6 S’s or Causes of the Civil War

6 S’s or Causes of the 6 S’s or Causes of the Civil WarCivil WarSLAVERYSLAVERY

SLAVERYSLAVERYSS The South’s economy was based The South’s economy was based

on agricultural; therefore, there was on agricultural; therefore, there was a high demand/need for slaves.a high demand/need for slaves.

NN The North was highly The North was highly industrial and

had an enormous immigrant population to work in its factories.

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SLAVERYSLAVERYSS The South was The South was TERRIFIEDTERRIFIED that that

government leaders in the North would government leaders in the North would try to abolish slavery and therefore try to abolish slavery and therefore change their very way of life. change their very way of life.

NN However, Northern government However, Northern government

officials at the time were not interested officials at the time were not interested in ending slavery in the slave states, in ending slavery in the slave states, but instead in keeping newly admitted but instead in keeping newly admitted states from becoming slave states.states from becoming slave states.

1860

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TURN TO PG. 366 in your TURN TO PG. 366 in your

textbook . textbook .

- We will be reading about an - We will be reading about an event in US History known as event in US History known as The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise

SLAVERYSLAVERY THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE



The first official disagreement over The first official disagreement over new territories being free or slave new territories being free or slave came in 1820.came in 1820.

By the end of 1819, there were 11 By the end of 1819, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states. free states and 11 slave states.

In 1820, two new states, Maine and In 1820, two new states, Maine and Missouri, wanted to enter the Missouri, wanted to enter the Union.Union.




Congress had to decide whether to Congress had to decide whether to admit them in as free states or admit them in as free states or slave states.slave states.

An amendment was introduced in An amendment was introduced in the House by James Tallmadge, a the House by James Tallmadge, a New York Representative, to ban New York Representative, to ban slavery in Missouri.slavery in Missouri.

At the time, Missouri had about At the time, Missouri had about 2,000 slaves.2,000 slaves.




When the amendment was voted When the amendment was voted on, it passed in the House.on, it passed in the House.

In the Senate, where the amount of In the Senate, where the amount of slave state representatives was slave state representatives was equal to the amount of free states equal to the amount of free states representatives, there was a tie.representatives, there was a tie.

A heated battle started between A heated battle started between the representatives from the the representatives from the Northern and Southern states.Northern and Southern states.




A compromise was reached:A compromise was reached:

Missouri Compromise –– – Maine would enter the Union as a free Maine would enter the Union as a free

state and Missouri would enter as a state and Missouri would enter as a slave state. slave state.

– It stated that there would be no slavery It stated that there would be no slavery north of the 36’30’ degree latitude line. north of the 36’30’ degree latitude line. This included any lands west of the This included any lands west of the southern boundary of Missouri.southern boundary of Missouri.

COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER!COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER!

SLAVERYSLAVERY THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE CLICK LINK ABOVE FOR INTERACTIVE

FLASH MAP

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In 1850, the issue of slavery came up In 1850, the issue of slavery came up again.again.

There were 15 slave states and 15 free states.There were 15 slave states and 15 free states. California had been settled heavily from the California had been settled heavily from the

Gold Rush and wanted to be admitted to the Gold Rush and wanted to be admitted to the Union as a free state.Union as a free state.

This would throw off the balance between slave This would throw off the balance between slave and free states.and free states.

This debate became known as “The Great This debate became known as “The Great Debate,” andDebate,” and Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed a compromise.proposed a compromise.

SLAVERYSLAVERY THE COMPROMISE OF 1850THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850 – – 1.) California would enter as a free state 1.) California would enter as a free state 2.) Slave trading was ended in 2.) Slave trading was ended in

Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C. 3.) Organized the Utah and New Mexico 3.) Organized the Utah and New Mexico

territories and would allow them to territories and would allow them to determine whether or not to become slave determine whether or not to become slave or free statesor free states

4.) Strengthened the 1793 Fugitive Slave 4.) Strengthened the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act Act

SLAVERYSLAVERY THE COMPROMISE OF 1850THE COMPROMISE OF 1850CLICK LINK ABOVE FOR INTERACTIVE

FLASH MAP

The issue of slavery came up again The issue of slavery came up again in 1854.in 1854.

More lands were being settled west More lands were being settled west of Missouri and those areas of Missouri and those areas wanted to be admitted to the wanted to be admitted to the Union.Union.

