6 Practice Tests Fce

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Senior Editor: Lesley Jones

Editorial Team: Christopher DunneEffie FragouliKaren GloverClaudia MilzaAlexander PickettMarianna PreveziotisNeill TreacyRena Tsapeloglou

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3CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Grammar in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

TEST 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

TEST 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

TEST 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

TEST 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

TEST 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

TEST 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Further Practice in Key Word Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

Further Practice in Word Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Sample Answer Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

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er Practice i

Further P

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Introduction to the FCE

TIME DESCRIPTION NUMBER OF ITEMS MARKS

READING

1 hour PART 1 (multiple choice)A text followed by four-option multiple-choicequestions.

PART 2 (gapped text)A text from which sentences have beenremoved and placed in jumbled order afterthe text. Candidates must decide from wherein the text the sentences have been removed.

PART 3 (multiple matching)A text or several short texts preceded bymultiple-matching questions. Candidatesmust match prompts to elements in the text.

2 marks for eachcorrect answer

2 marks for eachcorrect answer

1 mark for each correct

answer

TIME DESCRIPTION NUMBER OF ITEMS MARKS

USE OF ENGLISH

45 minutes PART 1 (multiple-choice cloze)A modified cloze test containing 12 gaps andfollowed by 12 four-option multiple-choiceitems.

PART 2 (open cloze)A modified cloze test containing 12 gaps.

PART 3 (word formation)A text containing 10 gaps. Each gap corresponds to a word. The stems of themissing words are given beside the text andmust be changed to form the missing word.

PART 4 (key word transformation)8 separate items, each with a lead-in sentence and a gapped second sentence tobe completed in two to five words, one ofwhich is a given key word.

1 mark for eachcorrect answer



Up to 2 marks for each answer

TIME DESCRIPTIONNUMBER OF ITEMS

MARKS

WRITING

1 hour and 20minutes

PART 1 Question 1 (compulsory)Writing a letter or e-mail. Candidates are required to deal with inputmaterial of up to 160 words. This may include material taken fromadvertisements, extracts from letters, e-mails, schedules, etc.

PART 2Writing one of the following on a situationally-based writing taskspecified in no more than 70 words: an article, an essay, a letter, areport, a review, a story.ORWriting one of the following, based on one of two prescribed reading texts: an article, an essay, a letter, a report, a review.

1 compulsory

task

120-150 words

1 task to be

selected from

a choice

of five

120-180

words

Each question on this paper carries equal marks

4

8

7

15

12

12

10

8

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ms.

MPLE

rs, n a situationards: an art

he following, basean article, an essay,

GESES

maeach

PAred to dmateredu

TIME DESCRIPTION MARKS

SPEAKING

14 minutes PART 1 (3 minutes)A conversation between the interlocutor and each candidate (spoken questions).

PART 2 (1 minute for each candidate)An individual long turn for each candidate with a brief response from the secondcandidate and the other way round. In turn, the candidates are given a pair of photographs to talk about.

PART 3 (3 minutes)A two-way conversation between the candidates. The candidates are given spokeninstructions with written and visual stimuli, which are used in a decision-makingtask.

PART 4 (4 minutes)A discussion on topics related to the collaborative task (spoken questions).

Candidates are

assessed on their

performancethroughout

theSpeaking

test.

TIME DESCRIPTIONNUMBER OF ITEMS

MARKS

LISTENING

40 minutesapproximately

PART 1 (multiple choice)A series of short unrelated extracts of approximately 30 secondseach, from monologues or exchanges between interacting speakers.There is one multiple-choice question per extract, each with threeoptions.

PART 2 (sentence completion)A monologue or text involving interacting speakers and lastingapproximately 3 minutes. Candidates are required to complete thesentences with information heard on the recording.

PART 3 (multiple matching)Five short related monologues of approximately 30 seconds each. Themultiple-matching questions require selection of the correct optionfrom a list of six.

PART 4 (multiple choice)A monologue or text involving interacting speakers and lastingapproximately 3 minutes. There are seven multiple-choice questions,each with three options.

1 mark foreach correct

answer


answer


answer


answer

5

8

10

5

7

SC

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4 (4 minutes)A discussion on

PAGE

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6Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given.

1 The last time I went to Crete was in July 2003.BEEN I ...................................... Crete since July

2003.

2 Whose is this bag? he asked.TO Who ...................................... ? he asked.

3 I havent had a reply to my e-mail yet.STILL I am ...................................... a reply to my

e-mail.

4 Robert began to write poetry twelve years ago.WRITING Robert ...................................... twelve

years.

5 The group broke up three years ago.SINCE It .......................................... the group

broke up.

6 Its more than a month since I saw Peter.FOR I ...................................... more than a

month.

7 This is the worst film Ive ever watched.NEVER I ......................................... bad film.

8 His involvement in politics started when he was atuniversity.INVOLVED He has ......................................... he was

at university.

9 I havent spoken French for ages.SINCE Its ages ...................................... French.

10 The last time we went dancing was months ago.FOR We ...................................... months.

11 They have never swum in a pool before.TIME Its the ...................................... in a pool.

12 Look, the teacher is coming, boys.HERE Look, ...................................... , boys!

13 Derek met Susan eight months ago.HAS Derek ................................... eight months.

14 He has got a job at a caf this summer.IS He ...................................... at a caf this

summer.

15 Why do you complain about the weather all the time?FOREVER Why ...................................... about the

weather?

GRAMMAR IN BRIEF

Simple Present Ronaldo shoots... and he scores!

Then he opens the door and walks out of the room.Denzel Washington plays the role of an FBI agent.PLANE CRASHES IN INDIAHere comes Steve! There she goes!You break the eggs into a bowl and beat them well.

Present ProgressiveDads working overtime every day this month.Those boys are always / forever / constantly /

continually causing problems.His condition is improving as the days go by. The boat is leaving / leaves tomorrow at 9 oclock.

NOTE:Why are you smelling the cheese? Is something

wrong with it? (= checking its smell)Im tasting the curry to see if its too spicy.

(= checking its flavour)Are you seeing Janet tonight? (= meeting)Im thinking about joining a gym. (= considering)Are you having dinner at seven tonight? (= eating)Youre being silly now. (= behaving in a silly way at

a particular moment)

Simple Present PerfectHave you seen any James Bond films?Ive sent him three e-mails this week.This / It is the first / second / only time Ive witnessed

an accident.This / It is the best / most delicious pie Ive ever eaten.How long has it been (OR: is it) since you have moved

(OR: moved) here?It has been (OR: is) years since it has snowed

(OR: snowed) here.

have gone to / have been to / have been inOur neighbours have gone to Austria for Christmas. They

will be back on 2nd January.I have been to Portugal many times. Its a beautiful

country.Sally has been in Italy for two weeks.

Present Perfect ProgressiveHe has been working here for six months / since June.Why are your eyes red? Have you been crying?Who has been using my shampoo? The bottle is

almost empty.NOTE: I have known him for years.

[NOT: I have been knowing him ...]They have had this car since 1990.

[NOT: They have been having this ...]

1 PRESENT TENSES

SAMP

LE

words, including thwords, including t

s in July 2003.s in July 2003.............. Crete since JCrete since

e asked.e ask.........................................

reply to my e-maiply to my e-mm ............................

e-mail.e-mail.

egan to write pgan to write pobert bert ....

/ have beeto Austria for Ch

anuary.al many times. It

n Italy for two we

Progressivebeen working hereyour eyes re

ho has been usingalmost empt

NOT : I have kn

Th


1 I had to check all the reports before leaving the office.UNTIL I had to stay in the office ................................

all the reports.

2 I havent spoken to Adam since we graduated.LAST The ............................................ to Adam was

when we graduated.

3 Mr Swift did not stop working until he was seventy.WHEN Mr Swift ........................................... working.

4 Debbie went to Mykonos every summer when shewas younger.USED Debbie ............................................ Mykonos

every summer when she was younger.

5 She started cooking as soon as they arrived.UNTIL She ............................................ they had

arrived.

6 She has been working here for two years.STARTED She ............................................ ago.

7 When did you have a haircut?SINCE How long ....................................... a haircut?

8 The thieves left before the police got here.BY The thieves ............................................ the

police got here.

