6) UTRAN Introduction

8/3/2019 6) UTRAN Introduction

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Section 1 Pager 1All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009

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1 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009UTRAN introduction

9300 W-CDMAUA06 UTRAN Solution Description

TMO18024 Edition 1

Section 1UTRAN introduction

Welcome to this e-learning training about the Alcatel-Lucent UTRAN solution description.

You will find, next, the content and the objectives of this training.

At any time during the training, you can access the acronym list by clicking on the Attachments button at thetop right of the window.


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All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009

9300 W-CDMA UA06 UTRAN Solution DescriptionUTRAN introduction

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Objectives

Objectives:

To be able to describe the functions and the architecture of the UTRAN.

Content:

1.1 Situation

1.2 Functions

1.3 Functional Architecture

1.4 Protocols

1.5 Radio Interface Evolutions

In this introduction, we are going to situate the UTRAN in a UMTS system. We will present the role and the

architecture of this radio access network as defined by the 3GPP standard.

Then we will go into details about the protocols used to convey information over the UTRAN interfaces before

looking at the evolutions of the radio interface.


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1 UTRAN Introduction

1.1 Situation

What is the UTRAN and how is it located in a UMTS system?


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1.1 Situation

The Radio Access Network within Mobile Radio Systems

In a mobile radio system such as GSM or UMTS, the objective of a radio access network is to convey

information over the air interface between a Mobile Phone and the Core Network.

The Core Network manages the communication and enables to connect to another phone of the Public

Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) via the Circuit Core Network, or to Internet via the Packet Core Network.

Access Network domain plus the Core Network domain constitute the Infrastructure domain.

The Mobile Phone is standardized as a User Equipment (UE). The UE is made up of a Mobile Equipment (ME),

and a UMTS Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) that stores the identity of the subscriber. This card contains a

UMTS SIM part to access the 3G network, but also a GSM SIM module that enables a 3G phone to access 2G

networks.

UTRAN stands for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network.

As the access network of the UMTS, the UTRAN is responsible for the transfer of information over the air

interface between the Core Network and the User Equipment using terrestrial items of equipment.

All those domains have been defined precisely by the 3GPP standard in order to allow full compatibility

between manufacturers. Therefore, the UTRAN is interconnected with the Circuit-Switched domain and the

Packet-Switched domain respectively via the Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces.

The UTRAN is of course connected to the User Equipment via a radio interface named Uu interface. And inside

the User Equipment, the Cu interface defines the standardized interface between the Mobile equipment and

the UMTS SIM card.


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Core Network Functions (Reminder)

Call establishment

Mobility Management (management of user location)

Management of subscriber databases Providing support for services

Interconnection to external networks

1.1 Situation

Role of the Core Network

Before looking at the functions of the UTRAN, lets remind of the functions of the Core Network.

The Core Network is independent from the access network. Indeed, the 2 separated domains (Circuit Switched

and Packet Switched), reuse the infrastructure of GSM and GPRS respectively.

Compared to the UTRAN whose main function is to convey data over the air interface between the Core

Network and the User Equipment, the Core Network can be considered as the brain of the whole system.

It is responsible for the initiation and the management of a call establishment.

It is in charge of the network mobility management by keeping in memory the location of the user in the

network as well as information about the subscriber.

The Core Network also provides support for services, manages and negotiates the Quality of Service requested

by the UE for those services.

Finally, it manages the interconnection between the local radio access of a UE and external networks.

To perform those functions, the Core Network is made up of different entities.

The Home Location Register (HLR) is the home register of the subscriber. Subscription information, allowedservices, authentication information and localization of the subscriber are at all times stored in the HLR.

The Mobile services Switching Center (MSC) is a normal switch with extended functionalities to handlemobile subscribers. The basic function of the MSC is to switch speech and data connections between radio

access networks such as UTRAN and external non-mobile networks.

A Visitor Location Register (VLR) is associated to each MSC. The VLR can be associated with one or severalMSCs. The VLR stores data about all customers who are roaming within the location area of that MSC.

The Gateway MSC (GMSC) has a routing function. It is the gateway between the UMTS Mobile network andexternal Circuit-Switched networks such as PSTN.

The SGSN and GGSN are similar respectively to MSC/VLR and GMSC, but for the Packet-Switched domain.


