6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms...
Transcript of 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms...
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6: Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 1 / 12
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Fourier Series as T → ∞
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
![Page 3: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Fourier Series as T → ∞
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The harmonic frequencies are nF ∀n and are spaced F = 1T
apart.
![Page 4: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fourier Series as T → ∞
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The harmonic frequencies are nF ∀n and are spaced F = 1T
apart.
As T gets larger, the harmonic spacing becomes smaller.e.g. T = 1 s ⇒ F = 1Hz
![Page 5: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fourier Series as T → ∞
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The harmonic frequencies are nF ∀n and are spaced F = 1T
apart.
As T gets larger, the harmonic spacing becomes smaller.e.g. T = 1 s ⇒ F = 1Hz
T = 1day ⇒ F = 11.57µHz
![Page 6: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fourier Series as T → ∞
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The harmonic frequencies are nF ∀n and are spaced F = 1T
apart.
As T gets larger, the harmonic spacing becomes smaller.e.g. T = 1 s ⇒ F = 1Hz
T = 1day ⇒ F = 11.57µHz
If T → ∞ then the harmonic spacing becomes zero, the sum becomes anintegral and we get the Fourier Transform:
u(t) =∫ +∞f=−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
![Page 7: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fourier Series as T → ∞
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The harmonic frequencies are nF ∀n and are spaced F = 1T
apart.
As T gets larger, the harmonic spacing becomes smaller.e.g. T = 1 s ⇒ F = 1Hz
T = 1day ⇒ F = 11.57µHz
If T → ∞ then the harmonic spacing becomes zero, the sum becomes anintegral and we get the Fourier Transform:
u(t) =∫ +∞f=−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
Here, U(f), is the spectral density of u(t).
![Page 8: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Fourier Series as T → ∞
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The harmonic frequencies are nF ∀n and are spaced F = 1T
apart.
As T gets larger, the harmonic spacing becomes smaller.e.g. T = 1 s ⇒ F = 1Hz
T = 1day ⇒ F = 11.57µHz
If T → ∞ then the harmonic spacing becomes zero, the sum becomes anintegral and we get the Fourier Transform:
u(t) =∫ +∞f=−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
Here, U(f), is the spectral density of u(t).
• U(f) is a continuous function of f .
![Page 9: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fourier Series as T → ∞
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The harmonic frequencies are nF ∀n and are spaced F = 1T
apart.
As T gets larger, the harmonic spacing becomes smaller.e.g. T = 1 s ⇒ F = 1Hz
T = 1day ⇒ F = 11.57µHz
If T → ∞ then the harmonic spacing becomes zero, the sum becomes anintegral and we get the Fourier Transform:
u(t) =∫ +∞f=−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
Here, U(f), is the spectral density of u(t).
• U(f) is a continuous function of f .• U(f) is complex-valued.
![Page 10: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fourier Series as T → ∞
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The harmonic frequencies are nF ∀n and are spaced F = 1T
apart.
As T gets larger, the harmonic spacing becomes smaller.e.g. T = 1 s ⇒ F = 1Hz
T = 1day ⇒ F = 11.57µHz
If T → ∞ then the harmonic spacing becomes zero, the sum becomes anintegral and we get the Fourier Transform:
u(t) =∫ +∞f=−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
Here, U(f), is the spectral density of u(t).
• U(f) is a continuous function of f .• U(f) is complex-valued.• u(t) real ⇒ U(f) is conjugate symmetric ⇔ U(−f) = U(f)∗.
![Page 11: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fourier Series as T → ∞
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The harmonic frequencies are nF ∀n and are spaced F = 1T
apart.
As T gets larger, the harmonic spacing becomes smaller.e.g. T = 1 s ⇒ F = 1Hz
T = 1day ⇒ F = 11.57µHz
If T → ∞ then the harmonic spacing becomes zero, the sum becomes anintegral and we get the Fourier Transform:
u(t) =∫ +∞f=−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
Here, U(f), is the spectral density of u(t).
• U(f) is a continuous function of f .• U(f) is complex-valued.• u(t) real ⇒ U(f) is conjugate symmetric ⇔ U(−f) = U(f)∗.• Units: if u(t) is in volts, then U(f)df must also be in volts
⇒ U(f) is in volts/Hz (hence “spectral density”).
![Page 12: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
![Page 13: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
![Page 14: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
Un =⟨
u(t)e−i2πnFt⟩
![Page 15: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
Un =⟨
u(t)e−i2πnFt⟩
= ∆f∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πnFtdt
![Page 16: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
Un =⟨
u(t)e−i2πnFt⟩
= ∆f∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πnFtdt
Spectral Density: If u(t) has finite energy, Un → 0 as ∆f → 0.