SLAVERYSLAVERY THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACTTHE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

Stephen Douglas of Illinois Stephen Douglas of Illinois

brought about passage of the brought about passage of the…… Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act - -

This stated that any territory wantingThis stated that any territory wanting

admittance to the Union would be admittance to the Union would be

able to decide whether to enter as a able to decide whether to enter as a

free of slave state.free of slave state.

COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER!COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER!

SLAVERYSLAVERY THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACTTHE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACTCLICK LINK ABOVE FOR INTERACTIVE

FLASH MAP

This angered many northerners because This angered many northerners because this changed the decision of the Missouri this changed the decision of the Missouri Compromise.Compromise.

The battle became very heated as The battle became very heated as abolitionist promised to send abolitionist promised to send freesoilersfreesoilers, or , or people against slavery, into Kansas and people against slavery, into Kansas and Nebraska with guns to oppose slavery, Nebraska with guns to oppose slavery, while proslavery people promised to send while proslavery people promised to send men to fight for slavery.men to fight for slavery.

This resulted in so much bloodshed in This resulted in so much bloodshed in Kansas, that it became known as “Bleeding Kansas, that it became known as “Bleeding Kansas”Kansas”


Congress rejected Kansas’s bid for Congress rejected Kansas’s bid for admittance as a slave state. admittance as a slave state.

This made the southern states This made the southern states realize that northern votes could realize that northern votes could keep slave states from entering the keep slave states from entering the Union.Union.


Missouri Compromise of 1820

Compromise of 1850

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1. Maine admitted as free state and Missouri admitted as a slave state

2. The measure of prohibited slavery north or 36’20’ latitude

1. Admitted California as a free state,

2. Organized the Utah and New Mexico territories,

3. Abolished the slave trade, in Washington, D.C.

4. Strengthened the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act (e.g., alleged fugitive slaves were not permitted to testify in their own defense and the trial commissioner was paid $10 for a conviction, only $5 for an acquittal).

1. Created territories of Nebraska and Missouri under clause of popular sovereignty

Dred ScottDred Scott

In 1834, Dred Scott was taken by In 1834, Dred Scott was taken by his owner from a slave state of his owner from a slave state of Missouri to a free state of Illinois, Missouri to a free state of Illinois, and later to Wisconsin, another and later to Wisconsin, another free state.free state.

When returning to Missouri, Scott When returning to Missouri, Scott filed a lawsuit claiming his freedom.filed a lawsuit claiming his freedom.

SLAVERYSLAVERY DRED SCOTTDRED SCOTT

He said that he should be free since he had He said that he should be free since he had lived in a free state. lived in a free state.

Abolitionist raised enough money to take the Abolitionist raised enough money to take the case to the U.S. Supreme Court.case to the U.S. Supreme Court.

The court said that he could not sue The court said that he could not sue because he was a slave (nothing more than because he was a slave (nothing more than personal property) and not a US citizen.personal property) and not a US citizen.

The court also stated that Congress had no The court also stated that Congress had no right to stop slavery in western territories -- right to stop slavery in western territories -- like they had done with Kansas.like they had done with Kansas.

SLAVERYSLAVERY DRED SCOTTDRED SCOTT

SLAVERYSLAVERY JOHN BROWN’S RAIDJOHN BROWN’S RAID

John was an abolitionist that hated John was an abolitionist that hated slavery.slavery.

He wanted to help the slaves to He wanted to help the slaves to freedom, so he planned a raid.freedom, so he planned a raid.

He needed lots of guns and He needed lots of guns and ammunition, so he and his ammunition, so he and his followers raided a federal arsenal followers raided a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginiaat Harpers Ferry in Virginia..


They killed the mayor They killed the mayor and made prisoners of and made prisoners of forty citizens in forty citizens in Harper’s Ferry, Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. They then Virginia. They then took over a building at took over a building at a railroad station.a railroad station.

Within 24 hours, Within 24 hours, troops led by Colonel troops led by Colonel Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee captured Brown.captured Brown.


He was taken to court and charged He was taken to court and charged with treason and was sentenced to be with treason and was sentenced to be hanged.hanged.

He said that he was happy to die for He said that he was happy to die for God’s eternal truth.God’s eternal truth.

Southerners saw him as a murderer Southerners saw him as a murderer and were afraid that others would and were afraid that others would follow his example.follow his example.

Northerners didn’t like the killings but Northerners didn’t like the killings but thought he was a hero.thought he was a hero.