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1.2 Functions

Now lets look at the functions of the UTRAN.


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1.2 Functions

UTRAN Telecom Main Functions

UTRAN Functions

Transfer of User Data (all classes of Traffic and Multimedia)

Overall system access control (CAC: Call Admission Control)

Radio resource management and control Mobility management (Soft handover, Hard Handover, Cell Change Order, etc.)

Ciphering

Broadcast services management

Focusing on the UTRAN, we could say that its basic function is the transfer of data between the Core Network

and the UE, whatever the type of data.

This means that compared to the Core, the UTRAN does not deal with applications requiring different

constraints, but rather with packets with a different Quality of service.

Therefore, the UTRAN is just a tool for the Core Network to access the UE over the air interface.

However, dealing with the radio interface is not so easy and other functions of the UTRAN obviously appear.

The Access Control answers the question: can we accept in the cell this new user with those characteristics of

handset, for this service, using this bit rate and so on?

The Radio Resource Management (RRM) and the Radio Resource Control (RRC) answer this other issue: When

the radio conditions are getting worse, how to modify the parameters of the communication or renegotiate

the requirement in order to keep the same Quality of Service?

User radio mobility is fully controlled by the UTRAN. This mainly includes managing the handovers, the SRNSrelocation or a cell change order. Be careful to differentiate user radio mobility performed by the UTRAN

with the network mobility performed by the Core Network to update the location of a user at network level.

Moreover, in order to protect the confidentiality of a communication over the air interface, user data

transmitted on the radio path are ciphered by the UTRAN.

Finally, the UTRAN also manages cell broadcast and multicast services such as the SMS.


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1.2 Functions

Example of Procedure: Call Setup CS, Mobile Originating

Lets see an example of a signaling procedure for a call establishment initiated by a mobile phone.

3 main entities are involved in this procedure: the User Equipment, the UTRAN and the Core Network.

As you already know, the UE discusses with the UTRAN over the Uu interface, and the UTRAN discusses with

the Core Network over the Iu interface.

First of all the UE establishes a signaling link with one Radio Network Controller (RNC) of the UTRAN. The

procedure is called RRC connection establishment.

Then the UE makes a "Request for a service". It is sent to the RNC through an RRC signaling message and the

RNC forwards the request to the MSC with a RANAP message.

At the next stage, the authentication and ciphering is performed between Core Network and UE.

At the call setup step, the UE indicates the bearer capability required for the call. The CN translates this

bearer capability into a basic service.

Upon reception of the Setup, the CN translates this bearer capability into a basic service with a RABallocation and Radio Bearer Allocation

Finally the "Alert" and Connect messages complete the call establishment process. The call can now start!


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1.2 Functions

Radio Access Bearer (RAB) (1/2)

We are going to see here what an RAB is.

In a system, network services (such as a voice call or an SMS) are considered as end-to-end. This means from a

User Equipment to another User Equipment.

An end-to-end service may have a certain Quality of Service (QoS) which is provided for the user, and it is the

user who decides whether or not he is satisfied with the provided QoS.

The UMTS Bearer Service has been defined to provide those UMTS QoSs.

The UMTS Bearer Service consists of two parts, the Radio Access Bearer Service and the Core Network Bearer

Service.

We are just going to focus on the Radio Access Bearer (also called RAB) as it is a service provided by the

UTRAN to the Core Network.

The Radio Access Bearer Service provides confidential transport of data between the UE and the Core networkwith the QoS adequate to the negotiated UMTS Bearer Service.

This service is based on the characteristics of the radio interface and is maintained for a moving user.

An RAB is itself supported by a Radio Bearer Service over the air interface, and an Iu Bearer Service over the

Iu interface.

As an example of bearer service to support a data transfer, the characteristics of the bearer could be a bit

rate of 9.6 kilo bits per second, without acknowledgment (so in transparent mode), using turbo codes to be

able to detect and correct errors, and so on.


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1.2 Functions

Radio Access Bearer (RAB) (2/2)

The RAB provides confidential transport of data between UEand CN with the appropriate QoS.

You can imagine an RAB as a tube provided by the UTRAN that allows to connect a user to the Core Network.

