6.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

• IDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTSIDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTS• DESCRIBE HOW DATA IS DESCRIBE HOW DATA IS

REPRESENTEDREPRESENTED• CONTRAST MAINFRAMES, CONTRAST MAINFRAMES,

MINICOMPUTERS, SUPERCOMPUTERS, MINICOMPUTERS, SUPERCOMPUTERS, PCs, WORKSTATIONSPCs, WORKSTATIONS

**

6.2

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

• COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPUTER PROCESSING: COMPUTER PROCESSING: CLIENT/SERVER, NETWORKCLIENT/SERVER, NETWORK

• DESCRIBE MEDIA FOR STORING DESCRIBE MEDIA FOR STORING DATADATA

• COMPARE INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICESCOMPARE INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

• DESCRIBE MULTIMEDIA, TRENDSDESCRIBE MULTIMEDIA, TRENDS

**6.3

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESMANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

• WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?• CPU AND PRIMARY STORAGECPU AND PRIMARY STORAGE• COMPUTERS & COMPUTER COMPUTERS & COMPUTER

TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES• SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE• INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICESINPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES• INFO TECHNOLOGY TRENDSINFO TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

**6.4

INPUTDEVICES

SECONDARY STORAGE

PRIMARY STORAGE

COMPUTER COMPONENTSCOMPUTER COMPONENTSCPU

OUTPUT DEVICES

COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

BUSES

6.5

• BIT:BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/NotBinary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not• BYTE:BYTE: Group of bits for one characterGroup of bits for one character

– EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)

– ASCII- American Standard Code for ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)

• PARITY BIT:PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to extra bit added to each byte to help detect errorshelp detect errors

**

HOW CHARACTERS ARE STOREDHOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED

6.6

EXAMPLES OF BYTESEXAMPLES OF BYTES

C: 1100 0011 0C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1100 0011 1

A: 1100 0001 1A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0100 0001 0

T: 1110 0011 1T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 101 0100 1

Note how sum for each byte is an Note how sum for each byte is an EVENEVEN number number

**

EBCDICEBCDIC ASCII ASCII (assume even-parity system)(assume even-parity system)

6.7

COMPUTER TIMECOMPUTER TIME

MillisecondMillisecond .001 second thousand.001 second thousand 15min 40 sec15min 40 sec

MicrosecondMicrosecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days .001 millisecond million 11.6 days

Nanosecond .001microsecond billionNanosecond .001microsecond billion 31.7 years31.7 years

PicosecondPicosecond .001 nanosecond trillion.001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years31,700 years

**

NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECONDNAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND

# PER COMPARED# PER COMPARED

6.8

MEMORY SIZEMEMORY SIZE• KILOBYTE (KT): 2KILOBYTE (KT): 21010 bytes... 1024 bytes bytes... 1024 bytes• MEGABYTE (MB): 2MEGABYTE (MB): 21010 KB... “million” bytes KB... “million” bytes• GIGABYTE (GB): 2GIGABYTE (GB): 21010 MB... “billion” bytes MB... “billion” bytes• TERABYTE (TB): 2TERABYTE (TB): 21010 GB... “trillion” bytes GB... “trillion” bytes

**

6.9

COMPUTER GENERATIONSCOMPUTER GENERATIONS

1.1. VACUUM TUBES:VACUUM TUBES: 1946-19561946-1956

6.10

COMPUTER GENERATIONSCOMPUTER GENERATIONS

1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-19561. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956

2. TRANSISTORS:2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-19631957-1963

6.11

COMPUTER GENERATIONSCOMPUTER GENERATIONS

1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-19561. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956

2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-19632. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963

3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS:3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-19791964-1979

6.12

COMPUTER GENERATIONSCOMPUTER GENERATIONS

1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-19561. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956

2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-19632. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963

3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-19793. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979

4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS: (VLSI) CIRCUITS: 1980- PRESENT1980- PRESENT

**

6.13

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)(CPU)

RAMRAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGICARITHMETIC/LOGIC

UNITUNIT

ROMROMCLOCKCLOCK

6.14

BUSESBUSES

CPUCPUPRIMARYPRIMARY

STORAGESTORAGE

DATA BUSDATA BUS

ADDRESS BUSADDRESS BUS

CONTROL BUSCONTROL BUS

INPUT

DEVICES

OUTPUT

DEVICES

SECONDARY

STORAGE6.15

TYPES OF MEMORYTYPES OF MEMORY

• RAM :RAM : Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory– Dynamic: Dynamic: Changes thru processingChanges thru processing– Static: Static: Remains constant (power on)Remains constant (power on)

• ROM :ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)– PROM: PROM: Program can be changed onceProgram can be changed once– EPROM: EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet lightErasable thru ultraviolet light– EEPROM: EEPROM: Electrically erasableElectrically erasable

**

6.16

ADDRESSES IN MEMORYADDRESSES IN MEMORY

101101 102102 103103

201201

301301

202202 203203

302302 303303

Each location can hold one BYTEEach location can hold one BYTE

Each location has an ADDRESSEach location has an ADDRESS

6.17

ALU & CONTROL UNITALU & CONTROL UNIT

• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT:ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU CPU component performs logic and component performs logic and arithmetic operationsarithmetic operations

• CONTROL UNIT:CONTROL UNIT: CPU component CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of controls, coordinates other parts of computer systemcomputer system

**

6.18

I-CYCLE:I-CYCLE:

1. FETCH1. FETCH

2. DECODE2. DECODE

3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER

4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER

**

INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLEINSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE

6.19

E-CYCLE:E-CYCLE:

5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY 5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY TO STORAGE REGISTERTO STORAGE REGISTER

6. COMMAND ALU6. COMMAND ALU

7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION

8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR

**

INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLEINSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE

6.20

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERSCATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

• MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME

• MINICOMPUTERMINICOMPUTER

• PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)

• WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION

• SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTER

**

6.21

MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME

• LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTERLARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER

• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM

• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

• MASSIVE DATAMASSIVE DATA

• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONSCOMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS

**

MIPS: Millions of Instructions per secondMIPS: Millions of Instructions per second

6.22

MINICOMPUTERMINICOMPUTER

• MIDDLE-RANGEMIDDLE-RANGE• 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE

GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABSUNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR

FOR MAINFRAMEFOR MAINFRAME

**

6.23

• DESKTOP OR PORTABLEDESKTOP OR PORTABLE• 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128

MEGABYTES RAMMEGABYTES RAM• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERSPERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS• AFFORDABLEAFFORDABLE• MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTSMANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS• CAN BE NETWORKEDCAN BE NETWORKED

**

MICROCOMPUTERMICROCOMPUTER

6.24

WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION

• DESKTOP COMPUTERDESKTOP COMPUTER

• POWERFUL GRAPHICSPOWERFUL GRAPHICS

• EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIESEXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES

• MULTI-TASKINGMULTI-TASKING

• USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION (e.g.; CAD, ENGINEERING, FUNCTION (e.g.; CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS)GRAPHICS)

**6.25

SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP:TERAFLOP: TRILLION TRILLION

CALCULATIONS/SECONDCALCULATIONS/SECOND

• HIGHLY SOPHISTICATEDHIGHLY SOPHISTICATED

• COMPLEX COMPUTATIONSCOMPLEX COMPUTATIONS

• FASTEST CPUsFASTEST CPUs

• LARGE SIMULATIONSLARGE SIMULATIONS

• STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTSSTATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS

• EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE

**6.26

SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING

SEQUENTIAL PARALLELSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL

TASK 1

RESULT

TASK 2

RESULT

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPUTASK 2TASK 2

CPUCPUTASK 3TASK 3

CPUCPUTASK 1TASK 1

RESULTRESULT

6.27

VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPUVLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU• WORD LENGTH:WORD LENGTH: bits processed at one timebits processed at one time• MEGAHERTZ:MEGAHERTZ: one million cycles per secondone million cycles per second• DATA BUS WIDTH:DATA BUS WIDTH: bits moved between CPU & other bits moved between CPU & other

devicesdevices• REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTINGREDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):(RISC):

embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speedspeed

• MultiMedia eXtension (MMX):MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): enhanced Intel chip enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applicationsimproves multimedia applications

