5Steps to Understand Cholesterol
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Transcript of 5Steps to Understand Cholesterol
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CopyrightSTERLINGPAPERBACKS
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5StepstoUnderstandCholesterol©2007,Dr.AnjaliAroraISBN978-81-207-3244-5
Allrightsarereserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwritten
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Theauthorandpublisherspecificallydisclaimanyliability,lossorrisk,whatsoever,personalorotherwise,whichisincurredasaconsequence,directlyorindirectlyof
theuseandapplicationofanyofthecontentsofthisbook.
Theauthorwishestothankallacademicians,scientistsandwriterswhohavebeenasourceofinspiration.
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Title
Cholesterol isawhite,waxy,chemicalsubstance. It isvery important for thefunctioningofeverycellofyourbody.CholesterolalsohelpsmanufacturevitaminD,hormoneslikecortisolandyoursexhormones.
Whencholesterolinyourbody,goesupbeyonddesirablelevels,itcanputyouattheriskofhavingastroke,developingheartdiseaseorothercardiovasculardiseases.
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01.TestYourselfForCholesterol
Yes No Diet
Youofteneatfriedfoodsorfoodshighincholesterol,suchascheese,butteroreggs. Youeatyourfoodwithgravyorsaucesregularly. Youeatrichmeatpreparations.
Yes No Addictions
Youareasmoker. Youareunabletoquitsmoking. Youchewtobacco.
Yes No Lifestyle
Youareoverweightandeatplentyofsaltyfoods. Yourbloodpressureishigherthan120/80mmHg.
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Youexerciselessthanthriceaweek.
Yes No FamilyHistory
Youhavediabetesorafamilyhistoryofdiabetes.
Yourparent/siblinghashadaheartattackor strokeorhasdevelopeddiabetesby the ageof50.
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Yes No OtherRiskFactors
Youareawomanonbirthcontrolpillsnearingmenopause. Youdrinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeaday. Youconsumealargeamountofalcoholeveryday.
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Themore timesyouanswer “yes” to the above statements, thegreater isyour riskofhavinghighcholesterol,coronaryheartdiseaseorastroke.
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02.UnderstandCholesterolCholesterolismanufacturedinthebodyandisalsoingestedthroughfoodlikebutter,eggyolkandmeats.Thelivermakesmostofthebody’scholesterol,whichhelpscarryfattopartsofthebodythatneedfatforenergy,orstorage,suchasthehiporbelly.
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TypesofCholesterol
Theliverplacescholesterolintopackagescalledlipoproteinsmadefromlipids(fatandcholesterol)andprotein.Theseareofdifferenttypes.
LDL-C:Low-densitylipoproteinorbadcholesterolHDL-C:High-densitylipoproteinorgoodcholesterolVLDL-C:Verylow-densitylipoproteincholesterolTriglycerides:AtypeofingestedfatLp(a):Theworstkindofcholesterol
LDLCholesterol
Ittransportscholesterolfromthelivertoallthecellsinthebody.Ifthecholesterolavailableismorethanrequired,thenLDLwillendupcirculatinginthebloodstreamandeventuallygetdepositedontheinnerwallsoftheartery.Itiscalledthe‘badcholesterol’becauseitcancauseblockageandresultinlackofbloodsupply.
HDLCholesterol
HDLcholesterol isalsoknownas the ‘goodcholesterol’, as it travels in thebloodstreamfrom theperipheralareasofthebody,bringingcholesteroltotheliverforbreakdown.
VLDLCholesterol
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Large fat particles called chylomicrons and fatty acids formVLDL. It is used for energy and fatdeposition.
Triglycerides
Theyareatypeoffatalsoproducedbytheliver.Inhumannutrition,morethan95%oftheingestedfatisintheformoftriglycerides.
Lipoprotein(a)
Overthepastfewyearsresearchershaveidentifiedanotherformoffatcalledlipoprotein(a)orLp(a).Itisknowntobeassociatedwithatherosclerosisandcoronaryarterydisease.
Lp(a)hasmoretodowithgenesthandiet.Itsscreeningisimportanttofindoutanindividual’sgeneticprobability of getting heart disease and to help reduce other risk factorswhichmay lead to heartdisease.
Ahighfatdiethasbeenassociatedwith increased incidenceofatherosclerosisandcoronaryarterydisease(CAD),obesityandcertaincancers.
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03.WhatDoesCholesterolDoo?Cholesterol helps carry digested fat from the liverto the whole body. The blood vessels act as ahighway.Afterfulfillingthisfunction,cholesterolreturnstotheliverandrepeatstheprocessalloveragain.