![Page 17: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
Un =⟨
u(t)e−i2πnFt⟩
= ∆f∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πnFtdt
Spectral Density: If u(t) has finite energy, Un → 0 as ∆f → 0. So wedefine a spectral density, U(fn) =
Un
∆f, on the set of frequencies {fn}:
U(fn) =Un
∆f=
∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πfntdt
![Page 18: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
Un =⟨
u(t)e−i2πnFt⟩
= ∆f∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πnFtdt
Spectral Density: If u(t) has finite energy, Un → 0 as ∆f → 0. So wedefine a spectral density, U(fn) =
Un
∆f, on the set of frequencies {fn}:
U(fn) =Un
∆f=
∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πfntdt
we can write [Substitute Un = U(fn)∆f ]u(t) =
∑∞n=−∞ U(fn)e
i2πfnt∆f
![Page 19: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
Un =⟨
u(t)e−i2πnFt⟩
= ∆f∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πnFtdt
Spectral Density: If u(t) has finite energy, Un → 0 as ∆f → 0. So wedefine a spectral density, U(fn) =
Un
∆f, on the set of frequencies {fn}:
U(fn) =Un
∆f=
∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πfntdt
we can write [Substitute Un = U(fn)∆f ]u(t) =
∑∞n=−∞ U(fn)e
i2πfnt∆f
Fourier Transform: Now if we take the limit as ∆f → 0, we get
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
![Page 20: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
Un =⟨
u(t)e−i2πnFt⟩
= ∆f∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πnFtdt
Spectral Density: If u(t) has finite energy, Un → 0 as ∆f → 0. So wedefine a spectral density, U(fn) =
Un
∆f, on the set of frequencies {fn}:
U(fn) =Un
∆f=
∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πfntdt
we can write [Substitute Un = U(fn)∆f ]u(t) =
∑∞n=−∞ U(fn)e
i2πfnt∆f
Fourier Transform: Now if we take the limit as ∆f → 0, we get
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
![Page 21: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
Un =⟨
u(t)e−i2πnFt⟩
= ∆f∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πnFtdt
Spectral Density: If u(t) has finite energy, Un → 0 as ∆f → 0. So wedefine a spectral density, U(fn) =
Un
∆f, on the set of frequencies {fn}:
U(fn) =Un
∆f=
∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πfntdt
we can write [Substitute Un = U(fn)∆f ]u(t) =
∑∞n=−∞ U(fn)e
i2πfnt∆f
Fourier Transform: Now if we take the limit as ∆f → 0, we get
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
![Page 22: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
Un =⟨
u(t)e−i2πnFt⟩
= ∆f∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πnFtdt
Spectral Density: If u(t) has finite energy, Un → 0 as ∆f → 0. So wedefine a spectral density, U(fn) =
Un
∆f, on the set of frequencies {fn}:
U(fn) =Un
∆f=
∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πfntdt
we can write [Substitute Un = U(fn)∆f ]u(t) =
∑∞n=−∞ U(fn)e
i2πfnt∆f
Fourier Transform: Now if we take the limit as ∆f → 0, we get
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
For non-periodic signals Un → 0 as ∆f → 0 and U(fn) =Un
∆fremains
finite.
![Page 23: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
Un =⟨
u(t)e−i2πnFt⟩
= ∆f∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πnFtdt
Spectral Density: If u(t) has finite energy, Un → 0 as ∆f → 0. So wedefine a spectral density, U(fn) =
Un
∆f, on the set of frequencies {fn}:
U(fn) =Un
∆f=
∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πfntdt
we can write [Substitute Un = U(fn)∆f ]u(t) =
∑∞n=−∞ U(fn)e
i2πfnt∆f
Fourier Transform: Now if we take the limit as ∆f → 0, we get
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
For non-periodic signals Un → 0 as ∆f → 0 and U(fn) =Un
∆fremains
finite. However, if u(t) contains an exactly periodic component, then thecorresponding U(fn) will become infinite as ∆f → 0.
![Page 24: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fourier Transform
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 3 / 12
Fourier Series: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
The summation is over a set of equally spaced frequenciesfn = nF where the spacing between them is ∆f = F = 1
T.
Un =⟨
u(t)e−i2πnFt⟩
= ∆f∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πnFtdt
Spectral Density: If u(t) has finite energy, Un → 0 as ∆f → 0. So wedefine a spectral density, U(fn) =
Un
∆f, on the set of frequencies {fn}:
U(fn) =Un
∆f=
∫ 0.5T
t=−0.5Tu(t)e−i2πfntdt
we can write [Substitute Un = U(fn)∆f ]u(t) =
∑∞n=−∞ U(fn)e
i2πfnt∆f
Fourier Transform: Now if we take the limit as ∆f → 0, we get
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
For non-periodic signals Un → 0 as ∆f → 0 and U(fn) =Un
∆fremains
finite. However, if u(t) contains an exactly periodic component, then thecorresponding U(fn) will become infinite as ∆f → 0. We will deal with it.
![Page 25: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
<
![Page 26: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0-5 0 5
0
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
<
![Page 27: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
<
![Page 28: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
<
![Page 29: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
<
![Page 30: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
<
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
![Page 31: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
-5 0 50.10.20.30.40.5
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
<
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
![Page 32: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
-5 0 50.10.20.30.40.5
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
-5 0 5-0.5
0
0.5
Frequence (Hz)
<U
(f)
(rad
/pi)
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
![Page 33: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
-5 0 50.10.20.30.40.5
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
-5 0 5-0.5
0
0.5
Frequence (Hz)
<U
(f)
(rad
/pi)
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
Example 2:v(t) = e−a|t|
![Page 34: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
-5 0 50.10.20.30.40.5
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
-5 0 5-0.5
0
0.5
Frequence (Hz)
<U
(f)
(rad
/pi)
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
Example 2:v(t) = e−a|t| -5 0 5
0
0.5
1
Time (s)
v(t)
a=2
![Page 35: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
-5 0 50.10.20.30.40.5
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
-5 0 5-0.5
0
0.5
Frequence (Hz)
<U
(f)
(rad
/pi)
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
Example 2:v(t) = e−a|t|
V (f) =∫∞−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
v(t)
a=2
![Page 36: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
-5 0 50.10.20.30.40.5
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
-5 0 5-0.5
0
0.5
Frequence (Hz)
<U
(f)
(rad
/pi)
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
Example 2:v(t) = e−a|t|
V (f) =∫∞−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
v(t)
a=2
=∫ 0
−∞ eate−i2πftdt+∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
![Page 37: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
-5 0 50.10.20.30.40.5
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
-5 0 5-0.5
0
0.5
Frequence (Hz)
<U
(f)
(rad
/pi)
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
