5th China International Silver Conference Presentation © 2006 by Immunogenic Research Foundation...

5th China International SilverConference Presentation

© 2006 by Immunogenic Research Foundation (IMREF). Dr. John W. Apsley, II, Executive Director

7327 Silent Creek Ave., SESnoqualmie, WA 98065

www.imref.org

Nanotechnology Discovers Universal Pathogen Solution:

Uniform Picoscalar Oligodynamic Silver Hydrosol (UPOSH)

Presentation Goals

Nanotechnology’s Historical Impact Upon Silver In Medicine.

Understanding Nanoscalar And Sub- nanoscalar Silver As A Universal Pathogen Solution.

Reviewing The Medical Applications of uniform picoscalar oligodynamic silver hydrosol or UPOSH.

Future Research Objectives & Needs.

Silver Overview Silver-based drugs are the most documented universal, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents in modern history.

Over 700 viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoan pathogens are documented to succumb to silver-based drugs.

No other single antimicrobial agent competes with silver’s proven track record of safety and broad-spectrum application.

With the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, highly advanced silver hydrosols (i.e., silver in water) are re- emerging as primary antimicrobial agents because there are no valid drug resistant strains to silver.

Silver hydrosol is the best candidate to thwart bacterial or viral epidemics and pandemics.

Silver Overview Continued Silver compounds have been used as medicine since the late 1800’s and has been well-received as an effective treatment against a wide variety of infections by millions of individuals across the Globe.

Silver is a natural mineral in the same class as zinc, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, vanadium and zinc which are important for health maintenance.

Humans naturally ingest from 22 to 300 mcg of silver per day from natural sources in food and water.

There is evidence that silver is a natural and vital component of our immune system and that low tissue levels associated with a dietary deficiency may result in a relatively weakened immune system, making one more prone to infection.

J. Nutr. 1940,19:579-592Clinical Practice of Alternative Medicine, 2001The Journal of bone and Joint Surgery, 1978

Clin Orthop, 1977 Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1976

History of Silver Hydrosol in Medicine


History of Silver Hydrosol in Medicine

Carey Lea (1891) announces the creation of the first silver hydrosol.

Carl Nageli (1893) first defined the oligodynamic effect (from the Greek oligos = few, and dynamis = power; originally oligodynamisch) as the power of extremely small concentration of metal ions (e.g., silver and copper) to exert potent biocidal actions.

The Lancet (1912 & 1918) and the British Medical Journal (1917) report stunning results utilizing silver hydrosols.

Goetz (1940) clarifies that oligodynamic silver is only applicable to low concentrations of silver ions (Ag+). Contrarily, microcidal actions of heavy metal salts can only derive from high concentrations. This clarifies why heavy metal salts are poisonous.

Rentz, Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine, 2003

History of Silver Hydrosol in Medicine Cont.

Pilcher and Sollmann (1923), Goetz (1940) and Russell et al. (1994) rated the therapeusis and bioactivity of all silver based drugs according to their respective silver ion content.

Historically, Electrargol and Colsargen (circa 1910 – 1940) were effective silver hydrosols used to control acute and critical infections.

A nanotechnology breakthrough in the USA (1997 – 2006) creates the first commercially available uniform picoscalar oligodynamic silver hydrosol (UPOSH) exceedingly a 95% bioactivity level.

All previously measured silver based drugs were found to contain less than 20% bioactivity, with the exception of the caustic agent silver nitrate (+ 60% bioactive), which is unsuitable for intravenous administration.

The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 1923Prog Med Chem, 1994

Medical Properties of Silver There are distinct silver-based drugs: (1) silver-salts, (2) silver-proteins, (3) colloidal silver & Silver Hydrosol (a subset of colloidal silver).

Silver hydrosols may contain very small particles which are not uniform in size (0.8-200.0 nm) that may remain suspended in water without forming an ionic solution.

Uniform picoscalar silver hydrosol contains suspended uniform colloidal silver particles in ultra-pure water typically 0.8nm in size, endowing exponential surface area and surface energy to the silver).

In dramatic contrast, a solution of silver-salt is one in which the ions of silver remain dissolved in water, which endows exponentially less therapeutic activity and can be toxic at high doses.

For example, in addition to being exponentially less active than uniform picoscalar silver hydrosol, silver salts and silver proteins are excreted much more slowly than the smaller silver hydrosol particles and can accumulate in tissues.