Afterfatorfoodiseaten,itgoesthroughthestomachandisthendigestedandabsorbedinthesmallintestine.Afterthisitissenttothelivertobeprocessedandshippedthroughoutthebody.
The liver loads the fat on to the VLDLs. These travel through the blood vessels, unloading fatthroughoutthebody.TheemptyVLDLsthenbecomeLDLs.
SomeLDLpiecescangetstuckalongthebloodvesselwalls,thusnarrowingthebloodvessels.
TheroleofHDLsistoseparateLDLpieceswhicharestucktothebloodvesselwallsandshipthem
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backtotheliver.TheLDLpiecesareeitherrecycledintonewVLDLsorbrokendownandexcreted.ThenewVLDLsrestarttheshipmentprocess.
Whenoneeatsextrafat,moreLDLpiecescangetstuckalongthebloodvesselwalls,iftherearenotenoughHDLstoreleasethem.Bloodvesselscanthusgetblocked,resultinginaheartattack.IdeallyoneshouldhavemoreHDL.
FactsaboutAtherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis sets in over the years. It can lead to disability and even death. The nameatherosclerosisisderivedfromGreek.Itreferstothethickeningofthearteriesoveraperiodoftimeduetotheaccumulationoflipids.
LDLOxidation
LDL-Cisthemajorcholesterolthatmediatesthelinkbetweenserumcholesterolandatherosclerosis.LDL is modified by certain metabolic processes in the body (e.g. oxidation, acetylation,glycosylation)resultingintheformationofamodifiedatherogenicLDL.TheinteractionofthisLDLwithmonocytes(typeofcellsinourblood)transformsthemintofoamcellsresultingintheformationofatheroscleroticplaques.
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IgnoredFacts
Highlipidsbythemselvesdonotproduceanysymptoms.Itisthepathologicalinvolvementwiththevesselwallororgan,whichleadstothediseaseprocess.Itisunfortunatethatthesettinginofhyperlipidemia often goes unnoticed. Formation of Atherosclerotic Plaque artery plaqueUntitled-3 18 4/14/2009, 3:13 PM Xanthelasma (deposits on the eyelids) and xanthoma(depositiononelbowsandotherpartsofthebody)arenevertakencareof.Manydiseaseslikenephroticsyndrome,atheroembolioftherenalarteriesandend-stagerenaldiseasearealsotheresultofhighlipids.Pancreatitiscanalsobeaconsequenceofhightriglycerides.Diagnosingatherosclerosisearlybecomesdifficultasthereareusuallynosymptoms,untilitisatafairlyadvancedstage.Atherosclerosiscanbeprevented.Itsprogressioncanalsobeslowedbyeliminatingthefactorscausingit.
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04.MeasureYourRisk01.MeasureYourRisk
Asimplebloodtestgivesyourtotalcholesterolandotherlipid(fat)levels.Compareyourtestresultwith theguidelinesbelowtodetermineyourriskfactors.Abloodtest requiringa12-hourfastwillmeasureLDL,HDL,VLDL,triglyceridesandLp(a).
Anybodywith coronary arterydisease, stroke,or twoormore risk factors shouldkeep theirLDLunder70mg/dl.
Lp(a)–AnotherimportantLipoprotein
Highlipoprotein(a)isassociatedwithahigherincidenceofatheroscleroticandheartdisease.IfyourLp(a)isgreaterthan20mg/dl,theriskofatheroscleroticdiseasecandouble.AnincreasedLDL-CalongwithhighLp(a)stepsupyourriskforatheroscleroticdiseasethreetofivefold.Lp(a)denotesageneticproblem.Lp(a)cannotbealteredthroughdietaryhabits.Lp(a)canbereducedwiththehelpofniacin.
LDLReceptors
In1985,MichaelBrownand JosephGoldstein received theNobelprize in1985 for theirworkon
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LDLreceptorsandhighcholesterol.
02.FactsRelatedToLDLReceptors
SomepeoplearebornwithadeficiencyofLDLreceptors.Peoplewith LDL receptor deficiency try compensating this defect by producing an excess ofLDLor“badcholesterol”.Inpeoplewithastressed,overindulgentandsedentarylifestyle,highLDL-Cisproduced.Thisself-madelifestyleresultsinthereductionofLDLreceptors.Inbothhereditaryandcasesofself-indulgence,therelationshipisbetweenreducedLDLreceptorsandproductionofhighLDL-Cintheblood.