Example 2:v(t) = e−a|t|
V (f) =∫∞−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
v(t)
a=2
=∫ 0
−∞ eate−i2πftdt+∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
= 1a−i2πf
[
e(a−i2πf)t]0
−∞ + −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
![Page 38: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
-5 0 50.10.20.30.40.5
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
-5 0 5-0.5
0
0.5
Frequence (Hz)
<U
(f)
(rad
/pi)
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
Example 2:v(t) = e−a|t|
V (f) =∫∞−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
v(t)
a=2
=∫ 0
−∞ eate−i2πftdt+∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
= 1a−i2πf
[
e(a−i2πf)t]0
−∞ + −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a−i2πf + 1
a+i2πf
![Page 39: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
-5 0 50.10.20.30.40.5
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
-5 0 5-0.5
0
0.5
Frequence (Hz)
<U
(f)
(rad
/pi)
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
Example 2:v(t) = e−a|t|
V (f) =∫∞−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
v(t)
a=2
=∫ 0
−∞ eate−i2πftdt+∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
= 1a−i2πf
[
e(a−i2πf)t]0
−∞ + −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a−i2πf + 1
a+i2πf = 2aa2+4π2f2
![Page 40: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
-5 0 50.10.20.30.40.5
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
-5 0 5-0.5
0
0.5
Frequence (Hz)
<U
(f)
(rad
/pi)
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
Example 2:v(t) = e−a|t|
V (f) =∫∞−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
v(t)
a=2
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Frequency (Hz)
|V(f
)|
=∫ 0
−∞ eate−i2πftdt+∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
= 1a−i2πf
[
e(a−i2πf)t]0
−∞ + −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a−i2πf + 1
a+i2πf = 2aa2+4π2f2
![Page 41: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Fourier Transform Examples
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 4 / 12
Example 1:
u(t) =
{
e−at t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
=∫∞0
e(−a−i2πf)tdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
u(t)
a=2
-5 0 50.10.20.30.40.5
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
-5 0 5-0.5
0
0.5
Frequence (Hz)
<U
(f)
(rad
/pi)
= −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a+i2πf
Example 2:v(t) = e−a|t|
V (f) =∫∞−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdt
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Time (s)
v(t)
a=2
-5 0 50
0.5
1
Frequency (Hz)
|V(f
)|
=∫ 0
−∞ eate−i2πftdt+∫∞0
e−ate−i2πftdt
= 1a−i2πf
[
e(a−i2πf)t]0
−∞ + −1a+i2πf
[
e(−a−i2πf)t]∞0
= 1a−i2πf + 1
a+i2πf = 2aa2+4π2f2 [v(t) real+symmetric
⇒ V (f) real+symmetric]
![Page 42: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 5 / 12
We define a unit area pulse of width w as
dw(x) =
{
1w
−0.5w ≤ x ≤ 0.5w
0 otherwise -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
2
4
δ3(x)
x
![Page 43: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 5 / 12
We define a unit area pulse of width w as
dw(x) =
{
1w
−0.5w ≤ x ≤ 0.5w
0 otherwise
This pulse has the property that its integral equals1 for all values of w:
∫∞x=−∞ dw(x)dx = 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
2
4
δ3(x)
x
![Page 44: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 5 / 12
We define a unit area pulse of width w as
dw(x) =
{
1w
−0.5w ≤ x ≤ 0.5w
0 otherwise
This pulse has the property that its integral equals1 for all values of w:
∫∞x=−∞ dw(x)dx = 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
2
4
δ3(x)
δ0.5
(x)
x
If we make w smaller, the pulse height increases to preserve unit area.
![Page 45: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 5 / 12
We define a unit area pulse of width w as
dw(x) =
{
1w
−0.5w ≤ x ≤ 0.5w
0 otherwise
This pulse has the property that its integral equals1 for all values of w:
∫∞x=−∞ dw(x)dx = 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
2
4
δ3(x)
δ0.5
(x)
δ0.2
(x)
x
If we make w smaller, the pulse height increases to preserve unit area.
![Page 46: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 5 / 12
We define a unit area pulse of width w as
dw(x) =
{
1w
−0.5w ≤ x ≤ 0.5w
0 otherwise
This pulse has the property that its integral equals1 for all values of w:
∫∞x=−∞ dw(x)dx = 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
2
4
δ3(x)
δ0.5
(x)
δ0.2
(x)
x
If we make w smaller, the pulse height increases to preserve unit area.
We define the Dirac delta function as δ(x) = limw→0 dw(x)
![Page 47: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 5 / 12
We define a unit area pulse of width w as
dw(x) =
{
1w
−0.5w ≤ x ≤ 0.5w
0 otherwise
This pulse has the property that its integral equals1 for all values of w:
∫∞x=−∞ dw(x)dx = 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
2
4
δ3(x)
δ0.5
(x)
δ0.2
(x)
x
If we make w smaller, the pulse height increases to preserve unit area.
We define the Dirac delta function as δ(x) = limw→0 dw(x)
• δ(x) equals zero everywhere except at x = 0 where it is infinite.
![Page 48: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 5 / 12
We define a unit area pulse of width w as
dw(x) =
{
1w
−0.5w ≤ x ≤ 0.5w
0 otherwise
This pulse has the property that its integral equals1 for all values of w:
∫∞x=−∞ dw(x)dx = 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
2
4
δ3(x)
δ0.5
(x)
δ0.2
(x)
x
If we make w smaller, the pulse height increases to preserve unit area.
We define the Dirac delta function as δ(x) = limw→0 dw(x)
• δ(x) equals zero everywhere except at x = 0 where it is infinite.
• However its area still equals 1⇒∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
![Page 49: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 5 / 12
We define a unit area pulse of width w as
dw(x) =
{
1w
−0.5w ≤ x ≤ 0.5w
0 otherwise
This pulse has the property that its integral equals1 for all values of w:
∫∞x=−∞ dw(x)dx = 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
2
4
δ3(x)
δ0.5
(x)
δ0.2
(x)
x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0
0.5
1
δ(x)
x
If we make w smaller, the pulse height increases to preserve unit area.
We define the Dirac delta function as δ(x) = limw→0 dw(x)
• δ(x) equals zero everywhere except at x = 0 where it is infinite.
• However its area still equals 1⇒∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
• We plot the height of δ(x) as its area rather than its true height of ∞.
![Page 50: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 5 / 12
We define a unit area pulse of width w as
dw(x) =
{
1w
−0.5w ≤ x ≤ 0.5w
0 otherwise
This pulse has the property that its integral equals1 for all values of w:
∫∞x=−∞ dw(x)dx = 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
2
4
δ3(x)
δ0.5
(x)
δ0.2
(x)
x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0
0.5
1
δ(x)
x
If we make w smaller, the pulse height increases to preserve unit area.
We define the Dirac delta function as δ(x) = limw→0 dw(x)
• δ(x) equals zero everywhere except at x = 0 where it is infinite.
• However its area still equals 1⇒∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
• We plot the height of δ(x) as its area rather than its true height of ∞.
δ(x) is not quite a proper function: it is called a generalized function.