Medical Properties of Silver Cont.

Oligodynamic silver ions destroy bacteria, viruses and other germs by at least three

key ways that lead to permanent inactivation (denaturing) of essential

bacterial protein and DNA without harming host tissues via:

Disrupting a germ’s outer membrane proteins; Inactivation of bacterial enzymes; Inhibition of bacterial replication via DNA binding.

J Biomed Mater Res, 2000Antimicrob Agents Chemother,1976

Nanotechnology’s Impact

The therapeutic powers ofsuspended silver depends upon four

physical attributes of the silver:

1) Particle size (Surface area & energy);2) Particle concentration (Therapeutic Index);3) Particle charge (Oligodynamic quality);4) Particle Shape (Catalytic activity).

Nanotechnology’s Impact Cont. The smaller the colloidal silver particle, the more therapeutic activity.

Typical commercial products posses a non-uniform average colloidal particle size ranging from 200nm to 20nm. Currently, the most advanced nanotechnologies are unable to make particles below 1nm with one exception.

This one exception has created the World’s first uniform picoscalar oligodynamic silver hydrosol (i.e., ≤ 0.8nm average particle sizes).

According to the United Kingdom’s Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, such picoscalar particles would exhibit vast quantum energy dynamics of exponential power.

Such exponential power translates into an unprecedented historical impact for medicine.

Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine, 2003University of Miami

Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies, July 2004

Nanotechnology’s Impact Cont.Nanotechnology. 2005;16:2346-53.

The Bactericidal Effect of Silver NanoparticlesJose R Morones, Jose Luis Elechiguerra, Alejandra Camacho, et al.

AbstractNanotechnology is expected to open new avenues to fight and prevent diseaseusing atomic scale tailoring of materials. Among the most promisingnanomaterials with antibacterial properties are metallic nanoparticles, whichexhibit increased chemical activity due to their large surface volume ratios andcrystallographic surface structure. The study of bactericidal nanomaterials is particularlytimely considering the recent increase of new resistant strains of bacteria to the mostpotent antibiotics. This has promoted research in the well known activity of silver ionsand silver-based compounds, including silver nanoparticles. The present work studiesthe effect of silver nanoparticles in the range of 1-100 nm on Gram-negative bacteriausing high annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM). Our results indicate that the bactericidal properties of the nanoparticles are sizedependent, since the only nanoparticles that present a direct interaction with the bacteriapreferentially have a diameter of ~ 1-10 nm.

Nanotechnology’s Impact Cont.J Nanobiotechnology. 2005; 3: 6.

Interaction of Silver Nanoparticles with HIV-1Jose Luis Elechiguerra, et al.

AbstractThe interaction of nanoparticles with biomolecules and microorganisms is anexpanding field of research. Within this field, an area that has been largelyunexplored is the interaction of metal nanoparticles with viruses. In this work,we demonstrate that silver nanoparticles undergo a size-dependent interactionwith HIV-1, with nanoparticles exclusively in the range of 1–10 nm attached tothe virus. The regular spatial arrangement of the attached nanoparticles, thecenter-to-center distance between nanoparticles, and the fact that the exposedsulfur-bearing residues of the glycoprotein knobs would be attractive sites fornanoparticle interaction suggest that silver nanoparticles interact with the HIV-1virus via preferential binding to the gp120 glycoprotein knobs. Due to thisinteraction, silver nanoparticles inhibit the virus from binding to host cells, asdemonstrated in vitro.

Nanotechnological Breakthrough

Uniform oligodynamic picoscalar silverhydrosol (UPOSH) reflects the following physical chemistry attributes: Uniform picoscalar ≤ 1 nm silver clusters Oligodynamic silver content ≥ 95% Particle Diffusion Coefficient 10-5cm2/sec for optimal absorption & target adsorption A near neutral pH of 6.7 20 to 25 ppm silver concentration per cc No anion present, silver and water only Sterile, hypotonic, pyrogen-free water base Stable when stored as directed for 5 years

IMREF White Paper 1001: Speciations and Oligodynamics of Silver-Based Drugs © 2006 Immunogenic Research Foundation, Inc.