The aim of UMTS is to offer multimedia services. This implies that a UE can have at the same time a

connection with the Iu-CS domain and with the Iu-PS domain.

A UMTS bearer service is mapped on one or several RABs: each RAB can have its own QoS requirements

according to the negotiated UMTS bearer service.

Thanks to the Radio Bearer services and the Iu Bearer Services, an RAB must be flexible enough to support

different traffic types, activity levels, throughput rates, transfer delays and bit error rates. Those QoS

parameters may change during an active connection.


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Now lets see more in details the functional architecture with all the entities of the UTRAN.


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UTRAN Network Elements (NEs) and Interfaces

The UTRAN is composed of several Radio Network Subsystems (RNSs).

Each RNS is composed of only one Radio Network Controller (RNC).

Each RNC is linked to several Nodes B attached to it through an Iub interface.

Two RNSs can be linked together through an Iur interface in order to allow the sharing of radio resources. We

will see later in which cases this interface can be used.

One RNS is linked with the Core Network using the Iu interface. The Iu-CS interface interconnects one RNS to

the Circuit Core Network. The Iu-PS interface interconnects one RNS to the Packet Core Network.


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RNS, RNC and Node B Functions

RNS Functions

Allocation and release of radioresources to allow connections

between UE and UTRAN

RNC Functions

Control of radio resources in itsdomain

Control of UE connections

Service Access Point (SAP) forCN

Node B Functions

Radio transmission/reception

What are the functions of each entity?

The UTRAN consists of several Radio Network Subsystems. Each RNS performs the allocation and release of

specific radio resources to allow connections between the Mobile Terminal and the UTRAN. For example,

those resources include the transmit power of any element, scrambling codes, frequencies, etc.

The role of the RNC is almost the same as the RNS since the RNC is like the brain of the UTRAN.

So, the RNC controls the radio resources in its domain, meaning all the attached Nodes B. This function of the

RNC refers to its Controlling RNC part.

The controlling RNC has the overall control of the logical resources of its Node B and there is only one

controlling RNC per Node B.

The RNC also controls the user equipment connections. This function of the RNC refers to its Serving RNCpart. In this case, the function of the RNC is directly related to the users. And there is only one serving RNC

per user. For one user, the serving RNC can change depending on the location of this user.

Finally, the RNC is the element of the UTRAN which collects user data for transfer up to the Core Network.

So, we can say that the RNC is like a Service Access Point for the Core Network.

Regarding the Node B, it is much less clever than the RNC. However its simple function is crucial. Indeed, the

Node B is responsible for the radio transmission/reception in its cells of signals going to the mobile terminal

or coming from the mobile terminal.

The Node B also participates in the radio resource and mobility management.

RNC and Node B are sometimes designated by the generic name: Network Element (NE).


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Serving RNC Definition

What Do We Call a Serving RNC?

"Serving RNC" is one of the RNC functions.

There is one Serving RNC for each UE that

has a connection to the UTRAN. The Serving RNC is in charge of the radioconnection between a UE and the UTRAN.

The Serving RNC terminates the Iuinterface for the connected UE.

We have just seen the RNC working as a Controlling RNC for all its attached Nodes B.

One RNC can also work as a "Serving RNC" for a mobile user when it performs the transfer of user data and

user signaling for this user.

Here, we are going to detail the function of Serving RNC.

So, as soon as a UE is connected to the UTRAN, it means that one RNC and only one is working as Serving RNC

for this user.

The serving RNC manages radio resources (such as the mapping of RAB parameters onto the air interface,

handover decision or power control) and it terminates the protocols related to this user on both sides of the

RNC.

Therefore, it terminates both the signaling protocols and transport of the Iub link for the transport of user

data between the UE and the UTRAN. It also terminates both the Iu link for the user data and the

corresponding signaling protocol (RANAP) to or from the Core Network.

So, the Serving RNC (SRNC) "serves" a connection related to one UE, compared to the Controlling RNC (CRNC)

that controls a set of Nodes B, so related to one or more Nodes B.

Of course one RNC can be at the same time a Controlling RNC for several Nodes B and a Serving RNC for

several mobile users.


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Case of Hard HO

One radio link at a time

At this point we will recall different possibilities of handover in UMTS, in order to introduce the third function

of the RNC.

