.

The Twelve Tables

• The first written Roman law.

• Made around 450 BC in response to plebians’ complaints that the patricians were forming and interpreting laws to their own benefit.

• They were written down on 12 bronze tablets that were posted in the Roman forum.

Here’s a sampling from the Twelve Tables:

• If someone is called to go to court, he is to go. If he doesn't go, a witness should be called. Only then should he be captured. If he shirks or flees, he should be captured. If illness or old age is an impediment, let him be given a carriage. If he doesn't want it, it should not be covered.

• An obviously deformed child must be put to death.

• If a father sells his son into slavery three times, the son shall be free of his father.

• If a person dies intestate without heirs, the nearest male kinsman shall inherit. If there is no near male kinsmen, his clansmen shall inherit.

• If one has maimed another and does not buy his peace, let there be retaliation in kind.

• Someone who breaks another's bone by hand or club must pay 300 sesterces; for a slave, 150; if he has done simple harm against another, 25.

• No dead man may be cremated nor buried in the City.

• Marriages between plebeians and patricians are forbidden.

• Men in the army may not wed until training is complete.

• Someone who has brought a false claim shall be brought before three judges, and shall pay a double penalty.

RomeRome

• Expands through trade and conquest!Expands through trade and conquest!

• Romans defeat Etruscans in the North and Romans defeat Etruscans in the North and Greek City-States in the SouthGreek City-States in the South

• They now control the Italian Peninsula! They now control the Italian Peninsula!

• 265 B.C.E.265 B.C.E.

RomeRome

• Treatment of conquered territories varied, Treatment of conquered territories varied, but was lenient:but was lenient:

• Some given full citizenshipSome given full citizenship

• All rights except to voteAll rights except to vote

• ““Allies”-must send troops to Rome and Allies”-must send troops to Rome and could not make treaties with any other could not make treaties with any other state.state.

Rome-TradeRome-Trade

• Location of Rome essential to trade-Location of Rome essential to trade-merchants moved by land and seamerchants moved by land and sea

• Traded Roman wine and olive oil for other Traded Roman wine and olive oil for other foods, raw materials, and manufactured foods, raw materials, and manufactured goods from other landsgoods from other lands..

• Biggest competitor-CARTHAGEBiggest competitor-CARTHAGE!!

Carthage’s areas of influence before the First Punic War.

The Punic Wars (3 of them)The Punic Wars (3 of them)

• 264 B.C.-264 B.C.-11stst Punic War for control of Sicily Punic War for control of Sicily (grain growing) and control of western (grain growing) and control of western Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea..

• Lasted 23 yearsLasted 23 years

• Rome-VICTORRome-VICTOR!!

They weren’t all that far apart.

The Punic Wars (3 of them)The Punic Wars (3 of them)

• 218 B.C.-2218 B.C.-2ndnd Punic War Punic War• Hannibal (Carthage)-wanted revengeHannibal (Carthage)-wanted revenge!!• 50,000 infantry, 9000 cavalry, and 60 elephants.50,000 infantry, 9000 cavalry, and 60 elephants.• Went through Spain and France to cross Alps Went through Spain and France to cross Alps

and invade Rome.and invade Rome.• Defeated in 202 B.C. by Scipio Africanus Defeated in 202 B.C. by Scipio Africanus

(Rome)-attacked Carthage forcing Hannibal to (Rome)-attacked Carthage forcing Hannibal to return from Italy-return from Italy-VICTOR ROMEVICTOR ROME!!

The Punic Wars (3 of them)The Punic Wars (3 of them)

• 149-146 B.C.E.-3149-146 B.C.E.-3rdrd Punic War Punic War

• Carthage no longer threat, but Romans Carthage no longer threat, but Romans wanted revenge.wanted revenge.

• Siege of Carthage-set afire and its 50,000 Siege of Carthage-set afire and its 50,000 residents sold into slavery-land saltedresidents sold into slavery-land salted

ResultsResults

• Rome’s victory over Carthage gave it Rome’s victory over Carthage gave it control over the western Mediterraneancontrol over the western Mediterranean

• Rome then took over eastern half-Rome then took over eastern half-Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Anatolia.Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Anatolia.

• By 70 B.C.E. the empire stretched from By 70 B.C.E. the empire stretched from Anatolia to Spain!Anatolia to Spain!