9 Lauren had never ridden a motorcycle before.FIRST It was the ............................................ a

motorcycle.

10 Pete painted the walls and Kelly cleaned the cupboards.WHILE Pete was painting the walls .......................

............... the cupboards.

11 No other student had ever talked back to her.ONLY He was the ............................................

talked back to her.

12 When I eventually stopped, Id been a smoker fortwelve years.SMOKING By the time I stopped, I ...............................

twelve years.

13 When I lived on the farm, I woke up at five every day.WOULD When I lived on the farm, ..........................

at five every day.

14 They argued all the time when they were little.FOREVER They ............................................ when

they were little.

15 I had never watched a better game.BEST It was the ............................................

watched.

Simple PastMarylin Monroe starred in a lot of films.She put on her coat, took her purse and left.He went out every night when he was younger.ALSO: He used to go out / would go out ...NOTE: Did you use to be in the school team?

I didnt use to like maths. / I never used to likemaths.

How long ago was it that they moved here?How long is it (OR: has it been) since you (last) spoke

to Chris?It is (OR: has been) months since we had (OR: have

had) a holiday.

Past ProgressiveWhat were you doing at the time of the robbery?I was having a shower when the lights went out.He was listening to the news while he was driving to

work.That summer, I was staying with my aunt and uncle in

Cornwall.My sister was always / forever / constantly / continually

borrowing my clothes.

Simple Past PerfectThey had served breakfast by eight oclock / by the

time we woke up.That / It was the first / second / only time I had swum

in a pool.That / It was the dullest / most boring play I had ever

seen.NOTE: He didnt read the letter until everyone (had)

left.After they (had) had dinner, they ordered dessert.As soon as he (had) heard the news, he called his wife.We set off before he had given / gave us the map.

Past Perfect ProgressiveHe had been studying French for eight years before

he got his certificate.By 2005, he had been running this business for thirty

years.She had backache because she had been planting

flowers all morning.

2 PAST TENSES

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.........................

we graduated.we graduated............................ to Adamto Adam

d.

working until he wworking until he w.......................................

o Mykonos every suMykonos everyr.

ebbie ebbie ...................every summer whvery summer w

cooking ooking

9 L

PAgigi

/ gave

ench for eight yea

running his

he because she horning.


1 There probably wont be any more problems with it.UNLIKELY It ...................................... be any more

problems with it.2 When I get there, Ill give you a ring.

SOON Ill give you a ring ......................................get there.

3 The chairman is to make a speech before the conference begins.BE The chairman ...................................... a

speech before the conference begins.4 The shops here dont open until 10.00.

GOING The shops here ......................................until 10.00.

5 Our furniture will be delivered by the 22nd.HAVE They .................................... our furniture

by the 22nd.6 They started playing chess at five oclock, nearly

three hours ago.HAVE By eight oclock, they ................................

chess for three hours.7 Ill stop typing at lunchtime.

BE I ...................................... lunchtime.

8 I hope to have finished painting by the time the furniture arrives.I I hope ...................................... by the

time the furniture arrives.9 The weather is not expected to improve soon.

IMPROVE We dont think ......................................soon.

10 He will have left before they wake up.TIME He will have left ......................................

wake up.11 I intend to apply for that job.

GOING I ...................................... for that job.12 I was about to leave when she turned up.

POINT I was ...................................... when sheturned up.

13 Im sure hell be angry when he finds out.BOUND He ...................................... angry when

he finds out.14 Study hard and youll pass the test.

PROVIDED Youll pass the test ....................................hard.

Simple FutureTomorrow, it will snow in the north.I didnt know he was in town. Ill give him a call

tonight.Im sure hell be OK.

Be going toIm going to look for a job when I finish school.Look! Those cars are going to crash!Your room is in a mess, boys. We know, Mum. We

are going to tidy it this evening.

ALSO: The plane leaves at six tomorrow morning.The Browns are coming to visit tonight.

Future ProgressiveThis time next week well be skiing in the Alps.Ill be staying at Paulas while my flat is being painted.The President of the USA will be visiting Greece in

July.Hell be playing tennis tomorrow morning, as usual.Will you be needing the car tonight? No, you can

take it if you want.NOTE: Tell him to come and see me as soon as he gets

here. [NOT: ... as soon as he will get ...][Do NOT use will after: when*, if, unless, before,after, till / until, as long as, by the time, while, theminute / moment (that), on condition (that), provided /providing (that), suppose / supposing (that), in case]*I have no idea when they will pay us. [when: question word]

Simple Future PerfectThe children will have left for school by nine oclock / by

the time you wake up. [NOT: ... until nine oclock.]BUT: They wont have returned until three.NOTE: Someone is on the phone for you. Oh, thatll

be Janet. Its eight thirty. Hell be driving to work now.Its past midnight. They will have gone to bed

by now.

Future Perfect ProgressiveBy 2015 / By the time he retires, he will have been

working for thirty-five years.

Other ways of expressing the futureThe plane is to take off in five minutes.Hurry up. The shop is about to close.Im on the point of quitting.His latest book is due to come out at Christmas.This film is sure / certain / bound to become a success.

The future in the pastI was going to buy some souvenirs but I ran out of

money.The museum was to open in April but something

went wrong.He was about to open the safe when they caught him.She was on the point of leaving when she heard the

phone ring.The concert was due to take place on Sunday but it

was postponed.

3 FUTURE TENSES

SAMP

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th it.th it.ll give you a ring.ve you a ring.

e you a ring you a ring .........there.e.

man is to make a spman is to makence begins.e begins.

The chairmanThe chairmapeech beeech be

d

d /se]

he w

the futurein five minutes.

about to seof quitting.

is due to come o/ certain / b

e in the pastg to buy so

money.The museum w

went was a

Uncountable NounsThe advice he gave me was invaluable.

[ALSO: furniture, equipment, information, luggage /baggage, jewellery, machinery]

Let me give you a piece of / some pieces of advice.[ALSO WITH: furniture, equipment, information, etc.]

Fruit is full of vitamins.[ALSO: money, cash, shopping, housework, fruit,knowledge, evidence, damage, accommodation,rubbish, applause, laughter, rain, wood, research, etc.

BUT: tropical fruitsa good knowledge of]

There was thunder / lightning last night.[a clap / peal of thunder a bolt / flash of lightning]

Nouns + singular / plural verbWhere are my new jeans?

[ALSO: trousers, shorts, leggings, tights, pyjamas,swimming trunks, scissors, scales]

A pair of jeans was / Two pairs of jeans were on a chair. [ALSO WITH: trousers, shorts, leggings, etc.]

The police have arrived.[ALSO: stairs, goods, cattle, customs, savings,earnings, spirits, outskirts, surroundings]

The news is very good. [ALSO: maths / mathematics, physics, gymnastics,

athletics, measles, mumps]

Subject + singular or plural verbEach of the students was / were given a project.

[ALSO: either of, neither of, none of]BUT: Not one of these paintings is for sale.Either Chris or his brother / Neither Chris nor

his brother has / have got the keys.BUT: Either the windows or the front door / Neither

the windows nor the front door were left open.[NOT: ... door was left ...]

Someone has left their jacket here. [ALSO WITH: anyone, no one, everyone]

The number of new members has gone down this year.

A small / large number of customers have complained about the service.

More than one prisoner has managed to escape.One and a half weeks have gone by since I started

driving lessons.Seventy-five per cent / Three quarters / The majority of

the machines were / machinery was destroyed bythe fire.

Eggs, as well as butter, are high in cholesterol.Butter, as well as eggs, is high in cholesterol.Three weeks is a long time to spend away from your

family.Is two kilometres too far for you to walk?Five hundred euros is a ridiculous price for a pair of

shoes.Fish and chips is a traditional English dish.

9

Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word given.

1 They covered all the furniture with sheets.PIECES All the ...................................... covered

with sheets.

2 He hardly knows anything about modern art.KNOWLEDGE His ...................................... not very

good.

3 My suitcases were carried upstairs.LUGGAGE My ...................................... upstairs.

4 I like maths more than any other subject.FAVOURITE Maths ...................................... subject.

5 Mum, I need new jeans, Chris said.PAIR Mum, I need ......................................,

Chris said.

