6 the Developing Person

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The Developing PersonThe Developing Person

Chapter 4 135-191Chapter 4 135-191


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Major issues of

Development Nature vs Nurture Genetics or Environment

Continuity vs stages

Do we have distinct and separate stages ofdevelopment or do the various elements blendas we move through time?

Stability vs change Do things like temperament change with age or

do they remain fundamentally the same all ourlives?


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Prenatal Development Conception Zygote up to 2 weeks, simple cell

division followed by differentiation Embryo 2-8 weeks organs begin toform

Fetus 9 weeks to birth starts tolook human


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Teratogens The fetus is connected to the mother viathe umbilical cord and placenta. Harmfulchemicals such as alcohol and viruses canpass from the mother to fetus in thewomb called teratogens. Too muchexposure to alcohol can cause Fetal

Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and lead tomental retardation.


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Newborn Skills Newborns are born with basicsurvival skills such as the rooting

reflex which helps them get food. They also respond to faces, their

mothers voices, scents, etc.


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Infant Brain

Development Biological development underliespsychological development.

Early memories are not possibleup to around 3 years becausethe neural networks have not

been established to hold them. As networks grow and form,

infants develop their skills


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Cognitive Development ean iaget create t e oun ation orunderstanding cognitive development wehave today.

Schemas your idea of what something is Assimilate to interpret new informationwithin your schema.

Accommodate changing our schema to fit

new information. http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.ph
http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Piaget%27s_Stageshttp://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Piaget%27s_Stages


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Piagets Stages of

Cognitive Development


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Sensorimotor Stage 1-2 years infants world is filledwith sensation, live in the right now.

Lack sense of Object Permanence Modern research suggests thatinfants do have some ability to thinksupporting a continuity theory overPiagets stage theory.


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Preoperational Stage Up to age 6-7 Children are too young to perform

mental operations such as

conservation. Children are egocentric they cannotsee the world through anyonesviewpoint but their own.

They begin to develop a theory ofmind realize other people haveseparate minds, feelings, etc.

Autism often appears around this age autism is marked by a deficiency inthe theory of mind.


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Concrete Operational Fully understand conservation andmathematical transformations

Ages 6-7


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Formal Operational

Stage By age 12 children can expand theirmind from the purely concrete to

abstract thinking. If, then thinking is easily solved


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Child Social Development Soon after object permanence andmobility appears infants develop a

fear of strangers stranger anxiety Infants will cling to parents, be upset

when separated and happy when

reunited. This is called emotionalbond is called attachment.


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Harlows Mothers Harlow discovered that monkeysprefer contact and attachment to

fake cloth monkey mothers evenmore so than being near food. Hisdiscovery highlights the importanceof social interaction in some speciesincluding our own.


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Attachment Some species attach dramatically during acritical period.

Ducks will imprint, or attach themselves to

the first living thing they see when theyare born and will follow them around therest of their lives.

Humans do not have a critical period butthey do require interaction to fully developand function normally.


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Attachment Ainsworth Sensitive mothersand fathers usually havesecurely attached infants: arelikely to explore, be anxious if

parents leave but notuncontrollably upset.

Insensitive, unresponsiveparents often have infants with

insecure attachments: Shyness,anxiety, will cry if parent leaves


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Effects of Attachment Secure attachment predicts socialcompetence.

Erik Erikson theorized that infants needto form a basic trust during earlyattachment periods in order to be able tolive a life of trust rather than fear.

Attachment is the most important socialachievement for infants.


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Self Concept Self concept is themost importantsocial achievementfor children.

Self concept is asense of ones

identity andpersonal worth.


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Self Concept Psychologists have pinpointed the point atwhich children begin to have a self conceptby how they behaving seeing their ownimage in a mirror. It starts about 15-18months.

Children with positive self concepts are

more confident, independent, optimistic,assertive, and sociable.


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Child Rearing Practices How does parentingaffect selfconcept?

There are threebasic parentingstyles when itcomes to

controllingchildren.


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Parenting Styles Authoritarian Parents impose rules andexpect obedience: Dont interrupt, dontstay out late or youre grounded why?Because I said so.