![Page 51: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x)
x
![Page 52: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
x
![Page 53: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
x
![Page 54: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
x
![Page 55: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
![Page 56: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
![Page 57: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
![Page 58: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
![Page 59: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
![Page 60: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx
![Page 61: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
![Page 62: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= 1c
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
![Page 63: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= 1c
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= 1
c
![Page 64: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= 1c
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= 1
c
c < 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx
![Page 65: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= 1c
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= 1
c
c < 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫ −∞y=+∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
![Page 66: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= 1c
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= 1
c
c < 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫ −∞y=+∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= −1c
∫ +∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
![Page 67: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= 1c
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= 1
c
c < 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫ −∞y=+∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= −1c
∫ +∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= −1
c
![Page 68: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= 1c
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= 1
c= 1
|c|
c < 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫ −∞y=+∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= −1c
∫ +∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= −1
c= 1
|c|
![Page 69: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= 1c
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= 1
c= 1
|c|
c < 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫ −∞y=+∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= −1c
∫ +∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= −1
c= 1
|c|
In general, δ(cx) = 1|c|δ(x) for c 6= 0
![Page 70: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1
δ(4x) = 0.25δ(x)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= 1c
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= 1
c= 1
|c|
c < 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫ −∞y=+∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= −1c
∫ +∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= −1
c= 1
|c|
In general, δ(cx) = 1|c|δ(x) for c 6= 0
![Page 71: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Scaling and Translation
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 6 / 12
Translation: δ(x− a)
δ(x) is a pulse at x = 0δ(x− a) is a pulse at x = a
Amplitude Scaling: bδ(x)
δ(x) has an area of 1⇔∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx = 1
bδ(x) has an area of b since∫∞−∞ (bδ(x)) dx= b
∫∞−∞ δ(x)dx= b
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1 δ(x) δ(x-2)
-0.5δ(x+2)
x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-1
0
1
δ(4x) = 0.25δ(x)
-3δ(-4x-8) = -0.75δ(x+2)
x
b can be a complex number (on a graph, we then plot only its magnitude)
Time Scaling: δ(cx)
c > 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= 1c
∫∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= 1
c= 1
|c|
c < 0:∫∞x=−∞ δ(cx)dx=
∫ −∞y=+∞ δ(y)dy
c[sub y = cx]
= −1c
∫ +∞y=−∞ δ(y)dy= −1
c= 1
|c|
In general, δ(cx) = 1|c|δ(x) for c 6= 0
![Page 72: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Products and Integrals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 7 / 12
If we multiply δ(x− a) by a function of x:y = x2 × δ(x− 2)
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=x2
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=δ(x-2)
x
![Page 73: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Products and Integrals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 7 / 12
If we multiply δ(x− a) by a function of x:y = x2 × δ(x− 2)
The product is 0 everywhere except at x = 2.-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=x2
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=δ(x-2)
x
![Page 74: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Products and Integrals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 7 / 12
If we multiply δ(x− a) by a function of x:y = x2 × δ(x− 2)
The product is 0 everywhere except at x = 2.
So δ(x− 2) is multiplied by the value taken byx2 at x = 2:
x2 × δ(x− 2) =[
x2]
x=2× δ(x− 2)
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=x2
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=δ(x-2)
x
![Page 75: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Products and Integrals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 7 / 12
If we multiply δ(x− a) by a function of x:y = x2 × δ(x− 2)
The product is 0 everywhere except at x = 2.
So δ(x− 2) is multiplied by the value taken byx2 at x = 2:
x2 × δ(x− 2) =[
x2]
x=2× δ(x− 2)
= 4× δ(x− 2)
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=x2
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=δ(x-2)
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=22×δ(x-2) = 4δ(x-2)
x
![Page 76: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Products and Integrals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 7 / 12
If we multiply δ(x− a) by a function of x:y = x2 × δ(x− 2)
The product is 0 everywhere except at x = 2.
So δ(x− 2) is multiplied by the value taken byx2 at x = 2:
x2 × δ(x− 2) =[
x2]
x=2× δ(x− 2)
= 4× δ(x− 2)
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=x2
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=δ(x-2)
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=22×δ(x-2) = 4δ(x-2)
x
![Page 77: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Products and Integrals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 7 / 12
If we multiply δ(x− a) by a function of x:y = x2 × δ(x− 2)
The product is 0 everywhere except at x = 2.
So δ(x− 2) is multiplied by the value taken byx2 at x = 2:
x2 × δ(x− 2) =[
x2]
x=2× δ(x− 2)
= 4× δ(x− 2)
In general for any function, f(x), that iscontinuous at x = a,
f(x)δ(x− a) = f(a)δ(x− a)
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=x2
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=δ(x-2)
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=22×δ(x-2) = 4δ(x-2)
x
![Page 78: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Products and Integrals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 7 / 12
If we multiply δ(x− a) by a function of x:y = x2 × δ(x− 2)
The product is 0 everywhere except at x = 2.
So δ(x− 2) is multiplied by the value taken byx2 at x = 2:
x2 × δ(x− 2) =[
x2]
x=2× δ(x− 2)
= 4× δ(x− 2)
In general for any function, f(x), that iscontinuous at x = a,
f(x)δ(x− a) = f(a)δ(x− a)
Integrals:
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=x2
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=δ(x-2)
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=22×δ(x-2) = 4δ(x-2)
x
∫∞−∞ f(x)δ(x− a)dx=
∫∞−∞ f(a)δ(x− a)dx
[if f(x) continuous at a]
![Page 79: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Products and Integrals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 7 / 12
If we multiply δ(x− a) by a function of x:y = x2 × δ(x− 2)
The product is 0 everywhere except at x = 2.
So δ(x− 2) is multiplied by the value taken byx2 at x = 2:
x2 × δ(x− 2) =[
x2]
x=2× δ(x− 2)
= 4× δ(x− 2)
In general for any function, f(x), that iscontinuous at x = a,
f(x)δ(x− a) = f(a)δ(x− a)
Integrals:
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=x2
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=δ(x-2)
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=22×δ(x-2) = 4δ(x-2)
x
∫∞−∞ f(x)δ(x− a)dx=
∫∞−∞ f(a)δ(x− a)dx
= f(a)∫∞−∞ δ(x− a)dx
[if f(x) continuous at a]
![Page 80: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Products and Integrals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 7 / 12
If we multiply δ(x− a) by a function of x:y = x2 × δ(x− 2)
The product is 0 everywhere except at x = 2.