“I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think vainly, flattered myself that,

without very much bloodshed, it might be done.” - last words in a letter to a jailor

22ndnd S of the Civil War: S of the Civil War: SECTIONALISMSECTIONALISM

• The belief that one’s own section or region’s interests or values are more important than another region’s interests.


NN The North believed that, in order for the The North believed that, in order for the

US to function as one nation, the laws US to function as one nation, the laws created by federal government should be created by federal government should be followed by all states and that only the followed by all states and that only the Supreme Court could overturn (change or Supreme Court could overturn (change or do away with) federally-created laws.do away with) federally-created laws.


SS The South believed in The South believed in state’s rightsstate’s rights. They . They

believed that states had the right to govern believed that states had the right to govern themselves and to decide what would be best themselves and to decide what would be best for their own needs and situation.for their own needs and situation.– A politician from Maine or New York couldn’t A politician from Maine or New York couldn’t

possible understand or care about GA. possible understand or care about GA. The South also believed in The South also believed in nullification. nullification. This means that if a state finds a federal This means that if a state finds a federal law unfair or unconstitutional they can declare it law unfair or unconstitutional they can declare it invalid and not obey it.invalid and not obey it.

33rdrd S of the Civil War: S of the Civil War:

STYLESTYLE

StyleStyle: : Short for lifestyle. The lifestyles Short for lifestyle. The lifestyles

of the north was very different from the south.of the north was very different from the south.

33rdrd S of the Civil War: S of the Civil War: STYLESTYLENNHad several large cities with museums, Had several large cities with museums, operas, lectures and theater. People might operas, lectures and theater. People might spend afternoons at large dinner parties or spend afternoons at large dinner parties or dances.dances.SSThere were few large cities (Charleston, There were few large cities (Charleston, Richmond, Savannah, and Augusta). Richmond, Savannah, and Augusta). People had little time for parties or dances. People had little time for parties or dances. Most free time was spent at religious Most free time was spent at religious revivals, quilting bees, or hunting.revivals, quilting bees, or hunting.

44thth S of the Civil War: S of the Civil War:

STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

Structure: Short for class structure. The Structure: Short for class structure. The position one group has in relation to others.position one group has in relation to others.


STRUCTURESTRUCTURESS• Social structure was very important. It was based Social structure was very important. It was based on land and slaves. It was almost impossible to on land and slaves. It was almost impossible to move from one group to another.move from one group to another. A small group (5%) of wealthy planters was at the A small group (5%) of wealthy planters was at the top. top. Next was the middle class of Next was the middle class of yeoman farmers yeoman farmers (75%)(75%)


STRUCTURESTRUCTURESS Next came the poor whites who either Next came the poor whites who either

owned very small farms, worked at low owned very small farms, worked at low paying jobs, or lived off of others as paying jobs, or lived off of others as squatters.squatters.

Free blacks were on the bottom but seen as Free blacks were on the bottom but seen as being above the slaves.being above the slaves.


STRUCTURESTRUCTURENN In the north, social structure was tied to In the north, social structure was tied to

wealth. It was easier for people to move up wealth. It was easier for people to move up on the ladder.on the ladder.

Many people worked in industry and had an Many people worked in industry and had an opportunity to go to school, travel ,and take opportunity to go to school, travel ,and take part in cultural activities.part in cultural activities.

The north did not agree with the south’s The north did not agree with the south’s social structure and considered it cruel, but social structure and considered it cruel, but the south was not ready to change.the south was not ready to change.


SolvencySolvency

• The ability to pay debtsThe ability to pay debts• Has to do primarily with tariffs (taxes placed Has to do primarily with tariffs (taxes placed on imported goods)on imported goods)


SolvencySolvencyNNCongress passed laws instituting Congress passed laws instituting tariffs on all imported goods from tariffs on all imported goods from Great Britain. Great Britain. This was done to force the south to This was done to force the south to buy from the northern factories.buy from the northern factories.


SolvencySolvencySSThe south bought many goods from Great The south bought many goods from Great Britain, so this hurt them by making them Britain, so this hurt them by making them have to pay more for their goods.have to pay more for their goods. In 1832, South Carolina threatened to In 1832, South Carolina threatened to

secede because the tariff was too high.secede because the tariff was too high. So, Congress created a compromise, So, Congress created a compromise, written by Henry Clay, that reduced the written by Henry Clay, that reduced the tariff over a ten year period to help the tariff over a ten year period to help the south out.south out.