In this example, a mobile with one radio link is connected to the UMTS network. At the limit of the UMTS

coverage, the UE is going to hand over a GSM cell and thus it cannot keep the two links simultaneously.

If a mobile changes of frequency or of system, the network needs to allocate new resources in the target cell

and to release the UE link in the source cell: its a Hard Handover.


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Case of Softer HO

Cell ACell A

Cell B

As all cells are working on the same frequency, youcan take advantages of the diversity paths.

In this second example, the UE sets up a radio link on the cell A of the Node B and is then connected to the

"Serving RNC".

As the frequency used in all the Node B sectors is the same, it is easy for the mobile to add a radio link

through the cell B.

This new link must be considered as an additional diversity path, increasing the gain of your signal.

A case where the active cells belong to the same node B is called a SOFTER Handover.

It allows us to recombine both signals, directly at the physical layer within the Node B.


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What Do We Call a Drift RNC?

"Drift RNC" is the third RNC function.

A Drift RNC offers its radio resource to a serving RNC for a given user.

Serving and Drift RNCs manage inter-RNC handovers through Iur.


Drift RNC Definition: Case of Soft HO

DriftRNC

The soft HO is similar to the softer HO we have just described, but now the UE is linked to 2 different Nodes

B.

If the Node B belongs to another RNC than the serving one, then this RNC is called the Drift RNC.

This third function of the RNC allows us to provide the UE with radio resources and the communication is still

managed by the serving RNC. The Drift RNC acts as a switch relay.

We see here the utility of the Iur interface between 2 RNCs: to allow a Serving and a Drift RNC to perform

inter-RNC handovers.


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1.4 Protocols

Now, lets see how it works at protocols level.


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1.4 Protocols

Radio Protocols: UE RNC Communication

RNC

RRCRLC

MAC

Physical

(WCDMA)

Physical

(WCDMA)

Iub-FP

Transport

layer

Physical

Iub-FP

Transport

layer

Physical

RRCRLC

MAC

Logical channels

Transport channels

Logical channels

Transport channels

User Plane User PlaneControl

Plane

Control

Plane

RNC


Plane

Control

PlaneUser Plane User Plane

Iub-FP

Transport

layer

Physical

Iub-FP

Transport

layer

Physical

RLC

Logical channels

MAC

Transport channels

Physical

(WCDMA)

Physical

(WCDMA)

Transport channels

MAC

Logical channels

RLC

RNC


Plane

Control

PlaneUser Plane User Plane

RRC

Iub-FP

Transport

layer

Physical

Iub-FP

Transport

layer

Physical

RRCRLC

Logical channels

MAC

Transport channels

Physical

(WCDMA)

Physical

(WCDMA)

Transport channels

MAC

Logical channels

RLC

Lets look first at the radio protocols. Radio protocols are used to exchange signaling and traffic data between the UE and the UTRAN,

mainly the RNC.Here is a common representation of protocols called a protocol stack.

In a protocol stack, the higher layer of protocols close to the services is represented at the top. Below this layer, other protocols are

applied to the data in order to pass through the network as well and as quickly as possible.

Each protocol has specific functions. We are going to describe each one briefly.

Lets begin with the user plane in the higher layer of the Access stratum of the UE. No protocols are usually used at this level in order to

transmit a voice call. Regarding the transfer of data, 2 different protocols can be applied.

The Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) allows to compress the header of IP packets.

The Broadcast/Multicast Control protocol (BMC) allows to broadcast messages such as SMS to all users of a cell for example.

Then, the Radio Link Control protocol (RLC) controls the link. For example, the RLC protocol can apply a retransmission algorithm toinsure the reception of a frame, or perform segmentation of big packets.

The output of the RLC protocol down to the MAC layer is called a logical channel.

The Medium Access Control layer (MAC) has a very important role regarding the resource management. Indeed, the MAC layer

multiplexes logical channels between each other in order to optimize the size of the radio frame sent over the air interface.

The result is called a transport Channel.

Once in the Physical layer, those channels are multiplied by the codes, modulated, multiplied by the carrier frequency, etc to be sent

over the air interface and received by the Node B.