6 It seems that several students were involved in theincident.MORE It seems that ......................................

involved in the incident.

7 A lot of people work for this company.NUMBER A ...................................................... for

this company.

8 It is known that at least two burglaries take place inthe area daily.MORE It is known that ...........................................

place in the area daily.

9 Not many people live in this village.LIVING The number of people ................................

small.

10 Jason and his brothers are at basketball practice now.WELL Jason, as ........................................... at

basketball practice now.

11 Im sure that none of them have thought of the consequences.ONE Im sure that .........................................

thought of the consequences.

12 A month and a half has gone by since their argument.AND One ...................................... gone by since

their argument.

4 NOUNS

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ve words, includingve words, including

with sheets.with sheets....................................... co

ything about modehing about mod.............................................

ood.

ses were carried uses were carrMy My .................

more thamore thaathsh

s gon

ustomers have

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s.cent / Three quwere / mach

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Three weeks isfamilywo k

und

10

Some - Any - NoWould you like some tea?Can someone show me how to use the photocopier?Some idiot has left their car in the middle of the road.You must have some idea about what happened.Some people enjoy opera while others / some find it

boring. [NOT: Other people ...]Some ten million people live in London.

(= About ten million ...)

He hardly speaks to anyone about his family.She did everything without any help from us.You can borrow any book

you like.Ask anyone you want;

theyll tell you Im right.

I trust no one.No pets are allowed in the hotel.Theres no reason for you to worry.NOTE: Nobody / No one knew where he was.

[NOT: Nobody / No one of them knew ...]None of these books was / were written by Dickens.OR: Not one of these books was written by ...

[NOT: No one of these books ...]

Expressing QuantityWere going away for a couple of days.

[many, (a) few, several, a number of, a couple of +plural nouns]

You need only a small amount of sugar for these biscuits.[much, (a) little, a great deal of, a small / large, etc.amount of + uncountable nouns]

Weve got a lot / lots / plenty of oranges.Youll find a lot / lots / plenty of information on this

on the Internet.Many tickets have remained unsold.Much was said about their relationship.Theres too much noise in here.

[very, too, so, how, as + many / much in affirmativesentences]

I havent seen much of him recently.Our views on the subject are much the same.He doesnt work out much.Not many of the seats were taken.As many as three hundred people were invited to the

wedding.As much as 100,000 was kept in the safe.There are so few houses for sale in this area it wont

be easy to find something. [so, too, very, only a + few / little]


1 At the end of the month I have very little money left.HARDLY At the end of the month ..........................

......................................... left.

2 This cupboard is completely empty.LEFT Theres ..............................................

cupboard.

3 You know, not all of them came on the excursion.SOME You know, ..............................................

come on the excursion.

4 Im afraid there isnt anything we can say about it.NOTHING Im afraid ..............................................

say about it.

5 Fortunately, not much damage was caused by thefire.VERY Fortunately, .............................................

was caused by the fire.

6 There is little I can do, said the doctor.MUCH There .............................................. do,

said the doctor.

7 No one knows the answer to that question.ANYONE There .............................................. the

answer to that question.

8 He said not many rooms are vacant at present.ONLY He said .............................................. are

vacant at present.

9 Im sure all the seats are taken.NOT Im sure .............................................. is

free.

10 He ate hardly anything because he wasnt feelingwell.ALMOST He ..............................................

because he wasnt feeling well.

(= it doesnt matterwhich / who)}

5 SOME - ANY - NO, EXPRESSING QUANTITY

SAMP

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tle money left.le money left.

................................................... left.left.

y empty.empty.

..........................................d.

all of them came oof them cameYou know, You know, ........come on the excome on th

there isnt athere isnt m afrm afr

P

onshie.

many / much in

f him recently.subject are uch

k ou muche seats were take hundred p

ng.as 100,000

here are o febe easy to fin[so, to

11


1 My children are too irresponsible to look after apuppy.CARE My children arent ...................................

.................. of a puppy.2 Our flat is as big as the Smiths.

SAME The Smiths flat ................................. ours.3 There were more tourists here in 2007 than in 2008.

AS There were ..............................................here in 2008 as in 2007.

4 John had not expected to find gardening so interesting.IN John is .........................................................

he had expected.5 I couldnt break the glass because it was too hard.

TOO The glass .............................. me to break.6 Our team has been luckier than theirs in this

tournament.LUCK Their team hasnt .......................................

ours in this tournament.7 They couldnt catch the pickpocket because he ran

so fast.TOO The pickpocket ran ............................. catch.

8 The furthest I can walk is two kilometres.THAN I ........................................ two kilometres.

9 The salary was lower than I thought.HIGH The salary .............................................. I

thought.10 The tea is so hot that I cant drink it.

MUCH The tea is .............................................. meto drink.

11 He is the tallest person in the world.TALLER He is .............................................. in the

world.12 Shes easily the best singer in the group.

FAR Shes .............................................. in thegroup.

13 Your sister is really friendly, isnt she?WAY Your sister behaves ...................................,

doesnt she?14 This is one of the highest buildings in Athens.

HIGH There are not ...............................................as this one in Athens.

AdverbsHe works hard.He could hardly speak.Theres hardly anything left to do now.I hardly ever go to the cinema.

She came home late.Have you seen them lately?

Dont come near.I nearly lost my temper.

How high can you jump?We all think highly of you.This is a highly paid job.Its highly unlikely that it will happen again.

They dug deep to find water.I was deeply hurt by your comments.

She is silly. She behaves in a silly way / manner.[ALSO: cowardly, fatherly, motherly, lovely, friendly,

ugly, lively]This smells wonderful. [NOT: ... smells wonderfully.]

[ALSO: look, seem, sound, taste, feel]

Too - EnoughAlan is too selfish to admit hes wrong.He woke up too late to catch the 8.15 train. The book was too long to finish in one day.

OR: It was too long a book to finish in one day.

Theres too much salt in the omelette.[too much + noun]

Its much too cold to go for a walk. [much too + adj.]

He isnt brave enough to go there by himself.He works out often enough to keep fit.Theres enough room to put an armchair here.

The cake she made wasnt big enough.OR: She didnt make a big enough cake.

ComparisonThe exam was more / less difficult than I had expected.That was the most / least expensive bracelet of all / in

the shop.The post office is farther / further down the road.For further information, you can contact this number.

[NOT: for farther information ...]My older / elder brother is an architect.BUT: My brother is older than me. [NOT: ... is elder ...]

I think its a bit warmer today. [much / a lot / far / even / a little / a bit / slightly / any / no

He is by far the best player in the team.My car is as fast as yours.Her salary is not as / so high as her husbands.Our house is half / twice / three times as big as theirs.In my opinion, cats arent such good pets as dogs.The balloon went higher and higher up in the air.Shes getting more and more excited about her trip to

Paris.The longer I have to wait, the more anxious I become.Your watch is the same as Janes.I want a jacket similar to this one.

+ comparativeform]}

{

{

6 ADVERBS, TOO - ENOUGH, COMPARISON

SAMP

Lh two to five wordso to five wo

irresponsible to looresponsible to lo

ildren arent ren arent ....................... of a puppyof a puppy

s as big as the Smi as big as theThe Smiths flat The Smiths flare more toure more tou

re weree weren 2

an conmation ...]

is an architect.er th me. [NOT:

er today/ far / even / a litt

y / any / no

far the best playes as fast as you

r salary is not as /Our house is In my opinionThe ba

s ge

12

Forms of the infinitive

Active Passive(to) write (to) be written(to) be writing (to) have written (to) have been written(to) have been writing

Infinitive with toI went to the bakery to buy some bread.ALSO: ... bakery so as to / in order to buy ...I didnt call him so as not to disturb / in order not to

disturb him. [NOT: ... him not to disturb ...]He asked to be given a second chance. I was glad to hear you got promoted.

[ALSO AFTER: anxious, happy, sorry, surprised, etc.]It was difficult (for me) to accept the truth.It was kind of him to offer us a lift.

She was the first / second / last (one) to leave the office.