SolvencySolvencyNN In the Panic of 1857, (a depression), In the Panic of 1857, (a depression), many northern factories went many northern factories went bankrupt. Most of these factories bankrupt. Most of these factories were built with borrowed money, so were built with borrowed money, so when they went bankrupt, they could when they went bankrupt, they could not repay the debt.not repay the debt.


SolvencySolvencyNN Northern representatives asked Northern representatives asked Congress to raise the tariff on all Congress to raise the tariff on all imported goods.imported goods.The south refused to support the The south refused to support the tariffs to help the northern factories.tariffs to help the northern factories.This caused many debates and hurt This caused many debates and hurt feelings between the two sides.feelings between the two sides.

66thth S of the Civil War: S of the Civil War: SECESSIONSECESSION

• The formal act of withdrawing from the Union.The formal act of withdrawing from the Union.• By 1861, many southerners felt that the only option was to By 1861, many southerners felt that the only option was to secede from the union.secede from the union.


• Many new political parties were created or Many new political parties were created or dismantled during this time.dismantled during this time.

• Democrat: were for state’s rights and took a Democrat: were for state’s rights and took a strong stand on slavery. strong stand on slavery. • Whigs: mostly members of the upper class. Whigs: mostly members of the upper class. They favored more help from the federal They favored more help from the federal government, with some favoring slavery.government, with some favoring slavery.•By 1854, a third party was created called the By 1854, a third party was created called the “Know-Nothing Party”. This party took the stand “Know-Nothing Party”. This party took the stand of opposing the new immigrants coming into the of opposing the new immigrants coming into the country.country.


• Also, in 1854, the Republican Party was Also, in 1854, the Republican Party was formed from anti-slavery Whigs and formed from anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats. Democrats. • This party took the stand of opposing the This party took the stand of opposing the spread of slavery.spread of slavery.

• The Whig party was dissolved with the The Whig party was dissolved with the creation of the Republican party.creation of the Republican party.

• The South quickly became seen as The South quickly became seen as majority Democrat and the North being majority Democrat and the North being Republican.Republican.


In 1858, Democrat Stephen Douglas and In 1858, Democrat Stephen Douglas and newcomer Abraham Lincoln were both in newcomer Abraham Lincoln were both in the running for the Senate. Stephen the running for the Senate. Stephen Douglas was seen as a likely candidate for Douglas was seen as a likely candidate for President in the 1860 election.President in the 1860 election.

Douglas disliked slavery, but thought that Douglas disliked slavery, but thought that the controversy interfered with the nation. the controversy interfered with the nation. He believed that popular sovereignty would He believed that popular sovereignty would solve the matter.solve the matter.


Lincoln was a lawyer from Illinois that was Lincoln was a lawyer from Illinois that was unknown.unknown.

He saw slavery as morally wrong, but He saw slavery as morally wrong, but thought that ending it where it already thought that ending it where it already existed was almost impossible. He did want existed was almost impossible. He did want to stop the spread of it to other areas.to stop the spread of it to other areas.

Lincoln challenged Douglas to seven Lincoln challenged Douglas to seven different debates where the main topic was different debates where the main topic was slavery.slavery.


Lincoln warned the nation that the Lincoln warned the nation that the issue of slavery would inevitably issue of slavery would inevitably bring the dissolution of the union. bring the dissolution of the union.

Douglas accused Lincoln of Douglas accused Lincoln of contributing to the breakup of the contributing to the breakup of the union.union.


The election of 1860 became a very hot topic The election of 1860 became a very hot topic across the nation.across the nation.

The Democrats met to choose the presidential The Democrats met to choose the presidential candidatecandidate– Northern Democrats pick Stephen DouglasNorthern Democrats pick Stephen Douglas– Southern Democrats wanted someone to protect Southern Democrats wanted someone to protect

slavery in the territories, so they walked out on the slavery in the territories, so they walked out on the convention.convention.

Southern Democrats met in Richmond, VA and chose Southern Democrats met in Richmond, VA and chose John Breckinridge, the current Vice President, as their John Breckinridge, the current Vice President, as their choice. They took the position that no one could stop choice. They took the position that no one could stop citizens from taking slaves into any western territory.citizens from taking slaves into any western territory.


In the end, the Republican Party chose In the end, the Republican Party chose Abraham Lincoln as their candidate. Abraham Lincoln as their candidate.

A fourth party was formed called the A fourth party was formed called the Constitutional Union Party. They Constitutional Union Party. They nominated John Bell. They took no nominated John Bell. They took no official position on slavery.official position on slavery.