CholesterolandLifestyle
AWesternlifestyleofhighstress,fattyfoodandsedentarylifestyleleadsto...
Anincreaseininsulinresistance.Moreproductionofinsulin(duetotheconsumptionoffatorsimplesugars).Depositsoffatonyourbellythatleadstoabdominalobesity.MoreLDL,thatstickstoyourarteriesandcausesblockages.
High cholesterol is regarded as one of the most important factors for plaque deposition andhardening of arteries (atherosclerosis). Like theWest,with a high consumption of junk food, thisproblemisnowbecomingprevalentamongtheSouthAsianpopulationalso.
CholesterolandEmotionalStress
Emotionalstressreleasesthehormones–adrenalin,noradrenalinandcortisol,whichcounteractinsulinreaction.Ademandformoreinsulinistheresult.This insulin resistance, lipid disorder of lowHDL, high triglycerides, apple type obesity andprematurecoronaryarterydiseaseisknownastheReavensyndrome.
LipoproteinSubfractionTesting
It is done to help evaluate your risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD). Lipoproteinsubfraction tests of LDL are done based upon their size, density, and/or electrical charge.Lipoproteins are heterogeneous particles – containing molecules of proteins, cholesterol,triglycerides andphospholipids.As theycirculate in thebody,variousmolecules are removedand
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othersareaddedtocreateparticlesofdifferentcompositions.Lipoproteinparticlesareformedthatvaryfromlargeandfluffy(thosewithahighproportionoftriglycerides)tosmallanddense(thosewithahighproportionofprotein).SmalldenseLDLparticlesareseentobemoreatherogenic(morelikelytocauseatherosclerosis)thanlightfluffyLDLparticles.ResearchersthinkthatthepresenceofsmalldenseLDLcouldbeoneofthereasonsthatsomepeoplehaveheartattackseventhoughtheirtotalandLDLcholesterolarenotparticularlyhigh.
Thenumberofsmall,denseLDLandHDLparticlesapersonhasispartiallygeneticallydetermined.Thisispartiallyduetogender(malestendtohavemoresmallLDLandHDLthanfemales).Itisalsorelated to lifestyle and a person’s general state of health. Certain diseases and conditions, such asdiabetesandhypertension,areassociatedwithincreasedlevelsofsmalldenseLDL.
Lipidsubfractiontestisconductedbygivingafastingsampleofbloodfortestinginthelaboratory(thesamewayasyougiveforlipidprofileassay).
Lipoproteinsubfractiontestingisnotroutinelyordered.Itoffersusefulinformationinassessingriskinpatientswhohaveapersonalorfamilyhistoryofearlyheartdisease,especiallyiftheirtotalandLDLcholesterolvaluesarenotsignificantlyelevated.
Subfraction testing isusuallydonealongwith the lipidprofile test.Lipoprotein subfraction testingmayalsobeaskedforaspartofanoverallevaluationofcardiacriskwhensomeonehasapersonalorfamilyhistoryofearlyCoronaryArteryDisease(CAD),especiallywhentheydon’thavetypicalcardiac risk factors, such as high cholesterol, high LDL, high triglyceride, low HDL, smoking,obesity,inactivity,diabetesand/orhypertension.Subfractionscanbeaffectedbylipidtreatmentalong
with lifestyle changes. LDL subfraction testing may also be occasionally ordered to monitor theeffectivenessofthetreatmentindecreasingthenumberofsmalldenseLDLparticles.
Althoughthereisageneticcomponent,lipoproteinsubfractionscanbealteredbyadoptingadietlowinsaturatedfats,losingexcessweightand exercising regularly. The use of lipid-lowering drugs may also help affect the subfractiondistribution.
HDLCholesterol
TherelativeimportanceofHDL-2andHDL-3cholesterolasriskfactorsforischaemicheartdisease
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(IHD)isstilluncertain.
HDLParticles
ThenumberofHDLparticlesapersonhasispartiallygeneticallydetermined.StudiesobservethatlargefluffyHDLparticlesmayprovidemorecardiacprotectionthansmallHDLparticles.MaleshavemoresmallHDLandLDLparticlesthanfemales.SubfractionsofHDL:HDL2,HDL3wereseen tobe inverselyassociatedwith the incidenceofischaemicheartdisease.
BloodSugarandLipids
Youcangetyourbloodsugartestedwhenyougiveyourbloodsampleforalipidprofiletest.Ahighlevelofbloodsugar,alongwithhighcholesterol,doublestheriskofCADandatherosclerosis.