UPOSH Particle Uniformity

UPOSH Transmission Electron Micrograph100,000x Magnification (Univ. of Miami)

UPOSH Uniformity

UPOSH & Large Nanoscalar Silver

UPOSH & Small Nanoscalar Silver

Schematic of Coronavirus Juxtaposed With UPOSH: For Every Atom of Virus, There Will Be One Silver Particle Present To Enable Complete Viral Destruction

Broad Spectrum Efficacy of Oligodynamic Silver

Oligodynamic silver is by definitionnon-toxic to higher life forms, yet lethal to all lower life forms such as:

Viruses; Bacteria; Fungi; Protozoa; Resistant (MDR) Pathogens; Cancer.

UPOSH As Universal Pathogen Solution

Bactericidal Spectrum of Oligodynamic Silver


Achromobacter metalcaligenesAchromobacter mucosaAcinetobacter spp. (92 different strains,including former Herellea spp.)

Acinetobacter anitratus Acinetobacter lwoffiiActinomyces viscousAerobacter aerogenesAgrobacterium tumefaciensAlcaigenes faecalisAlternaria dianthiAlternaria oleracea


Alternaria solaniAmoebic dysenteryAnthrax bacilliArthrobacter globiformisBacillus antratum (Micrococcus Acinetobacter) Bacillus cereusBacillus megateriumBacillus mycoidesBacillus subtillisBacteria aertryekBacteria danyazBacteria gaertner


Bacteria pestisBacteria pyocaneusBacteriodes fragilisBacterium tabacumBordetella pertussisBorrelia burgdorferi (Lymes Disease)Brevubacteriun linensBrucella abortusBurkholderia cepacia (25416 strain)Caulobacter vibroidesCitrobacterClostridium perfringes (strains 1687, 1694)


Corynebacterium diphtheriaeCryptococcus albicansE. polygoniEntamoeba histolytica (cysts)Enterobacter spp. (20 different strains)Enterobacter aerogenesEnterobacter cloacaeEnterococci (20 different strains)Enterococcus Group D streptococcusEnterococcus faecalisEnterococcus faeciumErwinia amylovora


Escherichia coli (20 strains)E. coli (B23 strain)E. coli (HB 101 strain)EuglenaExotoxins (i.e., exoproteins, endopeptidases,enterotoxins - bacterial or fungal)Flavobacterium spp. (IIb)F. group (IIIa)F. AquatileF. HalmephilumGangrene (pyemia) Gardnerella vaginalis


Gonorrhoeal arthritisGonorrhoeal conjunctivitisGonorrhoeal opthalimiaGonorrhoeal ProstatitisHelicobacter pyloriHypopyon ulcer (corneal ulcers)KlebsiellaKlebsiella oxytocaKlebsiella pneumoniae (over 20 different strains)Lactobacillus acidophilusLegionella pneumophila (Legionaire's Disease)Listeria monocytogenes


Micrococcus luteusMimaMeningococcal meningitisMycobacterium (Tuberculosis)Mycoplasma spp.Neisseria gonorrheaParamecium spp. (Balantidium coli, Holophrya coli, Leukaphrya coli)

Para-typhoidPara-typhosus APara-typhosus B Plasmodium berghei (Malaria)Pneumococci


Proteus spp. (20 different Indole-positive strains)Proteus mirabilis (over 20 different strains)Proteus morganiProteus rettgeriProteus vulgarisProvidencia stuartii (20 different strains)Pseudomonas aeruginosa spp. (over 20 different strains)

Ps. FluorescensPs. MultiphiliaPs. pycocyanea Pyorrhea alveolaris (Riggs Disease) Rickettsiae spp. (S. typhus)


Salmonella spp.Salmonella arizonaSalmonella typhimuriumShigella boydiiSpore-forming bacteria (unidentified species)Staphyloclysin (denatures)Staphylococcus spp. (20 Coagulase-negative strains)

Staphylococcus aureusStapylococcus aureus (97 MRSA strains)Staphylococcus epidermidisStaphylococcus maruslene Staphylococcus pyogenea


Staphylococcus pyogens albusStaphylococcus pyogens aureusStaphylococcus systeneriaeStenotrophomonas (Pseudomonas) maltophiliaStreptococci spp.Streptococcus (Nonhemolytic)Streptococcus Group A (including β hemolytic type)Streptococcus Group DStreptococcus agalactiae (27956 strain)Streptococcus fæcalisStreptococcus faecalis (9790 strain)Streptococcus gordonii