**

MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR

6.28

EXAMPLES OF EXAMPLES OF MICROPROCESSORSMICROPROCESSORS

6.29

NAME MICROPROCESSOR WORD DATA BUS CLOCK SPEEDMANUFACTURER LENGTH WIDTH (MHz)

80486 INTEL 32 32 20 - 10068040 MOTOROLA 32 32 25 - 40PENTIUM INTEL 32 64 75 - 200PENTIUM PRO INTEL 32 64 150 - 200PENTIUM (MMX) INTEL 32 64 166 - 233PENTIUM II INTEL 32 64 233 - 450PowerPC MOTOROLA, IBM, APPLE 32 64 100 - 400ALPHA DEC 64 64 600+PENTIUM III INTEL 64 64 500+

NAME USE80486 PCs68040 MAC QUADRAS

PENTIUM PCsPENTIUM PRO PCs

PENTIUM (MMX) MULTIMEDIAPENTIUM II HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS

PowerPC HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONSALPHA COMPAC & DEC WORKSTATIONS

PENTIUM III MULTIMEDIA

6.30

USES OF USES OF MICROPROCESSORSMICROPROCESSORS

• CENTRALIZED:CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITECOMPUTER SITE– ONE STANDARDONE STANDARD– GREATER CONTROLGREATER CONTROL

• DISTRIBUTED:DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKSCOMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS– MORE FLEXIBILITYMORE FLEXIBILITY– FASTER RESPONSEFASTER RESPONSE

**

CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTEDCENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED

6.31

• NETWORKED COMPUTERSNETWORKED COMPUTERS• CLIENT:CLIENT: user (PC, workstation, user (PC, workstation,

laptop) requires data, application, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not havecommunications it does not have

• SERVER:SERVER: component (computer) component (computer) having desired data, application, having desired data, application, communicationscommunications

**

CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER

6.32

CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS

DATA, SERVICE

USER INTERFACEUSER INTERFACE

APPLICATION APPLICATION

FUNCTIONFUNCTION

DATADATA

APPLICATION FUNCTIONAPPLICATION FUNCTION

NETWORK RESOURCESNETWORK RESOURCES

CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER

6.33

DOWNSIZINGDOWNSIZING

TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALLLARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL

• REDUCES COSTREDUCES COST

• SPEEDS RESULTS TO USERSPEEDS RESULTS TO USER

• COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BESTBEST

• COOPERATIVE PROCESSINGCOOPERATIVE PROCESSING

**6.34

NETWORK COMPUTERSNETWORK COMPUTERS

• NETWORK COMPUTER:NETWORK COMPUTER: simplified simplified desktop computer stores minimum data desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server)to function (uses server)

• TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIPTOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO):(TCO): total cost of owning technology total cost of owning technology resources (hardware, software, resources (hardware, software, upgrades, maintenance, technical upgrades, maintenance, technical support, training)support, training)

**6.35

•DISKDISK

•TAPETAPE

•OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE

**

SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE

6.36

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICEDIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE

• HARD DISK: Steel platter array for HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systemslarge computer systems

• RAID: Redundant array of RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive DisksInexpensive Disks

• FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PCPC

**

6.37

DISK PACK DISK PACK STORAGESTORAGE• LARGE SYSTEMSLARGE SYSTEMS

• RELIABLE STORAGERELIABLE STORAGE

• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATALARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA

• QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLEQUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE

• TYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKSTYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKS

• CYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACESCYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES

CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)

DISK 1DISK 1DISK 2DISK 2DISK 3DISK 3DISK 4DISK 4DISK 5DISK 5

READ/WRITEREAD/WRITEHEADSHEADS

6.38

TRACKS AND SECTORSTRACKS AND SECTORS

EACH TRACK HOLDSEACH TRACK HOLDSSAME AMOUNT OF DATASAME AMOUNT OF DATA

SECTORSECTOR

TRACKSTRACKS

DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0

STARTSTARTOFOFTRACKSTRACKS

6.39

• CD-ROM:CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES500-660 MEGABYTES