So δ(x− 2) is multiplied by the value taken byx2 at x = 2:
x2 × δ(x− 2) =[
x2]
x=2× δ(x− 2)
= 4× δ(x− 2)
In general for any function, f(x), that iscontinuous at x = a,
f(x)δ(x− a) = f(a)δ(x− a)
Integrals:
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=x2
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=δ(x-2)
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=22×δ(x-2) = 4δ(x-2)
x
∫∞−∞ f(x)δ(x− a)dx=
∫∞−∞ f(a)δ(x− a)dx
= f(a)∫∞−∞ δ(x− a)dx
= f(a) [if f(x) continuous at a]
![Page 81: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Dirac Delta Function: Products and Integrals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 7 / 12
If we multiply δ(x− a) by a function of x:y = x2 × δ(x− 2)
The product is 0 everywhere except at x = 2.
So δ(x− 2) is multiplied by the value taken byx2 at x = 2:
x2 × δ(x− 2) =[
x2]
x=2× δ(x− 2)
= 4× δ(x− 2)
In general for any function, f(x), that iscontinuous at x = a,
f(x)δ(x− a) = f(a)δ(x− a)
Integrals:
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=x2
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=δ(x-2)
x
-1 0 1 20
2
4
6y=22×δ(x-2) = 4δ(x-2)
x
∫∞−∞ f(x)δ(x− a)dx=
∫∞−∞ f(a)δ(x− a)dx
= f(a)∫∞−∞ δ(x− a)dx
= f(a) [if f(x) continuous at a]
Example:∫∞−∞
(
3x2 − 2x)
δ(x− 2)dx =[
3x2 − 2x]
x=2= 8
![Page 82: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
![Page 83: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
![Page 84: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
![Page 85: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f + 2)ei2πftdf
+∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f − 2)ei2πftdf
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
![Page 86: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f + 2)ei2πftdf
+∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f − 2)ei2πftdf
= 1.5[
ei2πft]
f=−2+ 1.5
[
ei2πft]
f=+2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
![Page 87: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f + 2)ei2πftdf
+∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f − 2)ei2πftdf
= 1.5[
ei2πft]
f=−2+ 1.5
[
ei2πft]
f=+2
= 1.5(
ei4πt + e−i4πt)
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
![Page 88: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f + 2)ei2πftdf
+∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f − 2)ei2πftdf
= 1.5[
ei2πft]
f=−2+ 1.5
[
ei2πft]
f=+2
= 1.5(
ei4πt + e−i4πt)
= 3 cos 4πt
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
![Page 89: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f + 2)ei2πftdf
+∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f − 2)ei2πftdf
= 1.5[
ei2πft]
f=−2+ 1.5
[
ei2πft]
f=+2
= 1.5(
ei4πt + e−i4πt)
= 3 cos 4πt
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
0 1 2 3 4 5
-2
0
2
4 3cos(4πt)
Time (s)
![Page 90: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f + 2)ei2πftdf
+∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f − 2)ei2πftdf
= 1.5[
ei2πft]
f=−2+ 1.5
[
ei2πft]
f=+2
= 1.5(
ei4πt + e−i4πt)
= 3 cos 4πt
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
0 1 2 3 4 5
-2
0
2
4 3cos(4πt)
Time (s)
If u(t) is periodic then U(f) is a sum of Dirac delta functions:
![Page 91: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f + 2)ei2πftdf
+∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f − 2)ei2πftdf
= 1.5[
ei2πft]
f=−2+ 1.5
[
ei2πft]
f=+2
= 1.5(
ei4πt + e−i4πt)
= 3 cos 4πt
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
0 1 2 3 4 5
-2
0
2
4 3cos(4πt)
Time (s)
If u(t) is periodic then U(f) is a sum of Dirac delta functions:
u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt ⇒ U(f) =
∑∞n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF )
![Page 92: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f + 2)ei2πftdf
+∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f − 2)ei2πftdf
= 1.5[
ei2πft]
f=−2+ 1.5
[
ei2πft]
f=+2
= 1.5(
ei4πt + e−i4πt)
= 3 cos 4πt
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
0 1 2 3 4 5
-2
0
2
4 3cos(4πt)
Time (s)
If u(t) is periodic then U(f) is a sum of Dirac delta functions:
u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt ⇒ U(f) =
∑∞n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF )
Proof: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
![Page 93: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f + 2)ei2πftdf
+∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f − 2)ei2πftdf
= 1.5[
ei2πft]
f=−2+ 1.5
[
ei2πft]
f=+2
= 1.5(
ei4πt + e−i4πt)
= 3 cos 4πt
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
0 1 2 3 4 5
-2
0
2
4 3cos(4πt)
Time (s)
If u(t) is periodic then U(f) is a sum of Dirac delta functions:
u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt ⇒ U(f) =
∑∞n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF )
Proof: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞
∑∞n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF ) ei2πftdf
![Page 94: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f + 2)ei2πftdf
+∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f − 2)ei2πftdf
= 1.5[
ei2πft]
f=−2+ 1.5
[
ei2πft]
f=+2
= 1.5(
ei4πt + e−i4πt)
= 3 cos 4πt
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
0 1 2 3 4 5
-2
0
2
4 3cos(4πt)
Time (s)
If u(t) is periodic then U(f) is a sum of Dirac delta functions:
u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt ⇒ U(f) =
∑∞n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF )
Proof: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞
∑∞n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF ) ei2πftdf
=∑∞
n=−∞ Un
∫∞−∞ δ (f − nF ) ei2πftdf
![Page 95: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Periodic Signals
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 8 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Example: U(f) = 1.5δ(f + 2) + 1.5δ(f − 2)
u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f + 2)ei2πftdf
+∫∞−∞ 1.5δ(f − 2)ei2πftdf
= 1.5[
ei2πft]
f=−2+ 1.5
[
ei2πft]
f=+2
= 1.5(
ei4πt + e−i4πt)
= 3 cos 4πt
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5 1.5δ(f+2) 1.5δ(f-2)
Frequency (Hz)
0 1 2 3 4 5
-2
0
2
4 3cos(4πt)
Time (s)
If u(t) is periodic then U(f) is a sum of Dirac delta functions:
u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt ⇒ U(f) =
∑∞n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF )
Proof: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
=∫∞−∞
∑∞n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF ) ei2πftdf
=∑∞
n=−∞ Un
∫∞−∞ δ (f − nF ) ei2πftdf
=∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
![Page 96: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
![Page 97: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Dual transform:Suppose v(t) = U(t)
![Page 98: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Dual transform:Suppose v(t) = U(t), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdτ
![Page 99: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Dual transform:Suppose v(t) = U(t), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdτ
V (g) =∫∞t=−∞ U(t)e−i2πgtdt [substitute f = g, v(t) = U(t)]
![Page 100: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Dual transform:Suppose v(t) = U(t), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdτ
V (g) =∫∞t=−∞ U(t)e−i2πgtdt [substitute f = g, v(t) = U(t)]
=∫∞f=−∞ U(f)e−i2πgfdf [substitute t = f ]
![Page 101: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Dual transform:Suppose v(t) = U(t), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdτ
V (g) =∫∞t=−∞ U(t)e−i2πgtdt [substitute f = g, v(t) = U(t)]
=∫∞f=−∞ U(f)e−i2πgfdf [substitute t = f ]
= u(−g)
![Page 102: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Dual transform:Suppose v(t) = U(t), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdτ
V (g) =∫∞t=−∞ U(t)e−i2πgtdt [substitute f = g, v(t) = U(t)]
=∫∞f=−∞ U(f)e−i2πgfdf [substitute t = f ]
= u(−g)
So: v(t) = U(t) ⇒ V (f) = u(−f)
![Page 103: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Dual transform:Suppose v(t) = U(t), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdτ
V (g) =∫∞t=−∞ U(t)e−i2πgtdt [substitute f = g, v(t) = U(t)]
=∫∞f=−∞ U(f)e−i2πgfdf [substitute t = f ]
= u(−g)
So: v(t) = U(t) ⇒ V (f) = u(−f)
Example:u(t) = e−|t|
![Page 104: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Dual transform:Suppose v(t) = U(t), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdτ
V (g) =∫∞t=−∞ U(t)e−i2πgtdt [substitute f = g, v(t) = U(t)]
=∫∞f=−∞ U(f)e−i2πgfdf [substitute t = f ]
= u(−g)
So: v(t) = U(t) ⇒ V (f) = u(−f)
Example:u(t) = e−|t| ⇒ U(f) = 2
1+4π2f2 [from earlier]
![Page 105: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Dual transform:Suppose v(t) = U(t), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdτ
V (g) =∫∞t=−∞ U(t)e−i2πgtdt [substitute f = g, v(t) = U(t)]
=∫∞f=−∞ U(f)e−i2πgfdf [substitute t = f ]
= u(−g)
So: v(t) = U(t) ⇒ V (f) = u(−f)
Example:u(t) = e−|t| ⇒ U(f) = 2
1+4π2f2 [from earlier]
v(t) = 21+4π2t2
![Page 106: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Dual transform:Suppose v(t) = U(t), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdτ
V (g) =∫∞t=−∞ U(t)e−i2πgtdt [substitute f = g, v(t) = U(t)]
=∫∞f=−∞ U(f)e−i2πgfdf [substitute t = f ]
= u(−g)
So: v(t) = U(t) ⇒ V (f) = u(−f)
Example:u(t) = e−|t| ⇒ U(f) = 2
1+4π2f2 [from earlier]
v(t) = 21+4π2t2
⇒ V (f) = e−|−f |
![Page 107: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Duality
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 9 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Dual transform:Suppose v(t) = U(t), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ v(t)e−i2πftdτ
V (g) =∫∞t=−∞ U(t)e−i2πgtdt [substitute f = g, v(t) = U(t)]
=∫∞f=−∞ U(f)e−i2πgfdf [substitute t = f ]
= u(−g)
So: v(t) = U(t) ⇒ V (f) = u(−f)
Example:u(t) = e−|t| ⇒ U(f) = 2
1+4π2f2 [from earlier]
v(t) = 21+4π2t2
⇒ V (f) = e−|−f | = e−|f |
![Page 108: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Time Shifting and Scaling
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 10 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
![Page 109: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Time Shifting and Scaling
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 10 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Time Shifting and Scaling:
Suppose v(t) = u(at+ b)
![Page 110: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Time Shifting and Scaling
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 10 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Time Shifting and Scaling:
Suppose v(t) = u(at+ b), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(at+ b)e−i2πftdt
![Page 111: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Time Shifting and Scaling
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 10 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Time Shifting and Scaling:
Suppose v(t) = u(at+ b), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(at+ b)e−i2πftdt [now sub τ = at+ b]
![Page 112: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Time Shifting and Scaling
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 10 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Time Shifting and Scaling:
Suppose v(t) = u(at+ b), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(at+ b)e−i2πftdt [now sub τ = at+ b]
= sgn(a)∫∞τ=−∞ u(τ )e−i2πf( τ−b
a ) 1adτ
![Page 113: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Time Shifting and Scaling
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 10 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Time Shifting and Scaling:
Suppose v(t) = u(at+ b), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(at+ b)e−i2πftdt [now sub τ = at+ b]
= sgn(a)∫∞τ=−∞ u(τ )e−i2πf( τ−b
a ) 1adτ
note that ±∞ limits swap if a < 0 hence sgn(a) =
{
1 a > 0
−1 a < 0
![Page 114: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Time Shifting and Scaling
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 10 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Time Shifting and Scaling:
Suppose v(t) = u(at+ b), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(at+ b)e−i2πftdt [now sub τ = at+ b]
= sgn(a)∫∞τ=−∞ u(τ )e−i2πf( τ−b
a ) 1adτ
note that ±∞ limits swap if a < 0 hence sgn(a) =
{
1 a > 0
−1 a < 0
= 1|a|e
i2πfb
a
∫∞τ=−∞ u(τ )e−i2π f
aτdτ
![Page 115: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Time Shifting and Scaling
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 10 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Time Shifting and Scaling:
Suppose v(t) = u(at+ b), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(at+ b)e−i2πftdt [now sub τ = at+ b]
= sgn(a)∫∞τ=−∞ u(τ )e−i2πf( τ−b
a ) 1adτ
note that ±∞ limits swap if a < 0 hence sgn(a) =
{
1 a > 0
−1 a < 0
= 1|a|e
i2πfb
a
∫∞τ=−∞ u(τ )e−i2π f
aτdτ
= 1|a|e
i2πfb
a U(
fa
)
![Page 116: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Time Shifting and Scaling
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 10 / 12
Fourier Transform: u(t) =∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf [Fourier Synthesis]
U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt [Fourier Analysis]
Time Shifting and Scaling:
Suppose v(t) = u(at+ b), then
V (f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(at+ b)e−i2πftdt [now sub τ = at+ b]
= sgn(a)∫∞τ=−∞ u(τ )e−i2πf( τ−b
a ) 1adτ
note that ±∞ limits swap if a < 0 hence sgn(a) =
{
1 a > 0
−1 a < 0
= 1|a|e
i2πfb
a
∫∞τ=−∞ u(τ )e−i2π f
aτdτ
= 1|a|e
i2πfb
a U(
fa
)
So: v(t) = u(at+ b) ⇒ V (f) = 1|a|e
i2πfb
a U(
fa
)
![Page 117: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
![Page 118: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
![Page 119: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
This is a Normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution, so∫∞−∞ u(t)dt = 1.