Streptococcus mitisStreptococcus monillaStreptococcus mutansStreptococcus mutans (GS-5 strain)Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus pyogenes (over 20 different strains)Streptococcus salivariusStreptococcus sobrinusTreponema pallidum (Syphilis)Typhoid BacillusVeillonella alcalescensVibrio choleraeYersinia pestis (Bubonic plague)


Virotoxicity of Oligodynamic Silver

Metal Based Drugs, 1994Biochemistry, 1991

Prog Med Chem, 1994


AdenovirusCoxsackie virus type B-3 (CB-3 strain)ECHO virusECHO virus type 6 (EC-6 strain)Enteroviruses (bovine)Herpes SimplexHerpes zoster (shingles)HIVInfluenzae (types unidentified)Influenzae AInfluenzae B (Haemophilus influenzae)


Poliovirus type 1 (Po-1)Poliovirus type 1 (Sabin strain)Pseudorabies virusReovirus type 1Rhinovirus type 1ARotavirus (bovine spp.)Rubeola virus (Measles - MV, Nagahata strain)Vaccinia virus (poxviruses)Varicella-zoster virus,Variolavirus spp. (Small pox)Verruca spp. (warts)Vesicular stomatitis-Indian virus.


Fungicidal Spectrum of Oligodynamic Silver

Metal Based Drugs, 1994Biochemistry, 1991

Prog Med Chem, 1994


Actinomyces viscosusAlternaria dianthiAlternaria oleraceaAlternaria solaniAscomycetes (Pneumocystis carinii)Aspergillus flavusAspergillus fumigatusAspergillus nigerBasidiomycetesBotryobasidium solani (Rhizoctonia) Botrytis cineriaBotrytis paenoiaeCandida albicans


Candida albicans IICandida glabrataCandida kruseiCandida parapsilosisCandida pseudotropicalisCandida tropicalisCandida utilisChlamydospores – Tilletia triticiDermatophytosis spp. (Ringworm)Erwinia amylovoraErysiphe graminis (Blumeria)Fomes annosusFungi Imperfectii


Fusarium spp.Heterodera marioniMalassezia furfurMonilinia fructicola Mucor pusillusOphiobolus graminisPestalotia stellataPhlyctenular ConjunctivitisPhycomycetesPhytophthora infestansRhizopus nigricansSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSaprophytes


Sarcina aurantiaca Sclerotinia americana Sclerotinia fructicolaSeptoria apiiSporosarcina ureaeTinea versicolorTorulopsis glabrataUromyces caryophyllinusVenturia pyrinaXanthium glabaratum Yeast (unidentified species)

Future Research

The Immunogenic Research Foundation (IMREF) is a non-profit corporation funded by charitable donations. IMREF and its Scientific Advisory Board members are concerned with conducting world-wide clinical research on global epidemics and pandemics, including Cancer, H5N1, Hepatitis C, HIV, Lymes Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and drug-resistant super germs.

Future Research

Since its inception in January of 2006, IMREF has been establishing itself as the Internet’s prime facilitator for silver-based therapeutics. To date, the endowment of a world-class library covering nearly every aspect of silver in medicine has been instrumental to IMREF’s current success. With your help IMREF is positioned to become the top internationally recognized educational service and medical authority on silver in medicine.

Future Research

IMREF’s Board of Directors and Scientific Advisory Board members include renown clinical

investigators such as: Debra Mash, PharmD; Karen Weaver, JD, RPh;Brian Clement, PhD;Deborah Metzger, MD, PhD;Dana Flavin, MD, MS;Kent Holtorf, MD;Rashid Buttar, DO;Eric Gordon, MD;Tom Lodi, MD;Jonathan Wright, MD;Steve Hines, ND; and Virginia Osborne, ND.

Future Research

IMREF is currently appraising silver research being conducted nationally as well as internationally. In alliance with other researchers, IMREF will educate the world and help guide HIV, HCV, Lyme, Malaria and Cancer investigations world-wide. In order to complete this mission IMREF is currently seeking up to $3,000,000.00 USD for it current fiscal year of operations.

Thank you for your interest & support.

5th China International Silver Conference Presentation © 2006 by Immunogenic Research Foundation...

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