• #2 on p. 145#2 on p. 145

Answer the Following Answer the Following Questions: 6.1Questions: 6.1

• How did geography affect the development How did geography affect the development of Rome?of Rome?

• Which were the main groups that competed Which were the main groups that competed for power in early Rome?for power in early Rome?

• What is the significance of the Twelve What is the significance of the Twelve Tables?Tables?

• What were the causes of the 1What were the causes of the 1stst Punic War? Punic War?

• What was the significance of the Punic What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome?Wars for Rome?

The Roman Empire brings The Roman Empire brings Change!Change!

• Problems with expansionProblems with expansion

• Gap between rich and poor!Gap between rich and poor!

• 1/3 of the population were slaves1/3 of the population were slaves

• Small farmers could not compete with Small farmers could not compete with large landownerslarge landowners

• Class tensions lead to collapse of the Class tensions lead to collapse of the Republic.Republic.

Gracchus BrothersGracchus Brothers

• Tiberius and GaiusTiberius and Gaius

• Their mother was the daughter of ScipioTheir mother was the daughter of Scipio

• Tribunes (Plebians)Tribunes (Plebians)

• Proposed reforms to help the poorProposed reforms to help the poor

• Both met violent deathsBoth met violent deaths

• Period of Civil War followed!Period of Civil War followed!

• Rise of politically powerful military leaders-Rise of politically powerful military leaders-Julius Caesar.Julius Caesar.

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

• At first, ruled with At first, ruled with CrassusCrassus and and PompeyPompey as as the first Triumviratethe first Triumvirate..

• Caesar-strong leader and military genius-Caesar-strong leader and military genius-conquered all of Gaul-popular with the conquered all of Gaul-popular with the people of Rome.people of Rome.

• Ordered by Senate to disband his legions Ordered by Senate to disband his legions and return home-he defies Senate and and return home-he defies Senate and leads a civil war against Pompey.leads a civil war against Pompey.

• Wins-appointed Dictator for Life by SenateWins-appointed Dictator for Life by Senate

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar• Rules with Absolute Power-total controlRules with Absolute Power-total control• Reforms:Reforms:• Citizenship to people in the provincesCitizenship to people in the provinces• Expanded the SenateExpanded the Senate• Helped poor by creating jobs through construction of Helped poor by creating jobs through construction of

new buildingsnew buildings• Started colonies so landless could have landStarted colonies so landless could have land• Increased pay for soldiers.Increased pay for soldiers.• Caesar assassinated in Senate chamber-Brutus Caesar assassinated in Senate chamber-Brutus

and Cassius-many troubled by his growing and Cassius-many troubled by his growing power and feared losing their own power!power and feared losing their own power!

The Second TriumvirateCivil War after death of Julius Caesar destroyed what was

left of the Republic

Antony & Antony & CleopatraCleopatraAntony-Kills Antony-Kills himself with a himself with a swordsword

Cleopatra-Cleopatra-Commits suicide Commits suicide (Poison/Asp)(Poison/Asp)

PAX ROMANAPAX ROMANA

• OctavianOctavian-The unchallenged ruler of Rome-The unchallenged ruler of Rome

• Becomes AUGUSTUS-The “exalted one”Becomes AUGUSTUS-The “exalted one”

• 27 B.C.E. to 180 C.E. – Peace reigned 27 B.C.E. to 180 C.E. – Peace reigned throughout the Empire “Pax Romana”throughout the Empire “Pax Romana”

• During this time:During this time:

• Empire was 3 million square miles, Empire was 3 million square miles, population of 60-80 million, 1 million in population of 60-80 million, 1 million in Rome itself!Rome itself!

p. 150-152p. 150-152• Who were the 5 “good” emperors? How did they appoint Who were the 5 “good” emperors? How did they appoint

their successors? Who were 3 of the “bad” emperors? their successors? Who were 3 of the “bad” emperors? What was wrong with them?What was wrong with them?

• What is the paterfamilias? What could he do?What is the paterfamilias? What could he do?• What rights did women have?What rights did women have?• How were female children named?How were female children named?• How was education different for boys and girls?How was education different for boys and girls?• How were government and religion linked?How were government and religion linked?• What are “bread and circuses?” Why were they What are “bread and circuses?” Why were they

necessary? By A.D. 250, how many holidays per year necessary? By A.D. 250, how many holidays per year were there?were there?