Hes too ill / not well enough to leave hospital yet.I rushed to his house, only to find out he had already

left.Their attempt to sail across the Atlantic was unsuccessful.

Infinitive without toI saw them get on the bus.

[ALSO AFTER: hear, watch, notice, observe, let, make]BUT: They were seen to get on the bus. [in the passive]

[ALSO AFTER: hear, make]Id rather go to the cinema tonight.Youd better not tell anyone about it.Id do anything but / except iron his clothes.

[ALSO AFTER: do nothing / everything but / except]Why wait till tomorrow? Lets ask him now.Why not have a party on New Years Eve? Ill help you (to) unpack.


1 My mother didnt let me have dessert until I had finished my dinner.MADE My mother .............................................

my dinner before I had dessert.

2 I suggest that you allow them to help you.LET Why ........................................... help you?

3 It looks as if she has injured her leg.SEEMS She ............................................. her leg.

4 I wont pay for the damage, Chris said.REFUSED Chris ............................................. for the

damage.

5 I would prefer it if nobody else knew where I am.WANT I dont ..................................... where I am.

6 Steve doesnt often wake up early on Sundays.UNUSUAL It ............................................. wake up

early on Sundays.

7 Mary has difficulty studying in the library.EASY It isnt ............................................. in the

library.

8 The climbers didnt succeed in reaching the top ofthe mountain.TO The climbers didnt ....................................

the top of the mountain.

9 Alex always appears to have something to worryabout.WORRYING Alex always appears ....................................

something.

10 All he does is complain about his salary.NOTHING He ............................................. about his

salary.

11 I heard Don tell her the news.TELL Don ............................................. her the

news.

12 He wrote the number down so that he wouldnt forget it.ORDER He wrote the number down .......................

........................ it.

13 I dont know why Greg changed his mind.MADE I dont know .............................................

his mind.

14 Sue finished the race last of all.LAST Sue was ............................................. the

race.

15 It seemed that she was feeling very depressed.BE She seemed .............................................

very depressed.

7 THE INFINITIVE

{

{

SAMP

LE uding the wudI had had

........................dessert.essert.

o help you.o help you..................................... help

red her leg.her leg...................................................

e damage, Chris smage, Chris..............................................

mage.

prefer it if nobody erefer it if nobI dont I dont ...............snt often wnt often w

...

9 A

PA

night.one about it

except iron his clotothing / everythin

morrow? Lets askparty on Ne

p you o) unpack

givgi


1 The police finally managed to find the stolen diamonds.SUCCEEDED The police finally ......................................

the stolen diamonds.2 I wont have a problem getting up at six, as I always

go to bed early.USED I ...................................... to bed early, so

I wont have a problem getting up at six.3 Would you mind if I sat here?

TO Would you object ........................... here?4 He walked home and didnt take a taxi.

INSTEAD He walked home ........................... a taxi.5 Laura sings and plays the guitar too.

WELL Laura sings .............................. the guitar.6 I wished Id talked to them about my problems.

HAVING I regretted .............................................to them about my problems.

7 Could you look after my dog while Im in France?CARE Would you mind ......................................

my dog while Im in France?8 Im not in the mood to go out tonight.

LIKE I dont ........................................ tonight.9 She wrote the lyrics for the song and also sang it.

ADDITION She sang the song ....................................the lyrics for it.

10 The boat couldnt set sail because of the strong winds.PREVENTED The strong winds ......................................

............ sail.11 The children are eager to watch the acrobats.

LOOKING The children ............................................the acrobats.

12 If you wanted to borrow my earrings, you shouldhave asked me first, said Cathy to her sister.WITHOUT Cathy criticised her sister for having

............................................................ herfirst.

13 Its a waste of time to try to make him change his mind.POINT Theres ............................................. to

make him change his mind.14 It was difficult to convince them that I was innocent.

DIFFICULTY I ............................................. them that Iwas innocent.

15 Im sorry I broke your glasses, Tim said to Dad.FOR Tim apologised .........................................

.............. his glasses.16 I shouldnt bother to wash the car because its going

to rain.WORTH It ............................................. the car

because its going to rain.

8 THE GERUND, INFINITIVE OR GERUND?

13

The gerund

Forms of the gerundActive Passivewriting being writtenhaving written having been written

Smoking causes a lot of health problems.Do you enjoy dancing?He left without taking his wallet with him.You must avoid eating too much red meat.

[ALSO AFTER: admit (to), consider, delay, deny, dislike,fancy, finish, imagine, keep (on), mind, miss, postpone, risk, suggest, etc.]

Lets go shopping this evening.Its no use / good talking to him. He wont listen.

[ALSO AFTER: whats the use of, theres no point (in),whats the point of, its (not) worth, cant stand, cant/ couldnt help, feel like, have difficulty (in), etc.]

Im looking forward to seeing my favourite band live.[ALSO AFTER: be / get used to, be / get accustomed to,object to, take to, in addition to]

As well as doing the housework, she also cooks for us. This report needs / wants / requires checking.

(= needs to be checked) I dislike Mark / Marks / him / his asking questions

all the time. Excuse me / my saying so, but you dont look well.OR: Excuse me for saying so, but ...Forgive me / my shouting at you.OR: Forgive me for shouting at you.

We must prevent him / his finding out.OR: We must prevent him from finding out.

Infinitive or gerund?It started to rain / raining early in the morning.

[ALSO AFTER: begin, continue, cant bear]I like to read / reading before going to bed.

[ALSO AFTER: love, hate, prefer]BUT: I would like / love / hate / prefer to read one of

these books.

I prefer swimming to sunbathing.I prefer to swim rather than sunbathe.I would prefer to swim rather than sunbathe.

I remember putting the keys in that drawer.Did you remember to send the e-mail?Ill never forget visiting the Louvre.I forgot to feed the goldfish yesterday.She stopped dancing professionally at the age of fifty.We stopped to admire the view and then continued

our trip.Try calling him again later.I tried to open the window but it was stuck.I regret being so rude to him.I regret to inform you that you have failed your driving

test.Accepting this job will mean travelling a lot.Im sorry. I didnt mean to hurt your feelings.{

{

{

SAMP

LE words, including twords, including d the stolen diamond the stolen diamon.........................................onds.nds.

getting up at six, agetting up at six,

...................................................nt have a problemt have a proble

mind if I sat here?mind if I sat here?Would you objecWould you o

ed home and didnd home and didHe walked He walked

nd pland pla

her tha

eys in that drawend e-mail?

g the Louhe goldfish yesterda

anci professionaadmire the

png him again la

ied to open the wI regret beingI regret to info

testptin

14

Can, Could, May, MightShe could / was able to speak three languages when

she was fifteen.BUT: The rescue team was able to save the climbers.

(= managed to save) [NOT: ... team could save ...] Can / Could I ask you a few questions? Of course

you can. [NOT: Of course you could.]It can rain a lot here in winter.BUT: It could / may / might rain tonight. [NOT: It can ...]Hes late. He could / may / might have missed the

bus.You were very lucky; you could / might have been

killed. [NOT: ... you may have been ...] He cant / couldnt be from Italy. He doesnt speak

a word of Italian.They cant / couldnt have moved to Liverpool. I saw

them an hour ago.

MustThat boy looks a lot like Peter. He must be Peters

brother.All the lights in the house are out. They must have

gone to bed. Must I take the dog for a walk?

Yes, you must. / No, you dont have to / neednt.[NOT: No, you mustnt.]

You mustnt smoke in here. (= it is forbidden)You dont have to finish everything today.

(= it isnt necessary) He drives a Ferrari. He cant be poor.

[NOT: He mustnt be ...]

Shall I / we ...?Shall I help you make breakfast?Shall we sit on the veranda?OR: How about / What about sitting on the veranda?Where shall I put these books?

Should / Ought toYou should try / ought to try harder at school.You should have been / ought to have been more

honest with me. Its ten oclock so he should be at work.

(= he is probably at work)They left on the 8.15 train so they should have

arrived by now. (= I expect they have arrived) Why should I help her? She never helps me. Where is he from? How should I know? It is essential that he should see this immediately.