FreeRadicalFormation
In the presence of excessive free radicals, LDL (the bad cholesterol) changes its form to oxidisedLDL,whichsticks to thewallsof thearteries, thus increasing thepossibilityof thedevelopmentofatherosclerosis.
03.CholesterolFacts
Forevery1%dropinthetotalcholesterol,thereisa2%decreaseintheriskofhavingaheartattack.Theriskofheartattackdropsbyabout4%whenHDLlevelsareincreasedby2%.Thehumanbodymanufacturestwothirdsofitscholesterol,one-thirdofwhichcomesinthroughfood.Studies state that inmostAsian countries, themean levels of total cholesterol are lower thanthosefoundinwesterncountries.
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The incidence of coronary heart disease is also lower, but, incidence of stroke, particularlyhemorrhagicstroke,ishigherinAsians.Aclearevidenceispresentinvolvinghazardsofhighersystolicbloodpressureatall levelsofcholesterolandhazardsofhighercholesteroldiseasesatalllevelsofsystolicpressure.Effectsofmajorriskfactorsforcardiovasculardiseaseareconsideredtobemultiplicative.
If1factordoublestheriskinvolvedandanothertriplesit, thenjointriskfactorsincreaseyourrisksixfoldforcardiovasculardisease.
Factorsthatcanaffectthebloodcholesterolreadingsare:
Seasonal variation: Cholesterol is approximately 5% higher in your body in winter than insummer.
Bodyweight:Onrecentlossinweight,yourcholesterolislikelytobelower.
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Blood testandbodyposition:Blood test and thepositionof thebody affect levels of bloodcholesterol.Achangefromlyingdowntosittingupcanraiseyourcholesterollevel.Thisisduetothepresenceofincreasedproteininblood.
BloodDrawingTechnique
While drawing a blood sample, if the tourniquet had been tied very tightly or fingers had beensqueezedhard,yourcholesterolresultswillshowahigherreading.Ascholesterolisbondedtobloodprotein,theextraproteincollectedwillgiveahighfalseresultduetosqueezing.
Ifyourlipidprofilereportishighyoucangetitrepeatedonthreedifferentdaysandcompareit.Ifitremainshigh,dosomethingaboutit.
ObesityandHighLipidLevels
ObesitywasacommonproblemintheWest,butisnowbecomingrampantinIndiaandotherEasterncountries.Overweightandobesepeoplearecommonlyknowntohavehighbloodcholesterol,hightriglyceridesandlowHDL-C(goodcholesterol).LowHDL-Cgivesthemnoprotectionagainstheartdisease.
An increase in LDL-C (bad cholesterol) in obese patients makes them more susceptible to heartproblemswithexcessiveamountofcaloriesbeingtakenthroughsaturatedfats(desighee,friedfoodsand lot of sweets like khoya barfi, coconut sweets, chocolates, cakes, etc). Also lack of exerciseworsensthesituation.
MetabolicSyndromeorSyndromeX
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Aclusterof risk factorswhichused todevelopwithprogressiveageandpostmenopausearenowseentodevelopat20and30yearsofage.Allovertheworld(includingIndia)increasingwaistlinesandpotbelliesarepointingtowards“heartbreaking”problemsandnotprosperity.Peopledevelopingthissyndromehave2-3ofthefollowingriskfactorspresent.
HighbloodsugarHighbloodpressureWaist>40inchesinmenand>35inchesinwomen
LowHDL-CHighTriglyceridesPresenceofsmallLDLparticles
Metabolicsyndromeifnotattendedtotimely,canleadtoheartandotherassociateddiseases.Stressandhighlevelsofcholesterolmakeadeadlycombinationfortheearlydevelopmentofheartdisease.
WomenandCholesterol
Cholesterollevelsareseentoincreaseduringpregnancy.Duringthelasttrimester(i.e.lastweeksofpregnancy),anincreaseincholesterolandotherlipidsisespeciallyseen.Thiscanbeattributedtotheneedforthegrowingfoetus.Also,morefatsmayberequiredbythemotherduringbreastfeeding.
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04.Menopause
Estrogenissecretedbythefemalereproductivesystemuntilmenopause(i.e.45-50yearsofage).Tillthen,awomanisprotectedfromheartdiseaseasshehasahigherHDLandacomparativelowLDL.HDL helps clear excessive cholesterol of the body and brings it to the liver for breakdown. ThisprocessprovidesthewomenUntitled-3324/14/2009,3:13PMprotectionagainstheartdisease.Astheperimenopausalstagesetsin(atabout40-50yearsofage),thereisadecreaseinestrogenproductionand a reduction in HDL. This makes a woman susceptible to heart disease as much as her malecounterpart.