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
![Page 120: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
This is a Normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution, so∫∞−∞ u(t)dt = 1.
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
![Page 121: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
This is a Normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution, so∫∞−∞ u(t)dt = 1.
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt= 1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
t2
2σ2 e−i2πftdt
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
![Page 122: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
This is a Normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution, so∫∞−∞ u(t)dt = 1.
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt= 1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
t2
2σ2 e−i2πftdt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t2+i4πσ2ft)dt
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
![Page 123: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
This is a Normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution, so∫∞−∞ u(t)dt = 1.
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt= 1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
t2
2σ2 e−i2πftdt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t2+i4πσ2ft)dt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e
− 1
2σ2
(
t2+i4πσ2ft+(i2πσ2f)2−(i2πσ2f)2)
dt
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
![Page 124: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
This is a Normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution, so∫∞−∞ u(t)dt = 1.
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt= 1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
t2
2σ2 e−i2πftdt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t2+i4πσ2ft)dt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e
− 1
2σ2
(
t2+i4πσ2ft+(i2πσ2f)2−(i2πσ2f)2)
dt
= e1
2σ2 (i2πσ2f)2 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t+i2πσ2f)2dt
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
![Page 125: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
This is a Normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution, so∫∞−∞ u(t)dt = 1.
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt= 1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
t2
2σ2 e−i2πftdt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t2+i4πσ2ft)dt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e
− 1
2σ2
(
t2+i4πσ2ft+(i2πσ2f)2−(i2πσ2f)2)
dt
= e1
2σ2 (i2πσ2f)2 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t+i2πσ2f)2dt
(i)= e
1
2σ2 (i2πσ2f)2
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
![Page 126: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
This is a Normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution, so∫∞−∞ u(t)dt = 1.
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt= 1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
t2
2σ2 e−i2πftdt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t2+i4πσ2ft)dt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e
− 1
2σ2
(
t2+i4πσ2ft+(i2πσ2f)2−(i2πσ2f)2)
dt
= e1
2σ2 (i2πσ2f)2 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t+i2πσ2f)2dt
(i)= e
1
2σ2 (i2πσ2f)2
[(i) uses a result from complex analysis theory that:1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t+i2πσ2f)2dt = 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2t2dt = 1]
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
![Page 127: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
This is a Normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution, so∫∞−∞ u(t)dt = 1.
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt= 1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
t2
2σ2 e−i2πftdt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t2+i4πσ2ft)dt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e
− 1
2σ2
(
t2+i4πσ2ft+(i2πσ2f)2−(i2πσ2f)2)
dt
= e1
2σ2 (i2πσ2f)2 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t+i2πσ2f)2dt
(i)= e
1
2σ2 (i2πσ2f)2 = e−1
2(2πσf)2
[(i) uses a result from complex analysis theory that:1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t+i2πσ2f)2dt = 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2t2dt = 1]
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
![Page 128: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
This is a Normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution, so∫∞−∞ u(t)dt = 1.
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt= 1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
t2
2σ2 e−i2πftdt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t2+i4πσ2ft)dt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e
− 1
2σ2
(
t2+i4πσ2ft+(i2πσ2f)2−(i2πσ2f)2)
dt
= e1
2σ2 (i2πσ2f)2 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t+i2πσ2f)2dt
(i)= e
1
2σ2 (i2πσ2f)2 = e−1
2(2πσf)2
[(i) uses a result from complex analysis theory that:1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t+i2πσ2f)2dt = 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2t2dt = 1]
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.60
0.5
1 1/(2πσ)=0.159
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
![Page 129: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Gaussian Pulse
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 11 / 12
Gaussian Pulse: u(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−t2
2σ2
This is a Normal (or Gaussian) probability distribution, so∫∞−∞ u(t)dt = 1.
U(f) =∫∞−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt= 1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
t2
2σ2 e−i2πftdt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t2+i4πσ2ft)dt
= 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e
− 1
2σ2
(
t2+i4πσ2ft+(i2πσ2f)2−(i2πσ2f)2)
dt
= e1
2σ2 (i2πσ2f)2 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t+i2πσ2f)2dt
(i)= e
1
2σ2 (i2πσ2f)2 = e−1
2(2πσf)2
[(i) uses a result from complex analysis theory that:1√
2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2 (t+i2πσ2f)2dt = 1√2πσ2
∫∞−∞ e−
1
2σ2t2dt = 1]
-4 -2 0 2 40
0.2
0.4 σ=1
Time (s)
u(t)
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.60
0.5
1 1/(2πσ)=0.159
Frequency (Hz)
|U(f
)|
Uniquely, the Fourier Transform of a Gaussian pulse is a Gaussian pulse.