OR: It is essential that he sees this ...[ALSO AFTER: important, necessary, vital, funny,strange, natural, normal, astonishing, etc.]

They suggested that I should speak to Mr White.OR: They suggested that I speak ...

[ALSO AFTER: insist, propose, demand, recommend]

Will / WouldIll help you with the washing-up.Will / Would you take the rubbish out, please?Will you two stop talking? Hell have dinner in front of the TV every day. Grandpa would give us sweets every time he visited us.Ive tried to warn her but she just wont listen.We offered to help them several times but they wouldnt

let us.That day, she found out something that would change

her life.

NeedWe need to buy some more fruit.She doesnt need to worry about anything.Do I need to ask for permission?

You neednt bring any food with you.Need he call before he comes?Need I book early? Yes, you must. / No, you

neednt. [NOT: Yes, you need.]Must we leave now? Yes, we must. / No, you

neednt / dont have to. [NOT: No, you mustnt.]We need to set off early, dont we?Mark needs to see a doctor, doesnt he?He neednt come with us, need he? I didnt need to take an umbrella; it wasnt raining

when I left. (= it wasnt necessary; whether it happened ornot depends on the context)

I neednt have taken an umbrella; it didnt rain after all. (= it wasnt necessary, but I did)

DareI like people who dare to say what they think.She doesnt dare (to) confront them.Do you dare (to) go against his will?

I darent think of what may happen.Dare he say that in front of me? How dare you threaten me?

Dont you dare speak to me like that again. I dare say / daresay theyll be disappointed.

(= I suppose, I think)

Expressions Similar to Modal Verbsbe + infinitive with toYou are to report to the manager immediately. (= must)This lift is not to be used by visitors.

be supposed + infinitive with toYou are supposed to book a table two weeks in

advance. (= should)Children are not supposed to swim in this pool.

be likely + infinitive with toThe situation is likely to get worse.OR: It is likely that the situation will get worse.

9 MODALS

mainverb

modalverb

}{

{

{

{

{

{ }

mainverb

modalverb

}}

{

{{

ut sitting on the ooks?

t to try hardhave been / outh me.clock so he h

obably

e fruit.rry about anything

ermission

g any food with yofore he comes?

arly? Yes, yt. Yes, you n leave now? Y

ed / dont havWe need to seMar needs to

e neeidn

15


1 Why dont you ask for directions? said Anna to Tim.SUGGESTED Anna .................................................. ask

for directions.

2 You can take part in this competition even if youdont buy the product.NEED You .................................................. the

product to take part in this competition.

3 Its unlikely that he will come out of hospital tomorrow.TO He isnt ..................................................

out of hospital tomorrow.

4 You did not chop enough wood for the fire.OUGHT You ..................................................

more wood for the fire.

5 The teacher says we have to write the answers inpen.MUST The teacher says the answers

.................................................. in pen.

6 I expect they were completely broke by the end oftheir holidays.MUST By the end of their holidays

.................................................. broke.

7 It was a mistake for you to lend them your camera.SHOULD You ..................................................

them your camera.

8 People say this film is very scary.SUPPOSED This film ..................................................

very scary.

9 Its very unlikely that the train has left already.HAVE The train ..................................................

yet.

10 Fortunately, the ambulance managed to get there intime.WAS Fortunately, the ambulance .....................

.......................... there in time.

11 I left the note on his desk so Im sure he read it.MUST I left the note on his desk so ..................

................................ it.

12 You are not allowed to use mobile phones in here.MUST You ..................................................

mobile phones in here.

13 Its not necessary to translate it for me.DO You ..................................................

translate it for me.

14 Michael doesnt have enough courage to stand upfor himself.DARE Michael ..................................................

up for himself.

15 She bought more wine than was necessary for the party.BOUGHT She .................................................. so

much wine for the party.

16 It would have been better if you hadnt argued with him.SHOULD You .................................................. with

him.

17 She must be told the truth; its essential.THAT Its ............................................................

told the truth.

18 They didnt visit him in hospital, although they shouldhave.OUGHT They .................................................. him

in hospital.

19 Its possible that she didnt recognise you.MAY She .................................................. you.

20 Perhaps she is sleeping now.COULD She .................................................. now.

21 Tim had a habit of biting his nails all the time.WOULD Tim .................................................. all

the time.

22 He should have watered the flowers yesterday, but hedidnt.SUPPOSED He ..................................................

flowers yesterday, but he didnt.

23 I would rather you had warned me about it.HAVE You ..................................................

about it.

24 Youre lucky you didnt cut yourself, John.MIGHT Youre lucky; you .....................................

yourself, John.

25 Im sure he is speaking to them now.MUST He .................................................. to

them now.

26 It isnt necessary for them to return it, is it?NEED They ..................................................

they?

27 Shall we invite the Browns for dinner tonight?ABOUT What .................................................. for

dinner tonight?

SAMP

LE

........................

as left already.s left already.......................................

ance managed to gance managed to

nately, the ambulanately, the ambula.................................... therethe

ote on his desk soote on his desII left the note oft the not..................

llowellowe

2222

PAGE

Ss essential.essent

........................................th.th.

m in hospital, althoun hospital, althou

They hey ...............................in hospital.hospita

ossible that she didnsible that she didnY She She .........

Perhaps she is slePerhaps she COULDCOULD ShS

im had aim haLDLD

16

Type 1 - sth possible in the present or futureIf you dont leave me alone, Ill call the police.If its raining, well stay in.If she has left, leave her a note.If you feel sick, you must / should see a doctor.If I finish early, I can / may / might join you. If / When I eat spicy food, I get stomach ache. If you should see Ted, tell him the news.

(= If you happen to see ...)

Type 2 - sth unlikely / imaginary in the present or futureIf I had a computer, I would / could send e-mails to

my friends.If I wasnt / werent working this weekend, I would /

could / might go skiing. If I was / were you, Id look for a better job.

Type 3 - sth didnt happen in the pastIf they had received our letter, they would have

replied.If she hadnt reacted so quickly, the child might /

could have drowned.If it hadnt been raining so heavily, the match

wouldnt have been cancelled.

Inversion with: should / were / hadShould you change your mind, give me a call.Were I rich, Id travel around the world.Had you been more careful, you could have

avoided the accident.

Other tense combinationsIf I knew he was in hospital, I would have visited him.If you hadnt forgotten to take the map, we wouldnt

be lost now.If they left at eight, theyll be here soon.

Words / Expressions used instead of ifYou cant borrow these books unless youre a member

of the library. (= ... if you arent a member ...)You can take the car provided / providing / on condition

(that) you drive very carefully.Well go on a picnic as / so long as the weather is good.Suppose / Supposing you saw a fire in the forest, what

would you do?You should pack some warm clothes in case it gets /

it should get chilly at night.

But for my family, I wouldnt be a successful writer now.But for your support, I wouldnt have overcome my

problems. In case of / In the event of an earthquake, use the

stairs. Ill tell you only if you promise to keep it a secret. They wont give you the money even if you beg them.

If + will / wouldIf you will / would hold on, Ill see if shes here.If you wont stop / will go on shouting, youll get punished.I dont know / Im not sure / I doubt / I wonder if they

will let us go early. (= ... whether they will let us ...) If you would like to speak to the manager, you must

wait. (= If you want to speak ...)

10 CONDITIONALS

1 If you promise not to lose my new earrings, you canborrow them.LONG You can borrow my new earrings

........................................ not to lose them.2 You might get bored on the train, so you should take

a book with you.CASE Take a book with you .................................

bored on the train.3 The doctor advised him to take some vitamin pills.

WERE If ........................................ take somevitamin pills, said the doctor.

4 We arrived late because there was a lot of traffic.TURNED If there hadnt been so much traffic, we

........................................ time.5 Mark says he will only leave if Sarah agrees to go

with him.UNLESS Mark has refused ........................................

with him.6 I couldnt have started this business without the

50,000 I borrowed from them.IF I couldnt have started this business

........................................ me 50,000.7 Its too hot for a walk today.

IF We could go for a walk ............................................................. hot today.

8 Its a good thing you warned me, or I wouldnt haveknown what to do.YOU I wouldnt have known what to do .............

................................................ me.9 Only if she returns it by Friday will I let her have it.