–LAND: LAND: flat parts of disk surfacflat parts of disk surface reflects e reflects lightlight

–PITS: PITS: small scratch on surface scatsmall scratch on surface scatters ters lightlight

• WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):–CD-R: CD-R: Compact Disk - RecordableCompact Disk - Recordable–CD-RW: CD-RW: CD - RewritableCD - Rewritable

• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD):DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of datagigabytes of data

**

OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE

6.40

• STANDARD FOR STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILESSEQUENTIAL FILES• SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH

FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)

• RECORD GROUPS: RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., (e.g., 10 records per block)10 records per block)

• GROUPS SEPARATED BY GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAPINTER-BLOCK GAP• RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIMERECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME

**

HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3

MAGNETIC TAPEMAGNETIC TAPE

6.41

• ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPEENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE

• USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDSRECORDS

• INEXPENSIVEINEXPENSIVE

• STORED IN SAFE LOCATIONSTORED IN SAFE LOCATION

• CAN BE REUSEDCAN BE REUSED

**

MAGNETIC CARTRIDGEMAGNETIC CARTRIDGE

6.42

PERIPHERAL DEVICESPERIPHERAL DEVICES

• POINTING DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES

• SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES

**

6.43

POINTING DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES

• KEYBOARDKEYBOARD• MOUSEMOUSE

– WIREDWIRED– INFRA-REDINFRA-RED– TRACKBALLTRACKBALL– TOUCH PADTOUCH PAD

• JOYSTICKJOYSTICK• TOUCH SCREENTOUCH SCREEN

**6.44

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION& PLACE OF TRANSACTION

• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR):OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): saves characters, formatsaves characters, format

• BAR CODE:BAR CODE: identifies products in stores, identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipmentswarehouses, shipments

• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTERMAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION RECOGNITION (MICR):(MICR): special ink identifies bank, account, special ink identifies bank, account, amountamount

**6.45

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• PEN-BASED INPUT:PEN-BASED INPUT: digitizes signaturedigitizes signature• DIGITAL SCANNER: translates images & DIGITAL SCANNER: translates images &

characters into digital formcharacters into digital form• VOICE INPUT DEVICES:VOICE INPUT DEVICES: converts spoken converts spoken

word into digital formword into digital form• SENSORS:SENSORS: devices that collect dat devices that collect data from a from

environment for computer input (e.g., environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)thermometers, pressure gauges)

**6.46

OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES

• CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)

• PRINTERPRINTER

• PLOTTERPLOTTER

• VOICE OUTPUT DEVICEVOICE OUTPUT DEVICE

• MULTIMEDIAMULTIMEDIA

**

6.47

DATA PROCESSINGDATA PROCESSING

• BATCH PROCESSING:BATCH PROCESSING: transaction data transaction data stored until convenient to process as a stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. actions.

• ON-LINE PROCESSING:ON-LINE PROCESSING: transaction data transaction data entered directly into system, constantly entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access updating files. Requires direct-access devices.devices.

**6.48

KEYBOARD INPUTBATCH OF TRANSACTIONS

SORTED TRANSACTION FILE

OLD MASTER FILE

NEW MASTER FILE

VALIDATE AND UPDATE

ERROR REPORTS

REPORTS6.50

BATCH PROCESSINGBATCH PROCESSING

ON-LINE PROCESSINGON-LINE PROCESSING

TRANSACTIONS

KEYBOARD

PROCESS / UPDATE

MASTER FILE

MASTER FILE

IMMEDIATE INPUT

IMMEDIATE PROCESSING

IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATE

6.50

TECHNOLOGY TRENDSTECHNOLOGY TRENDS

• INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIAINTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA• VIRTUAL REALITYVIRTUAL REALITY• ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEBENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB• SUPERCHIPSSUPERCHIPS• FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERSFIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS• MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERSMASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS• SMART CARDSSMART CARDS• MICROMINIATURIZATIONMICROMINIATURIZATION

**6.51

Connect to the INTERNETConnect to the INTERNET

PRESS LEFT MOUSE BUTTON ON ICON TO CONNECT TO THE LAUDON & LAUDON

WEB SITE FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS CHAPTER

6.52

6.53