![Page 130: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Summary
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 12 / 12
• Fourier Transform:◦ Inverse transform (synthesis): u(t) =
∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
![Page 131: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Summary
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 12 / 12
• Fourier Transform:◦ Inverse transform (synthesis): u(t) =
∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
◦ Forward transform (analysis): U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
![Page 132: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Summary
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 12 / 12
• Fourier Transform:◦ Inverse transform (synthesis): u(t) =
∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
◦ Forward transform (analysis): U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
⊲ U(f) is the spectral density function (e.g. Volts/Hz)
![Page 133: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Summary
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 12 / 12
• Fourier Transform:◦ Inverse transform (synthesis): u(t) =
∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
◦ Forward transform (analysis): U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
⊲ U(f) is the spectral density function (e.g. Volts/Hz)
• Dirac Delta Function:◦ δ(t) is a zero-width infinite-height pulse with
∫∞−∞ δ(t)dt = 1
![Page 134: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Summary
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 12 / 12
• Fourier Transform:◦ Inverse transform (synthesis): u(t) =
∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
◦ Forward transform (analysis): U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
⊲ U(f) is the spectral density function (e.g. Volts/Hz)
• Dirac Delta Function:◦ δ(t) is a zero-width infinite-height pulse with
∫∞−∞ δ(t)dt = 1
◦ Integral:∫∞−∞ f(t)δ(t− a) = f(a)
![Page 135: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Summary
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 12 / 12
• Fourier Transform:◦ Inverse transform (synthesis): u(t) =
∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
◦ Forward transform (analysis): U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
⊲ U(f) is the spectral density function (e.g. Volts/Hz)
• Dirac Delta Function:◦ δ(t) is a zero-width infinite-height pulse with
∫∞−∞ δ(t)dt = 1
◦ Integral:∫∞−∞ f(t)δ(t− a) = f(a)
◦ Scaling: δ(ct) = 1|c|δ(t)
![Page 136: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Summary
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 12 / 12
• Fourier Transform:◦ Inverse transform (synthesis): u(t) =
∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
◦ Forward transform (analysis): U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
⊲ U(f) is the spectral density function (e.g. Volts/Hz)
• Dirac Delta Function:◦ δ(t) is a zero-width infinite-height pulse with
∫∞−∞ δ(t)dt = 1
◦ Integral:∫∞−∞ f(t)δ(t− a) = f(a)
◦ Scaling: δ(ct) = 1|c|δ(t)
• Periodic Signals: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
⇒ U(f) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF )
![Page 137: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Summary
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 12 / 12
• Fourier Transform:◦ Inverse transform (synthesis): u(t) =
∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
◦ Forward transform (analysis): U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
⊲ U(f) is the spectral density function (e.g. Volts/Hz)
• Dirac Delta Function:◦ δ(t) is a zero-width infinite-height pulse with
∫∞−∞ δ(t)dt = 1
◦ Integral:∫∞−∞ f(t)δ(t− a) = f(a)
◦ Scaling: δ(ct) = 1|c|δ(t)
• Periodic Signals: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
⇒ U(f) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF )• Fourier Transform Properties:
◦ v(t) = U(t) ⇒ V (f) = u(−f)
![Page 138: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Summary
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 12 / 12
• Fourier Transform:◦ Inverse transform (synthesis): u(t) =
∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
◦ Forward transform (analysis): U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
⊲ U(f) is the spectral density function (e.g. Volts/Hz)
• Dirac Delta Function:◦ δ(t) is a zero-width infinite-height pulse with
∫∞−∞ δ(t)dt = 1
◦ Integral:∫∞−∞ f(t)δ(t− a) = f(a)
◦ Scaling: δ(ct) = 1|c|δ(t)
• Periodic Signals: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
⇒ U(f) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF )• Fourier Transform Properties:
◦ v(t) = U(t) ⇒ V (f) = u(−f)
◦ v(t) = u(at+ b) ⇒ V (f) = 1|a|e
i2πfb
a U(
f
a
)
![Page 139: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Summary
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 12 / 12
• Fourier Transform:◦ Inverse transform (synthesis): u(t) =
∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
◦ Forward transform (analysis): U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
⊲ U(f) is the spectral density function (e.g. Volts/Hz)
• Dirac Delta Function:◦ δ(t) is a zero-width infinite-height pulse with
∫∞−∞ δ(t)dt = 1
◦ Integral:∫∞−∞ f(t)δ(t− a) = f(a)
◦ Scaling: δ(ct) = 1|c|δ(t)
• Periodic Signals: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
⇒ U(f) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF )• Fourier Transform Properties:
◦ v(t) = U(t) ⇒ V (f) = u(−f)
◦ v(t) = u(at+ b) ⇒ V (f) = 1|a|e
i2πfb
a U(
f
a
)
◦ v(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−1
2( t
σ )2
⇒ V (f) = e−1
2(2πσf)2
![Page 140: 6: Fourier Transform - Imperial College London€¦ · E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 2 / 12 Fourier Series: u(t) = P ... 6: Fourier Transform](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012403/5b6580e47f8b9aed528bd1fd/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Summary
6: Fourier Transform• Fourier Series asT → ∞
• Fourier Transform• Fourier TransformExamples
• Dirac Delta Function• Dirac Delta Function:Scaling and Translation
• Dirac Delta Function:Products and Integrals
• Periodic Signals
• Duality
• Time Shifting and Scaling
• Gaussian Pulse
• Summary
E1.10 Fourier Series and Transforms (2014-5559) Fourier Transform: 6 – 12 / 12
• Fourier Transform:◦ Inverse transform (synthesis): u(t) =
∫∞−∞ U(f)ei2πftdf
◦ Forward transform (analysis): U(f) =∫∞t=−∞ u(t)e−i2πftdt
⊲ U(f) is the spectral density function (e.g. Volts/Hz)
• Dirac Delta Function:◦ δ(t) is a zero-width infinite-height pulse with
∫∞−∞ δ(t)dt = 1
◦ Integral:∫∞−∞ f(t)δ(t− a) = f(a)
◦ Scaling: δ(ct) = 1|c|δ(t)
• Periodic Signals: u(t) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unei2πnFt
⇒ U(f) =∑∞
n=−∞ Unδ (f − nF )• Fourier Transform Properties:
◦ v(t) = U(t) ⇒ V (f) = u(−f)
◦ v(t) = u(at+ b) ⇒ V (f) = 1|a|e
i2πfb
a U(
f
a
)
◦ v(t) = 1√2πσ2
e−1
2( t
σ )2
⇒ V (f) = e−1
2(2πσf)2
For further details see RHB Chapter 13.1 (uses ω instead of f )