At the Node B, the physical layer filters around the carrier frequency, demodulates and re-multiplies by the codes to rebuild thetransport channels which are then, mapped on to protocols such as the Iub Frame Protocol, for the transport up to the RNC.

A new physical layer allows to map those transport frame onto the medium which can be an optical fiber for example.

Up to the RNC, transport channels are rebuilt again, then the MAC layer demultiplexes them to rebuild the logical channels.

Eventually, the RLC layer will concatenate or ask for a retransmission.

And finally, the voice can be decoded or in case of data transfer, the PDCP protocol will be used to decompress the IP header of IPpackets.

Now if we look at the transmission of a signaling message. First, the Radio Resource Control protocol (RRC) will be used.

Indeed, the RRC protocol provides information transfer upper to the Non-Access Stratum and controls the configuration of the radio

interfaces through lower layers.

Otherwise, nothing changes for the transmission of RRC messages.

RRC messages go down the different layers: RRC, MAC, Physical layer, over the air interface, mapped on ATM cells in the Node B and then

up to the RRC protocol of the RNC to be treated.


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1.4 Protocols

Network Protocols Based on IP Transport

Possible evolution oftransport interfaces

in UA06:

A smooth evolution from the ATM Transport Backbone to an IP Transport backbone is possible thanks to the

introduction of the Release UA06.

This evolution enables to carry high load of DATA traffic, such as an Internet call, through a cost-effective

backbone based on IP over Ethernet.

The Iub and the Iu-PS interfaces can be deployed with such a technology. We will cover this point in deeper

detail later in this training.


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Let's examine how the radio interface has evolved.


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HSDPA: What For?

HSDPA Standardized by 3GPP R5

HSDPA is designed to:

Increase the Downlink data throughput over the air interface (theoretical peak user bit

rate = 14.4Mbps). Provide instantaneous high data rates in the PS domain (e.g., Internet browsing, videoon demand).

HSDPA could be deployed in both FDD and TDD modes.

DL

UL

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) has been standardized by 3GPP R5. It aims at increasing

significantly the downlink data throughput up to 14.4 Mega bits per second at the physical layer. It is based ontechniques such as Adaptive Modulation and Hybrid ARQ to achieve such high data throughput, and peakrates and reduce delay.HSDPA relies on a new type of transport channel, the HS-DSCH, which is terminated in the Node B. HS-DSCH is

applicable only on PS domain RABs.


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HSDPA: How Does It Work?

How is HSDPA able to provide higher spectral efficiency with the same radio resources(5MHz BW, power, frequency, codes)?

One can wonder how with the same frequency bandwidth, transmitters power and OVSFs, HSDPA is able to

achieve such high performance.HSDPA is using a "smarter Radio Management" with both QPSK and 16 QAM modulation techniques.

The Transmission Time Interval (TTI) is shortened to 2ms to achieve short round trip delay between theNode B and the terminal, compared to 10, 20 or 40-ms TTI defined in release 99.

Users are code & time multiplexed. One user can get various number of codes depending on thescheduling strategy implemented.

As stated previously, the maximum data rate is 14.4Mbps. This maximum theoretical throughput can be

allocated either to one user having 15 codes allocated or it can be divided between several users. If QPSK is

used, the maximum theoretical throughput cannot be achieved. If one user gets all the 15 codes, then only

one modulation (either QPSK or 16-QAM) is used on all the codes.

Fast scheduling is an important part of Radio Resource Management. The choice of the Fast Packet

Scheduling strategy has an influence on achievable cell throughput.For example, a fair scheduler will provide fairness regarding user throughput, but will decrease the overall

cell throughput. A scheduler based on channel quality will maximize the cell throughput, favor the UE close

to the Node B despite of other users at the edge of the cell.


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HSDPA: New Functionalities of the Node B

Ok, at the next TTI, I will allocate theradio resources as follows:

UE 3: 6 codes (SF=16) 16-QAM modulation Coding rate of 3/4

UE 12: 4 codes (SF=16) QPSK modulation Coding rate of 1/2

UE 4: nothing UE 6: nothing

MAC-hs

With HSDPA, a new MAC layer is implemented inthe Node B (MAC-hs):

To save transmission time as most of theretransmission can be done from the Node B.

To schedule rapidly users with the radioresources (every 2ms).