CholesterolLevelsinChildren
<170mg/dl Acceptable<170–199mg/dl Borderlinehigh<200mg/dl Definitelyhigh
Persistenthighlevelsofcholesteroleveninchildrenresultinthedamageofthebloodvessellining,subsequentlyleadingtobuildupofatheromatousplaques.Todaythiscanbeasaresultofsedentaryhabits(TVandcomputerwatching),consumptionofjunkfoodandobesity.
Due to a heavy academic curriculum a child’s outdoor activities are restricted. Children who areoverweight,havehighbloodpressure,diabetesorthosewithafamilyhistoryofheartdiseasemust
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gettheircholesterolorlipidslevelschecked.
Monitoringofthebloodsugarandlipidprofileofschoolgoingchildrenshouldbecomemandatory.If screening is conducted annually, the cardiac disease process can be nipped in the bud. Thepercentage of young people developing syndrome X is alarming. Prevention of coronary arterydisease must be in the minds of all. Parents of all affected children too should be screened by aphysicianoratalipidclinic.
CholesterolLevelsandOlderAdults
Coronarydiseaseandhighcholesterollevelsareseentodevelop,moreinmiddleagedpeopleover50yearsandalsoinolderpeople.
Thismaybeduetolessexerciseandalteringeatinghabits.Chewingproblemswithfallingteethandeatingoutmorecouldalsobe thereasons.Developmentofassociateddiseases likediabetes,bloodpressure,arthritisandstressoftenresultinincreasedcholesterollevels.
HDL-Cisalsoseentodecreasewithlessexercise.Byloweringyourcholesterolandotherlipidswithappropriatemedicationandlifestylechange,youcanaddmorefruitfulyearstoyourlife.
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MedicationAssociatedwithHigh
Cholesterol LevelsMany types ofmedicines are known to increase cholesterol through their sideeffects.Someofthemare:
Beta Blockers: (Atenolol, Propanolol, Metapropanolol) Beta blockers are a commonly usedmedication.OneoftheirmainsideeffectsisanincreaseinLDLcholesterollevels,andadecreaseinHDL-Clevel.
Diuretics:(Hydrochlorthiazide)
Theseareoftengiventopatientswithhighbloodpressure.Alongwiththebloodpressuremedication,patients are advised diuretics to help reduce the fluid load in the body.Diuretics unfortunately notonlyincreasetotalcholesterolbutcandecreasethegoodcholesterol(HDL-C).Theyalsoincreasethebadcholesterol(LDL-C)andtriglycerides.
Someothermedicationwhichcanderangeyourcholesterollevels:
ContraceptivepillsCorticosteroids(usedinrheumaticdisease,asthma,etc.)Anabolicsteroids
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05.CholesterolAndLifestyle01CholesterolAndLifestyle
Bettereatinghabits,exercising,losingweight,dealingwithstresspositivelyandgivingupsmokingarethequickestwaysofdevelopingahealthierlifestyle.
BetterNutrition
Abalanceddiethelpsfighthighcholesterol,heartdisease,strokeandotherrelateddiseases.Good
foodsarenotmanufacturedfoods.Goodfoodsarenaturalfoodswhicharenutritiousandprotectthebodyagainstdiseases.
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FibreFacts
The indigestible fibre in food is a very important part of healthy eating. It helps in normal bowelmovementandlowerscholesterol.
Alow-fat,high-fibredietcanhelpreducetheriskofcertaincancers,particularlycoloncancer.
TypesofFibre
Solublefibre:Itswellsupandholdswater.Insolublefibre:Itdoesnotswellsupandholdswater.Itconsistsofcellulose,themainconstituentofcellwallsinplants.
BestSourcesofFibre
Acombinationoftheabovewillensureahealthybalanceofsolubleandinsolublefibre.
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Fibre–theGoodCholesterolLoweringAgent
Highintakeofsolublefibreisknowntodecreasebloodcholesterolby10-25%.Inthewesternworldoatfibreisusedregularly.Oatsareknowntolowerabsorptionofcholesterolinyourdigestivetract.Isabgol,isanexcellentfibrerichproduct,extensivelyusedinIndia.Itisalsoknowntohaveexcellentcholesterolloweringproperties.