CONDITION Ill let her have it ..................................................... it by Friday.

10 If you take me with you, Ill pay for the petrol.PROVIDED Ill pay for the petrol ...................................

me with you.11 Mum thought I might need a phonecard so she

bought me one.CASE Mum bought me a phonecard ....................

................... one.12 If Debbie doesnt practise more, shell never get into

the team.DOES Debbie will never get into the team

........................................ more practice.13 I didnt know it was her birthday so I didnt buy her

a present.BOUGHT If I had known it was her birthday, I

........................................ her a present.14 I will cut the grass only if you give me some pocket

money, said my son.NOT I will ........................................ you give

me some pocket money, said my son.


{

SAMP

LEnew earrings, you new earrings, you w my new earringsy new earr

...................................... not toot td on the train, so yon the train, so y

a book with you book with youred on the train.n the train.

or advised him to tr advised himIf If .................................vitamin pills,vitamin pil

ate becaate becaere

ve words, includinge words, including

fire in

m clothes in canight

ouldnt be support, wouldnt h

the event o

you only if hey wont give you

If + will / wouIf you will / wo

ou wt kn

17

11 UNREAL PAST, WOULD RATHER - HAD BETTER

1 Im now sorry I didnt speak to her.WISH I now ......................................... to her.

2 Please, dont deliver the cake after six oclock.RATHER I ......................................... the cake before

six oclock.3 Im sorry that I wasnt able to pick you up from the

station yesterday.COULD I wish ......................................... you up

from the station yesterday.4 Leo wants to travel around Europe instead of finding

a job.RATHER Leo ......................................... Europe than

find a job.5 Im sorry, but I dont want to go dancing tonight.

RATHER Im sorry, but .........................................dancing tonight.

6 You should learn to use a computer now.TIME Its ................................................. use a

computer.7 Martin regrets not trying harder at school.

WISHES Martin ............................. harder at school.

8 Its almost midnight, so you ought to go to bed.BETTER Its almost midnight, so you ......................

to bed.9 I regret telling John about the trip.

WISH I .................................. John about the trip.10 Its a pity you didnt water the plants.

ONLY If ......................................... the plants.11 He should have told us beforehand.

BETTER It ......................................... he had told usbeforehand.

12 My sister regretted getting married so young.RATHER My sister ......................................... got

married so young.13 We are not going to the seaside with them, although

wed love to.WISH We ....................................... to the seaside

with them.14 Ron, could you please stop complaining?

WISH Ron, ............................... stop complaining.


Unreal past(Present / Future)If he were / was rich, he wouldnt have to work.I wish I could help you. I wish we travelled to Spain every summer.

BUT: I wish we were travelling to Spain this summer.If only I knew where she is.I would rather you went home now.Its (high / about) time you two stopped arguing.OR: Its time for you two to stop arguing.

[NOT: Its high / about time for you two to stop arguing.] Suppose / Supposing he asked you out, what would

you say? He behaves as if / as though he were the boss, but

hes actually just an accountant.

wish + different subject + would (wish for a futurechange / request, implying dissatisfaction or lack ofhope)I wish it would stop raining.She wishes the children wouldnt spend so muchtime watching TV.

Mrs Berg wishes to see you. (= wants) He wished me luck.

(Past)If he had driven more carefully, he wouldnt havecrashed the car.I wish I had listened to you.If only they hadnt brought their children with themlast night.She would rather the workers had finished last week.Suppose / Supposing something had gone wrong,what would have happened?She looks as if / as though she had seen a ghost.

[Its (high / about) time cannot be followed by the pastperfect.]

Would rather(Present / Future)Id rather play chess (than watch TV).

[NOT: Id rather to play ...]Hed rather not drive there.Id rather be having coffee with my

friends than (be) working right now.

Id rather you picked me up at seven. [NOT: Id rather you to pick ...]

Id rather she didnt borrow my things all the time.

(Past)Id rather have gone to the cinema

last night.They would rather not have spent

so much money on furniture.

He would rather I had told him about my problem.

Id rather my brother hadnt lost the tickets.

[Would sooner can be used instead of would rather.]

Id rather call him than send him e-mails.OR: Id prefer to call him rather than send him e-mails.

ALSO: I prefer calling him to sending him e-mails.

Had better(Present / Future)Youd better get the car serviced tomorrow.

[NOT: Youd better to get ...]OR: It would be better (for you) to get the car ...Shed better not do that again.Had we better take a taxi? It would have been better if you had woken

up earlier.OR: It would have been better (for you)

to have woken up earlier.

samesubject}differentsubjects}

samesubject}

differentsubject}

(Past)}

SAMPnt speak to her.speak to her....................................................deliver the cake aftver the cake af

............................................six oclock.six oclock.

y that I wasnt abthat I wasnt asterday.terday.

wish ish .th

th two to five wordth two to five wo

weeg

gho

lowed by the past

S

ema

ve spenturniture.

d told himlem.

roth hadnt lost

can be used

er call him OR: Id prefer to cal

ALSO prefer c

Had betsent

be

samubj

18

TensesThese cars are made in Japan.Was the bill paid yesterday?The book will be published next month.The bridge has been repaired.Had the report been checked?The locks wont have been changed by then.The curtains are being ironed now.The floor was being mopped at the time.

Modals / Be going toThe windows should be cleaned.When is the lift going to be repaired?

ImperativeRooms must be booked well in advance.These plants mustnt be watered too often.

Infinitive / GerundId like these trousers to be shortened.The suitcases should have been packed yesterday.I dislike being told what to do.

QuestionsWhat was discussed at the meeting?Who were you informed by?OR: By whom were you informed?What was the fire caused by?OR: By what was the fire caused?

Two objectsThe students were given a lot of homework.OR: A lot of homework was given to the students.

[ALSO WITH: bring, buy, tell, send, show, offer, lend,promise, teach, etc.]

Personal / Impersonal ConstructionBlack cats are considered to bring bad luck.OR: It is considered that black cats bring bad luck.

He is thought to have lied in court.OR: It is thought that he lied in court.

[ALSO WITH: believe, report, say, expect, find, know,etc.]

Let - See - Hear - MakeThey let him go. He was allowed to go.We saw / heard them argue. They were seen /

heard to argue.They made him confess. He was made to confess.

By / WithThe money was found by the police.He was hit by a lorry.He was stabbed with a kitchen knife.

Verbs followed by prepositionsGrandpa is going to be operated on tomorrow. I dont like being stared at.

The passive with getWe get paid at the end of the month.The window got broken in the storm.Youd better lock the car or it might get stolen.

Your hair needs / wants cutting. (= needs to be cut) There are some letters to post / to be posted.

12 THE PASSIVE

1 People say that boy has found the treasure.SAID That boy is .......................... the treasure.

2 Thick fog meant that planes could not take off.PREVENTED Planes ......................................... off by

thick fog.3 The detective is looking into the case of the stolen

painting.INVESTIGATED The case of the stolen painting

......................................... the detective.4 Everyone thinks that Palmer will win the race.

EXPECTED Palmer is ......................................... ofthe race.

5 The fees include the cost of books.IS The cost of books ...................................

the fees.6 It was raining heavily, so they postponed the trip to

the zoo.OWING The trip to the zoo ...................................

the heavy rain.7 They arent closing down that factory until next month.

BEING That factory .........................................until next month.

8 My parents didnt let me play video games when Iwas younger.ALLOWED I ......................................... video games

when I was younger.9 Young people arent watching as much TV these days.

WATCHED Not so much TV ....................................young people these days.

10 Is painting the house this weekend really necessary?HAVE Does the house .......................................

this weekend?11 I took these photos while I was visiting Prague.

WERE These photos .........................................visit to Prague.

12 They are going to suggest a new plan at the meeting.PUT A new plan .........................................

forward at the meeting.13 Who has written this article?

BEEN By ......................................... written?14 Children under 14 are not allowed to use the lift.

MUST The lift ......................................... bychildren under 14.