A new MAC layer called Medium Access Control high speed (MAC-hs) is implemented in the Node B. The

choice to implement this protocol stack in the Node B rather than the RNC as for the MAC-d, MAC-c, MAC-shand MAC-b is to reduce packet transmission time. Hence most packet retransmission can be done from the

Node B. User scheduling is efficient as the TTI duration is reduced for MAC-hs to 2 milliseconds.


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HSUPA: What For?

HSUPA Standardized by 3GPP R6

HSUPA is designed to increase the uplink data throughput over the air interface theoreticalpeak user bit rate (5,7 Mbps).

3GPP Release 6

Throughput&

Capacity

HSUPA

Uplink

DedicatedChannels

HighThroughputs

High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is introduced by 3GPP in release 6 with the aim to improve the

Uplink (UL) data rate.

HSUPA is characterized by a high data rate for PS calls over the UL air interface.


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HSUPA: How Does It Work?

How is HSUPA able to provide higher spectral efficiency with the same radio resources

(5MHz BW, power, frequency, codes)?

HSUPATechnology

Fast Scheduling(every 10ms mandatory; 2ms

optional at the NodeB)

QPSK Modulation(2 BPSK)

Uplink Function inthe Node B

(RRM and Noise Rise)

Fast retransmissionmechanism(Hybrid-ARQ)

E-DCH(an enhanced Dedicated

channel)

The 3GPP objectives are to improve the performance of uplink dedicated transport channels by scheduling

the Uplink UE data rates depending on the interference and on the Node B processing resources, whileincreasing the radio interface robustness with the HARQ protocol associated with TTI of 2ms and 10ms.

HSUPA is not only an HSDPA for the reverse link.

Of course, some of the mechanisms are inspired by the HSDPA solution (HARQ process, Incremental

Redundancy, Scheduling) but more generally HSUPA is an enhancement of classical dedicated channels.

Such new UL channels will be called in the following slide, E-DCH channels.


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HSUPA: Increase of UL Capacity

New UL High Bit Rate Transport Channel: E-DCH

E-DCH coupled with HSDPAenhances the spectral

efficiency.

DCH

DTCHDCCH

DPCCH

UL DL DL

Logical

Transport

Physical DPCCH HS-PDSCH

HS-DSCH

HS-SCCH HS-DPCCH

Signaling

SRBMobile i

DTCH

Traffic

TRBMobile b

E-DCH

UL

Traffic

TRBMobile i

E-DPDCH

E-HICH E-DPCCH

E-AGCH E-RGCH

DCCH

The introduction of new UL channels allows high bit rate and global quick resources sharing is useful to map

as a first step the best effort UL traffic (i.e., Interactive/Background traffic on E-DCH) keeping for DCH the ULConversational/Streaming traffic class.

A specific E-DCH transport channel is defined. As the classical DCH transport channel, it allows to offer

transport services to higher layers.

E-DCH network introduction while being coupled with HSDPA (for which the same basic segmentation has been

done DL Conversational/Streaming on DCH and DL Interactive/Background on HSDPA) enhances the spectral

efficiency of UMTS technology versus live uneven traffic.

Indeed, E-DCH/HSDPA maximizes the number of high data rate users from an air interface standpoint whileminimizing the UL/DL service delay.

By principle, E-DCH with HSDPA dynamically adapts and maximizes the peak data rate of each subscriber

according to cell load and UTRAN resource availability.


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HSUPA: New Functionalities of the Node B

MAC-e

Radio Resource Management and Noise Rise Management are handled in the Node B.

HSUPA impacts the MAC layer implemented in the Node B (MAC-e):

To save transmission time as most of the retransmission can be done from the Node B. To schedule rapidly users with the radio resources (every 10 or 2ms).

Node BE-DCH over E-DPDCHs

RNC

Ok, at the next TTI,I will allocate

the radio resources.

The Node B supports several HSUPA functions which are fast scheduling at Node B level, fast retransmission of

data, QPSK modulation (2 BPSK), Uplink Noise Rise Management in the Node B and Uplink resourcemanagement in the Node B.

To perform those functions, a new MAC layer called MAC-e is introduced in the Node B.


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Quiz maker


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End of ModuleUTRAN introduction

6) UTRAN Introduction

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