Fibretakenthroughtraditionalgrainsandcerealsisgoodforloweringthecholesterolandfatsfromthebody.
02.SomeBeneficialFoods
Garlic: It helps lower cholesterol and prevents hardening of arteries. It also helps in thinning ofbloodandreduceshighbloodpressure.
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Soya:Itcontainsnosaturatedfatandcanimprovegoodcholesterollevels.Itisfoundinsoyaoil,tofuandsoyamilk.
Stanols:Theyarefoundinplantsandsoyabeanoil.Theyhelplowercholesterollevels.
Nuts: Almond, walnut and macadamia contain monounsaturated fat, which is good for reducingcholesterol.
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OmegaFattyAcids
Omega3andOmega6
Theyareessentialfattyacidswhichcomeunderspecialtypeofpolyunsaturatedfattyacids.
Omega3fattyacidsarefoundinfish,seafood,nutslikewalnut,flaxandpumpkinseeds.Omega6fattyacidsarefoundinsunfloweroil,cornandsoyabeanoils.
Omega 3 Fatty Acids: Are essential fatty acids which are classified under special type ofpolyunsaturatedfattyacids.Thesefattyacidsprotectyouagainstheartdiseasebydecreasing thefatandtriglyceridelevelsinyourbody.Theyarenotmadebythebodybutcanbesuppliedthroughdietorsupplements.
Theabilityofomega3fattyacidstoreduceplateletaggregationisimportant.Adietrichinfishoilsand other omega 3 fatty acids also helps reduce clot formation and sticking of the platelets to thearterialwalls.Thisresultsinlessplaqueformationandslowdevelopmentofatherosclerosis.
Niacin:Itisawater-solublevitamin(vitaminB3)thatcanlowerLDLandincreaseHDLlevels.Thebestnaturalsourcesofniacinarericebran,wheatbran,peanuts,organmeatslikeliverandfishliketrout,salmonandhalibut.
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ChooseYourFatsSensibly
Excessiveuseoffatscanincreaseyourcholesterol levels.Fatshavemorecalories(9pergm)thanproteinorcarbohydrates(4pergm).Toloseweightfaster,decreasethefatinyourdiet.
MonounsaturatedFats:Thesearepresent inolive,mustardandrapeseedoils.TheyareknowntoincreasethelevelsofHDL(goodcholesterol)andlowerLDL(badcholesterol).
PolyunsaturatedFats:Theyareobtainedfromsafflower,sunflowerandcornoil.TheycanloweryourLDL(badcholesterol),butcanalsoloweryourHDL(goodcholesterol).
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SaturatedFats:Fatsfromanimalsourcessuchasbutter,gheeandpartiallyhydrogenatedoilsshouldbeavoided.Fatsfromvegetablesourceslikecoconutandpalmoilaretobeusedless.Blendtwoormore oils of different groups. They help in the healthy heart diet. Never reuse fried oil as it isunhealthy.
03.ReduceTheIntakeOfCholesterol
Naturalfoodsinbalancedandmoderatequantitieshelpincholesterolreductioninanormalhealthyadult.
Oil:Thequantityofoilandoilproductsusedshouldnotbemorethan3-4teaspoons(inwomen)and4-6teaspoons(inmen)daily.Thetypeofoilusedisalsoveryimportant.
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Sugar:Thequantityofsugarandsugarproductsuseddailyshouldbeabout3-4teaspoons,notmore.
Salt:Saltintakeshouldbelessthan1teaspoondaily.Thisamountofsalt(about1teaspoon)canbetakeninahumidandhotweather.
Fruits:Itisagoodsourceofsolublefibreforanormalperson.500gmsoffruitscanbetakenperday.Reducetheintakeofsugarrichfruitslikemangoes,grapesandbananas.
Milk:Theintakeofmilkandmilkproducts(oflow-fatorskimmedmilk)shouldbeabout500gmsperday.
Vegetables: They have negligible calories if not cooked with too much fat. Okra, cucumber,
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eggplant,cauliflowerandfrenchbeansaresomeexamples.Somehealthyleafyvegetablesarelettuce,cabbage,mint,celery,spinach,corianderandsoyaleaves.
FishOils
Fishoils are extracted from fish.Someof themcontainpolyunsaturated fatty acids that reduce thetendencyofbloodcellsandplatelets to formbloodclots.Theyalso reduceLDLand triglycerides,andincreaseHDL.
Fishes which help in lowering cholesterol are usually found in cold ocean waters, for example,salmon.