15 I dont like people giving me orders.BEING I ......................................... orders.


SAMP

Llend,

ound the treasure.d the treas..............................................

at planes could noanes could noes s .........................................

hick fog.og.tive is looking into tive is looking

.EDD The case ofThe case of

..............s t

o to five words, inco to five words, inc

was m

by the police.

ith a kitchen knife

by prepositionsg to ope

ke being stared a

he passive with geWe get paid atThe wind go

ud b

19

The causative use of have / getTensesShe has / gets her nails polished once a week.

(She doesnt have / get ..., Does she have / get ...?)They had / got their roof repaired.

(They didnt have / get ..., Did they have / get ...?)He will have / get his tooth filled tomorrow.I havent had / got my passport renewed yet.He had already had / got the locks changed.We will have had / got the furniture delivered by then.She is having / getting her portrait painted.They were having / getting new carpets fitted.I will be having / getting my eyes checked.

ImperativeHave / Get the parcel sent immediately.Dont have / get your hair cut short.

Modals / Be going toYou should have / get your blood pressure taken moreoften.I may have / get a new suit made.She is going to have / get the garden watered tomorrow. I had / got my purse stolen yesterday.

(sth unpleasant which we did not plan) I had the children put away their toys.

OR: I got the children to put away their toys.

ConjunctionsBoth French and English are spoken in Canada.I like both football and basketball.

We'll go to either Malta or Cyprus this summer.Either Paul or David can drive you home.

Neither my mum nor my dad knows / know how to use a computer.

BUT: Neither my friends nor my relatives were there.Neither eggs nor cheese are allowed in this diet.

Whether we go out or stay at home makes no difference to me.

I have no idea whether he saw the note or not.OR: I have no idea whether or not he saw the note.

He is not only a colleague but also a good friend.OR: He is not only a colleague but a good friend too /

as well.They not only drove me to the station but also helped

me carry my luggage.OR: Not only did they drive me to the station ...She had no sooner said that than she regretted it.OR: No sooner had she said that than ...

13 THE CAUSATIVE USE OF HAVE / GET, CONJUNCTIONS

1 Someone broke into their flat the other day.HAD They ............................................ into

the other day.2 Did the hairdresser dye her hair blonde?

DYED Did she ............................................blonde?

3 Not only is she pretty, but also clever, he said.BOTH She ............................................, he

said.4 The plumber is fixing our tap at the moment.

FIXED We ............................................ at themoment.

5 I havent been for an eye test for over six years.HAD I have ............................................ for

over six years.6 We were sent home as soon as we arrived.

SOONER We ............................................ we weresent home.

7 They are going to hire someone to paint their housethis summer.HAVE They are going ........................................

this summer.

8 The workers wont replace the roof until next month.REPLACED We will ............................................ until

next month.9 Can you tell us if youre interested or not?

OR Can you tell us ........................................interested?

10 How often is your car serviced?HAVE How often ............................................

serviced?11 Mrs Carters students were made to do a test.

HAD Mrs Carter ............................................ atest.

12 He persuaded his son to cut the grass.GOT He ............................................ the

grass.13 The children were both dirty and hungry when they

got home.ONLY The children were ...................................

hungry when they got home.14 The story wasnt funny or interesting.

NEITHER The story ............................................interesting.


= ask / persuade /make sb do sth}

the other day.he other d.......................................

ye her hair blonde?e her hair blonde?........................................

e?e?he pretty, but also retty, but also

She She .....................said.said

mber is fixing ouber is fixing oWe We ..........

omeome

ive words, includinve words, includ

askmake

the nono he saw

e but also a goodolleague but a goo

ove me to the statluggage.d they drive

no soon said thoner had sh

20

Reported SpeechI like tennis, he said. He said (that) he liked tennis.Im going home, she said to me. She told me

(that) she was going home.Ill see you tonight, he said. He said (that) he

would see us that night.They arrived yesterday, she said. She said (that)

they had arrived the previous day / the day before.He can help us, I said. I said (that) he could help us.[may might, must must / had to, shall should,need had to, neednt neednt / didnt have to]Why are you crying? he said to me. He asked me /

wanted to know why I was crying.Did you tell everyone? he said. He asked if /

whether I had told everyone.Stay here, he said to us. He told / asked / ordered

us to stay there.Dont trust her, he said to me. He told / warned

me not to trust her.I wish I had a car, he said. He said he wished he

had a car.

Verbs used instead of say / tellNo, I didnt read your diary, he said to her. He

denied reading / having read her diary.Im sorry I broke your glasses, she said to me. She

apologised for breaking my glasses.If I were you, Id see a doctor, she said to me. She

advised me to see a doctor.Lets have a party, he said. He suggested having a

party ... / suggested (that) we have / had a party.[ALSO: admit (to), promise, refuse, complain, offer,inform, invite, etc.]

Relative ClausesThe man who / that won the lottery gave half of the

money to charity.The people (whom / who / that) we met on the train

were from Sweden.An ostrich is a bird which / that cant fly.I havent read the book (which / that) you lent me yet.He was an actor whose talent was remarkable.The woman to whom I spoke promised to help me.OR: The woman (who / that) I spoke to promised to

help me.Thats the church where we got married.OR: Thats the church in which we got married.OR: Thats the church (which / that) we got married in. The man who / that lives upstairs is a dentist.

(defining relative clause - no commas)Mr Jackson, who lives upstairs, is a dentist.

(non-defining relative clause - commas) He was born in a town the name of which is

impossible for me to remember.OR: He was born in a town whose name is impossible

for me to remember. Hes got hundreds of stamps, many of which are

very rare.They interviewed several candidates, none of whom

was suitable for the position.Ive got four cousins, all of whom are younger than

me.

14 REPORTED SPEECH, RELATIVE CLAUSES

1 I want to read the paper - have you finished with it?he asked his wife.FINISHED He asked his wife ................................

.................... with the paper.2 Do not touch that button, Laura said to the child.

NOT Laura ........................................................touch that button.

3 All the students handed in their assignments ontime, apart from Susan.WHO Susan was the .........................................

hand in her assignment on time.4 This is the town where I lived two years ago.

WHICH This is the town ........................................................ two years ago.

5 Two men she had never seen before were waiting tosee her.NEITHER Two men, ............................................

seen before, were waiting to see her.6 The exam, whose results will be posted shortly, was

very difficult.OF The exam, ............................................

will be posted shortly, was very difficult.

7 No, I wont lend you my new jeans, my sister saidto me.REFUSED My sister ................................ new jeans.

8 The country with the red flag is China.WHOSE The country ............................................

is China.9 Ill call you back, Sam, she said.

TOLD She ............................................ call himback.

10 He said, I wish I lived somewhere else.WISHED He said ............................................

somewhere else.11 What do you do for a living? I said to him.

ASKED I ............................................ for a living.12 Lets wait for him here, she said.

SUGGESTED She ..........................................................there.

13 Jenny didnt paint those pictures on the wall.WHO It ...................................... those pictures

on the wall.14 Your flight has been delayed, the man said to us.

INFORMED The man ............................................been delayed.


SAMP

LEg a

y.offer

ve you finished wite you finished wit

wife e ...................................... with the paper.with the paper.

button, Laura saidton, Laura said...........................................

ch that button.that button.dents handed in thedents handed in th

art from Susan.rt from Susan.Susan was thSusan was thand in hehand in hwn wwn w

ive words, includinve words, includ

t marriwe got ma

hich / that) e golives upstairs is a

ve clause - no comho lives upstairs, is

ng relative clausen a town th

ossible for me to was born in

for me Hes got hun

verey in

21

TimeAsk him to call me the moment / minute (that) he gets

here. [NOT: ... the moment / minute (that) he will get here.]Grandma would give me sweets whenever I visited her.[NOT: ... whenever I would visit her.]

[ALSO WITH: before, after, as soon as, as long as,when, till / until, while, by the time, as, just as,since, ever since, hardly / scarcely ... when,no sooner ... than, etc.]

ReasonHe wasnt given the position because of / on account

of / due to / owing to his lack of experience.OR: He wasnt given the position because of / on

account of / due to / owing to the fact that hedidnt have any experience.

Now that theyve moved house we dont see them very often.