Southerners feared that a Republican victory Southerners feared that a Republican victory would encourage radicals like John Brown to would encourage radicals like John Brown to try and free slaves.try and free slaves.

With the Democrats divided, Lincoln won the With the Democrats divided, Lincoln won the election easily.election easily.

Even though Lincoln and the Republican Even though Lincoln and the Republican party promised to leave slavery alone in the party promised to leave slavery alone in the areas that it existed, southerners did not trust areas that it existed, southerners did not trust them. them.


On Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina held a On Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina held a special convention and voted to secede (or special convention and voted to secede (or withdraw) from the union.withdraw) from the union.

Leaders in Washington D.C. worked to try Leaders in Washington D.C. worked to try and create a compromise.and create a compromise.

Senator John Crittenden proposed a series Senator John Crittenden proposed a series of amendments to the Constitution. The of amendments to the Constitution. The main point said that slavery would be main point said that slavery would be protected below the 36 degree lat. line.protected below the 36 degree lat. line.


Lincoln and Republicans would not Lincoln and Republicans would not accept this. They stated that they won accept this. They stated that they won the election based on the fact that no the election based on the fact that no more territories would enter as slave more territories would enter as slave states, so they would not give in now.states, so they would not give in now.

Southern leaders felt doomed and stated Southern leaders felt doomed and stated “We split on every plan to compromise,” “We split on every plan to compromise,” “No human power can save the Union.”“No human power can save the Union.”


Most Georgians supported S. Carolina’s Most Georgians supported S. Carolina’s secession except for Alexander secession except for Alexander Stephens.Stephens.

On January 16, 1861, GA’s Governor On January 16, 1861, GA’s Governor requested a special meeting.requested a special meeting.– 208 of the 297 delegates voted to leave the 208 of the 297 delegates voted to leave the

Union.Union.

On January 19, 1861, Georgia officially On January 19, 1861, Georgia officially declared itself an independent republic.declared itself an independent republic.


By February 1861, Florida, Alabama, By February 1861, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had voted Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had voted to secede.to secede.

On February 4, 1861, delegates from each On February 4, 1861, delegates from each of these states met and formed a new nation of these states met and formed a new nation called the Confederate States of America.called the Confederate States of America.

Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected President, and Robert Toombs of Ga. The President, and Robert Toombs of Ga. The secretary of State. Alexander Stephens of secretary of State. Alexander Stephens of GA was named Vice President.GA was named Vice President.

Alexander Alexander StephensStephens

Jefferson Jefferson DavisDavis



NN

– This region, with its large number of electoral This region, with its large number of electoral votes, caused Abraham Lincoln to be elected votes, caused Abraham Lincoln to be elected president.president.

– Lincoln stood for ideas that Northerners liked: Lincoln stood for ideas that Northerners liked: free land out west, higher tariffs to protect free land out west, higher tariffs to protect American jobs, no slavery in western territories, American jobs, no slavery in western territories, and an increase in industry and railroadsand an increase in industry and railroads

– Saw secession of southern states as unnecessary Saw secession of southern states as unnecessary and against the law.and against the law.

– Goal was to “preserve the Union” at whatever Goal was to “preserve the Union” at whatever costcost


SS

– Cast only 16,000 votes for Abe Lincoln. Won Cast only 16,000 votes for Abe Lincoln. Won without 1 single electoral vote from a southern without 1 single electoral vote from a southern state. Not even one vote was cast for Lincoln state. Not even one vote was cast for Lincoln in GA!in GA!

– Lincoln stood for ideas that Southerners were Lincoln stood for ideas that Southerners were afraid of, and they saw his election as a sign afraid of, and they saw his election as a sign that their section’s rights would be ignored. that their section’s rights would be ignored.

– Southerners, including GA, were mostly for Southerners, including GA, were mostly for the Union, but they were even more for states’ the Union, but they were even more for states’ rights. rights.


S – Continued –S – Continued –

– Southern states saw secession as their legal Southern states saw secession as their legal right. Wanted to quietly secede without right. Wanted to quietly secede without conflict.conflict.

– S.C. was first to secede. GA was torn over S.C. was first to secede. GA was torn over decision and Alexander Stephens warned decision and Alexander Stephens warned against secession, but GA secedes in Nov. against secession, but GA secedes in Nov. 18601860 Stephens goes on to become the Stephens goes on to become the

Confederacy’s vice presidentConfederacy’s vice president

6 S’s or Causes of the Civil War

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