Permissive Parents submit to theirchildrens demands, hardly use punishment,

and do not make many demands of theirchildren.


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Parenting styles Authoritative Parents are bothdemanding and responsive. They

exert control by setting rules andenforcing them by also by explainingthe reasons and, especially with olderchildren, encouraging open discussionand allowing reasonable exceptions.


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Adolescence Adolescence is the transitionbetween childhood to adulthood

extending from puberty toindependence.

Western society, the US in

particular has been noticing a trendthat puberty is starting earlier


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Adolescence Scientists believe that this isprimarily because of improvednutrition in our diet.

As puberty has come younger,education requirements demand thatour adult lives begin later and later.

The gap that has been created bymodern western society is now calledadolescence, something that didntexist up to just a few hundred yearsago.


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Adolescence Erikson has labeledthe teen years as atime when wesearch foridentity.


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Physical Development Adolescence begins with Puberty, thetime if sexual maturation.

-Rapid development of Primary andSecondary sex characteristics

The sequence of maturation is morepredictable than the timing of it.


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Cognitive Development Up until puberty the brain is rapidlygrowing neural connections

As puberty begins the brain starts to

eliminate neural connections it isntusing. - What we dont use we lose.

The Frontal Lobe is still developingduring the teen years and early 20s,however the limbic system is fullydeveloped.

What behavior does this explain that iscommon amongst teenagers?


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Cognitive Development Adolescence ability to reason givesthem a new level of social awareness.

As teens begin to think aboutthinking, they think about otherpeoples thinking, and think about

what other people think about THEM.


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Cognitive Development Teens often will use their newreasoning to envision ideal situationsand can become very critical of theworld, parents, and themselves.

When they achieve formaloperations, they can think

abstractly, they will seek deeperconnections to existence, and usetheir improved reasoning andhypothetical analysis to see flaws inother peoples actions and hypocrisy.


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Developing Morality To be a moral person (have strengthof character) you must be able to

think morally and act accordingly. Therefore you must be able to

reason and control your impulses and

actions.


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Kohlbergs Moral

Development Preconventional Morality Up to age9 the Morality of self interest, you

obey so that you are not punished. Conventional Morality Some care

for others, follows laws or rules

because they exist and allow forsocial approval.


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Kohlbergs Moral

Development Postconventional Morality Usingabstract reasoning or formal

operational thought. Following yourown ethical principles or ideals orreasoning out agreed upon rights forpeople.


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Moral Judgment Moral judgment can elicit emotionalresponses so it is not simply reason

that makes us moral. Moral action requires, thinking,

feeling, and acting. To teach

morality we must teach reasoning,empathy, and self-discipline.


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Eriksons Stages of

Psychosocial Development Erikson theorized that in each stageof development people had a crisis

that need to be resolved.


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Identity According to Erikson teens try differentselves in different situations. At somepoint they solidify their sense of self.

Adolescence can also assume an identitythat is given to them by parents orculture, or they can form a negativeidentity that defines itself as an opposite

of parents and society and in conformitywith some other group.


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Intimacy In young adulthood people struggle withdeveloping the capacity for emotionallyclose relationships, this happens after youhave a clear comfortable sense of who youare.

Much research has been done that

suggests that this task is something thatwomen spend much more time on than men.


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Separation from Parents Adolescence marks a time when teensseek independence from their

parents. Having fun is somethingchildren look to do more with theirpeers than with family.

How important is your family to you?


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Adulthood Physical

Development Physical Development Declinesafter mid 20s, exercise and eatinghabits are more important forcontrol of health.

Fertility rate goes down Menopause

Dementia and Alzheimers


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Intelligence Testing Cross Sectional Testing shows asharp decline in intelligence as age

progresses. (testing all age groups atonce)

However, Longitudinal studies show

more stability. (testing same peopleover many years)


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Intelligence testing Crystallized Intelligence accumulated knowledge and skills can

improve with age Fluid Intelligence Ability to reason

speedily and abstractly declines with

age


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Social Development The Social Clock culturallypreferred timing of social events

Freud said a healthy adulthood isdefined by someone who can love andwork.


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Reflections on Stability

vs Change Re-Read page 189 190

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