PurposeI told him a joke to cheer / so as to cheer / in order to

cheer him up.She sat under an umbrella so as not to get / in order

not to get sunburnt. [NOT: ... umbrella not to get sunburnt.]Wash this jumper in cold water so that / in order that

it doesnt / wont shrink. ALSO: Wash this jumper in cold water to avoid it shrinking.He studies really hard so that / in order that his marks

can / may / will improve.They set off early so that / in order that they could /

would get there before lunchtime. She bought some paint to decorate the kitchen.

OR: ... paint so as to / in order to decorate the kitchen. [same subject]

She bought some paint for her husband to decorate the kitchen. [different subjects]

OR: ... so that her husband could decorate the kitchen.

I wont wear this bracelet for fear (that) I will / might lose it.

He wore a hat and dark glasses for fear (that)someone might / would recognise him.

He didnt tell the children for fear of upsettingthem.

This is a machine for slicing bread.He got a knife to slice the bread with.

Resultsuch (a / an) (+ adjective) + noun (+that)He is such a clever boy (that) its a pleasure to be

teaching him.They are such friendly people (that) we all like them.Theres such heavy traffic (that) well definitely be late.He is such an idiot (that) you cant trust him to do the

job properly.

so + adjective / adverb (that)The children were so excited about the trip (that) they

couldnt sleep.She performed so well (that) she won first prize. It was such a heavy box (that) I couldnt lift it on my

own.OR: It was so heavy a box (that) I couldn't lift it on

my own.

so + many / much / few / little + noun (that)such + a lot of + noun (that)There was so much fog (that) we couldnt see anything.OR: There was such a lot of fog (that) ...Ive got so little time (that) I cant help you now.

Contrast / ConcessionAlthough / Even though he had a map, he got lost.He had a map. He got lost, though.He had a map. However / Nevertheless, he got lost.

in spite of / despite + noun / gerund / the fact thatIn spite of / Despite their wealth, they never give

money to the poor.In spite of / Despite being wealthy, they never give

money to the poor.In spite of / Despite the fact that they are wealthy,

they never give money to the poor.Whatever he says / may say, I wont believe him.OR: No matter what he says / may say, I wont believe

him.[ALSO WITH: where, how, who, which]

MannerHe sounds as if / as though he comes from the south.

(he may be)She acts as if / as though she were my mother.

(but she isnt)

Do as you please.She sings like an angel.

15 CLAUSES OF: TIME, REASON, PURPOSE, RESULT, CONTRAST / CONCESSION, MANNER

tha

kinghat his marks

tha hey uld /time.orate the k

order to decorat

paint for her husrent subjects

at her husban

ar this bract

he won firstx (that) I couldnt

vy a box (that) I c

y / much / few / lilot of + noun (tso much fo

R: There was Ive got so little

ast

22

1 If the exercises hadnt been so difficult, I would havebeen able to do them.SUCH They .........................................................

I couldnt do them.

2 The meeting was held despite the presidentsabsence.PLACE The meeting .............................................

the president was absent.

3 As it had started to snow, the match was postponed.PUT The match ................................................

the snow.

4 Leo took the train because he did not want to getstuck in traffic.THAT Leo took the train ....................................

not get stuck in traffic.

5 I had to type up all the reports before I could leave.UNTIL I ...............................................................

had typed up all the reports.

6 We drew the curtains to prevent the sunlight fromcoming in.SO We drew the curtains ..............................

........................ not come in.

7 Sarah was too tired to go out.THAT Sarah was ................................................

not go out.

8 Although he was ill, he competed in the race.ILL Despite ..................................................,

he competed in the race.

9 The weather was so bad that the ships couldnt sail.WAS There ..................................................

that the ships couldnt sail.

10 I kept quiet because I didnt want to upset her.NOT I kept quiet ............................................

her.

11 We went to the beach despite the bad weather.EVEN We went to the beach .............................

............................ bad.

12 He appeared to be in need of some rest.THOUGH He looked ...............................................

some rest.

13 The meal was cheap, but it was tasty.THAT In spite ...................................................

the meal was cheap, it was tasty.

14 So that she could buy a new computer, Jane savedfifty euros a month.ORDER Jane saved fifty euros a month ................

............................... able to buy a newcomputer.

15 Peter failed the test in spite of being well preparedfor it.ALTHOUGH Peter failed the test ................................

............................................ for it.

16 We jumped over a wall in order not to be seen.FEAR We jumped over a wall ..........................

................................................ seen.

17 The moment I get there, Ill give you a call.SOON Ill give you a call .....................................

there.

18 Annie wont listen to you whatever you say.MATTER Annie wont listen to you ........................

................................... say.

19 Mary was such a careless driver that she caused a lotof accidents.DROVE Mary .................................................. she

caused a lot of accidents.

20 He has health problems and cant work any more.ACCOUNT He cant work any more .........................

health problems.


SAMP

LE .......................

...................................................

competed in the raeted in the ................................................

mpeted in the race.mpeted in the rac

r was so bad that twas so bad that There Ther ................that the shipsthat the ship

ecausecaus

171

PAGE

Sp, it p,

new computer, Janew computer,

aved fifty euros a mved fifty euros a m.................................................. aba

computer.omputer.

failed the test in spailed the test in spt.

ALTHOUGHLTHOUGH Peter faPeter f....

We jumpeWe ju

23

16 PARTICIPLES, INVERSION

1 I realised I had forgotten my wallet only after I left.DID Only after ............................................ I

had forgotten my wallet.2 I had never seen such a bad accident before.

SEEN Never ............................................ such abad accident.

3 We couldnt speak French, so we found an interpreter.ABLE Not ............................................, we

found an interpreter.4 It took me four days to paint the house.

SPENT I ............................................ the house.5 You shouldnt do that under any circumstances.

NO Under ............................................ that.6 She had to use a neighbours phone as hers was out

of order.BEING Her phone ............................................

had to use a neighbours.

7 As well as leaving his keys at work, he lost hisumbrella.LEAVE Not only ............................................ at

work, but he also lost his umbrella.8 They were making so much noise that the whole

street woke up.WERE So ............................................ that the

whole street woke up.9 Vegetables are good for your health when you eat

them fresh.EATEN Vegetables ............................................

good for your health.10 I could never be so mean to you, not for any reason.

ACCOUNT On ............................................ be somean to you.

11 People who apply for the job must be over twenty.APPLYING People ............................................ must

be over twenty.12 It was such a dirty restaurant that Ill never go again.

WAS Such a dirty restaurant ............................Ill never go again.


ParticiplesForms

present participle: cleaning, takingpast participle: cleaned, takenperfect participle: active: having cleaned,

having takenpassive: having been cleaned,

having been taken

Present participlesI saw them leaving.We felt the ground shaking.

[ALSO WITH: hear, watch, notice, smell] We saw / heard / watched / noticed them talking to

the manager. (= saw / heard, etc. part of the action)

We saw / heard / watched / noticed them talk to the manager. (= saw / heard, etc. the whole action)

They found the escaped prisoner hiding in the forest. [ALSO WITH: catch, leave]

Dad is busy checking the bills right now.We spent hours wandering around the streets of

Rome.He wasted all his fortune gambling.

Past participlesExhausted by the long journey, he fell asleep right

away. (= As he was exhausted ...)

Perfect participlesHaving thought about what you said, I decided not to

do anything for the time being.Having been painted recently, the house looked really

nice.

Participles replacing clausesThe man driving the car was rather old.

(= The man who was driving ...)The jewellery kept in the safe is priceless.

(= The jewellery which is kept in the safe ...)I hurt my back (while) cleaning up the garage.

(= ... while I was cleaning up ...)After swimming / After having swum / Having swum

in the cold sea, he felt refreshed. (= After he had swum ...)

Having left her keys at work, she couldnt get into her flat. (= As she had left ...)

Not wanting to scare them, he didnt say anything. (= Because he didnt want to scare them, ...)

Used day and night, this cream will help you look younger. (= If it is used day and night ...)

InversionNever (before) have I met with such rudeness.

[ALSO WITH: rarely, seldom, hardly / scarcely ... when,no sooner ... than]

Only in this way will he realise how serious the situation is. [ALSO WITH: only in, only by, only then, not only ... but also]

Only after she spoke to the doctor d

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