Eatingfish twoto three timesaweekhelps inreducingyourriskofheartdiseases.Takingfishoilcapsulescanbehelpful,buttheydonotcompensatefullyforthebenefitsofactuallyeatingfish.
Labelsoncannedfoodsshouldbereadtoassesstheamountofcaloriesthefoodcontains.Also,avoidfoodswithpreservatives,asexcessivesaltandcolourareharmfultoyourbody.
04.SomeUsefulTips
Dalia(BulgurWheat/Bran):Richinfibre,theybindtocholesterolandfatsinthebodyandhelpinsecretingthem.Daliaorbranaregoodasbreakfastcereals.
Oats:Theycontain“Betaglucan”–asolublefibre.Oatbranhelpslowercholesterollevels.Itcanbemixedinwheatas“atta”ortakenasoatrollsoroatporridge.
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Esabgol:Thisrichfibrewhentakennotonlyaidsinrelievingconstipation,buthelpsineliminatingfats and cholesterol from the body. It can be taken before meals or at night after dinner withcurd/milk.
Soya and its products: Soya contains antioxidant compounds. It is also known to help bloodcholesterollevels.Itcanbeconsumedaftercooking,asgranulesornuggets.Tofu(soyapaneer)canbecookedoreatenrawwithsalad.Soyamilkandcurdareoftensubstitutedfordairyproducts.
WhenBuyingDairyProducts
Milk:Buyfatfreemilkratherthanwholemilkormilkwith2%fat.Fatfreemilkormilkwith1%fathasasmuchquantityofcalciumpresentaswholemilk(Calciuminmilkisnotrelatedtothefatpercentagepresent).Cheese:Look for“fat free”, “lowfat”or“partly skimmed”cheese.Pickupcheesecontaininglessthan3gmoffatorlessperounce.Softcheese:Choosethelowfatvariety.FrozenDairyDesserts:Pickupfrozendessertslowinsaturatedfat.Thesecanbeicemilk,lowfatfrozenyoghurtorfruitjuicesandsorbets.
Fatsandoils
WhenBuyingFatsandOils
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Chooseliquidvegetableoilslikecanola,mustard,olive,corn,sunflowerandsaffloweroils.Butter,desigheeand,solidshorteningsarerichinsaturatedfatandcholesterol.Theseshouldbeconsumedinlessamount.Ifyouneedtogetmargarine,buyitwithunsaturatedliquidvegetableoils.
WhenBuyingBreakfastFoods
Choosewholegrainbreads.Theycontainmorefibrethanwhitebread.Eatdrycereals–mostofthemcontainalowfatcontent.
Limitthemuesliandbrantypescontainingcoconutandnuts.Avoidsweetbakedgoodies.Lowfatsweetsandsnackscanbeeatenonceinawhile.Remember,thesemaybelowinfat,butnotincalories.
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Percentagesrefer topercentof totalcalories.Thereversaldiet isavegetariandietcontaininglessthan10%totalfatandminimalsaturatedfat.
05.HealthyExercise
Itisnevertoolatetogetstrongerandstaystrong.
Exerciseshouldbedonebeforemeals,neverimmediatelyaftermeals.Ifyouhaveaheartproblem,hypertensionoranyother specialcondition,consultyourdoctorbeforeexercising.Listentoyourbody.Whenfatiguedorunwell,donotexercise.
Exerciseshouldcontainthreephases:warm-upphase,briskphaseandcool-downphase.
Exercisingduringextremetemperatureslikeveryhotorcoldweatherputsextraburdenonyourheartandbloodvessels.When exercising during hot and/or humid weather, decrease the duration and intensity of
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exercise.Allowyourbodytowarmupandcooldown.Drinkplentyofwaterbefore,duringandafterexercise.Incoldweather,avoidheatloss.Dressinlayersandremoveextraclothingasyouwarmup.
WatchYourWeight
Yourbodystoresmorefatandcholesterolifyouareoverweight.Thefastestwaytoloseweightistoreduceyourintakeoffatandsugar.
ThePinchTest
]Grasptheskinatthesideofyourwaistbetweenthethumbandtheindexfinger.Ifitismorethananinch,thenyouneedtolosefat.
06.De-Stressing
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Stressisacontributoryfactortowardshighcholesterollevels.
Stress is responsible for excessive secretions of adrenaline and thyroid hormones. It also causesexcessivesecretionofkidneyhormones.Throughvariousmechanismsanincreaseincholesterolandblood pressure occurs. Roughening, thickening of the arteries andmore fat deposition also takesplace.Thechancesofgettingaheartattackorstrokeareenhanced.
HowtoDealwithStress
Avoidchronicstress.Changeyourattitude.Situationsdonotchange,youcan.De-stressyourself.
De-stressingTechniques
Exercise:Desk jobs often involve longworkinghours at the table or computer.This leads to badposture,alongwithchronicstress.Onecanperformtheseexercisestohelpde-stresswhileworking.
HeadrotationsShouldershrugsLowerbackstretchingAnklesandlegsstretching
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MassagingtensemusclesWalkingbetweenthetablesoralongthecorridorasmuchaspossible.
PositiveThinking:Thinkhonestly,positivelyandspecifically.
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Laughter:Enjoyagoodlaughbyrecollectingsomehumorousincidentinyourlife.
Self-distraction: During long and heavy working hours, de-stress yourself by standing near awindoworsippingaglassofwater.Youcanalsodoafewstretchingexerciseswhilesitting.Thiswillhelpbreakthemonotony.
MentalImagery:Relaxbythinkingaboutgoodthings(likeafuturevacation).Lowerthenoiselevelaroundyou.
07.Medication
Proper diet, exercise and a change in lifestyle can reduce cholesterol, but your doctormay advisemedicationtoo.
The decision to give you drugs will be based upon the type of hyperlipidaemia you have. Forexample:
HighcholesterolwithlowHDLHighcholesterolwithhighLDLHighcholesterolwithhightriglyceridesHightriglycerideswithlowHDL
Medicationadvisedcouldcontain:
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StatinsFibratesGemfibrizoleNiacinEzetimibeAnyotherorcombinationsoftheabove
Statins (Atorvastatin, Simvastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin) are HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors.Theyactbyblockingthecholesterolsynthesisthroughcompetitiveinhibitionintheliver.
Doyouknowthatbabiesdonothaveatherosclerosis?
TheirLDL-Cis<50mg/dl
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CholesterolAbsorptionInhibitors
Ezetimibe: It inhibits the absorption of cholesterol selectively. It does not interfere with theabsorptionoffattyacidsandfatsolublevitamins.
NicotinicAcidDerivatives:Theyhelplowerbothtriglyceridesandcholesterolplasmalevels.TheyalsoaidinincreasingthelevelsofHDL-C.
Omega3fishoils:Theyhelpreducelevelsofcholesterolandtriglyceridesinplasma.
Fenofibrate:Theyhelplowertriglycerides.15%ofcholesterolisonlydecreasedbythismedication.
Bezafibrate: It helps suppress endogenous cholesterol synthesis, helping increase specific LDLreceptors,whichleadstoincreaseinLDLcatabolism.IthelpsincreaseHDL-C.
Gemfibrizole:Itisseentoreducelevelsoftriglyceride,cholesterolandLDL-C.ItalsohelpsincreaseHDL-C.
Dependingupontheindividualpatient,lipidloweringdrugscanhavesideeffects.Thereshouldbenoself-medication,adoctormustalwaysbeconsulted.
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06.MythsAndFactFileMyth
Totalcholesterollevelbelow240mg/dlisacceptable.
Fact
Totalcholesterolshouldbebelow200mg/dl.LDL(badcholesterol)mustbebelow130mg/dl.Ifyousuffer from heart disease or diabetes, LDL should be below 100mg/dl.Also, if yourHDL (goodcholesterol)isbelow40mg/dl,itraisesyourriskofheartdisease.
Myth
Vegetableoilsaregoodfortheheart.
Fact
Allvegetableoilsmaynotbeheart-friendly.Palmandcoconutoilsarehighinsaturatedfatandcanraise cholesterol. ‘Trans-fats’, the partially hydrogenated vegetable oils found in baked foods andmargarine,arealsoknowntoraisecholesterol.Vegetableoilslikeolive,canolaandmustardcontainmainlymonounsaturatedandpolyunsaturatedfatsandaregoodinrecommendedamounts.
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Myth
Goodcholesterol(HDL)canonlyberaisedbycertainmedication.
Fact
Goodcholesterol(HDL)canberaisedbyexercising(abouthalfanhourdaily),givingupsmokingand losingweight.Medication is recommended if, evenafterpractising the above, theHDL is stilllow.
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High cholesterol need not be a curse. Careful diet management, proper exercise and a regulatedlifestylecanhelplowercholesteroltoacceptablelevelssothatyoucanleadafulfillinglife.