5sistem muskular phys
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Transcript of 5sistem muskular phys
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System Muscular
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Chapter 4 2
Tipe jaringan otot
Otot Rangka Menempel pada tulang
Multiple nukleus
Lurik, sadar dan tak sadar (reflek)
Otot Polos Dinding organ dalam, pembuluh darah, mata, kelenjar, kulit
Nukleus single, terletak pada pusat
Tidak lurik/polos, tak sadar
Otot Jantung Pada jantung
Nukleus single, terletak pada pusat
Lurik, tak sadar
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Chapter 4 3
Muscular System Functions
Body movement
Maintenance of posture
Respiration Production of body heat
Communication
Constriction of organs and vessels Heart beat
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Chapter 4 4
Sifat otot
Dapat berkontraksi
Ability of a muscle to shorten with force
Dapat dieksitasi
Capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus Dapat diregangkan
Muscle can be stretched to its normal resting lengthand beyond to a limited degree
Elastis Ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after
stretched
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Organization I:
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Chapter 4 6
Structure & organizational level of Skeletal Muscle
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Chapter 4 7
Sarcomere = the basic contractile unit
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Chapter 4 8
THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
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Chapter 4 9
Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle fiber
Sel otot
Muscle fiber sel yang memanjangsilindris, terdiri dari
Sarcolemma = membran plasma
Sarcoplasma = cytoplasma glycogen &myoglobulin
organel nukleus
mitokondria
sarcoplasmic reticulum = REsuperorganel MYOFIBRIL terdiri darimyofilamen tipis dan myofilamen tebal
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10Chapter 4
Z line Z line
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Chapter 4 11
THE SARCOMERE
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Chapter 4 12
Myofilamen tebal (Myosin)
Mengandung proteinyang disebut myosin. one myosin
moleculemyosin heads(cross bridges)
myosin tails
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Chapter 4 13
Myofilamen tipis (Actin)
Filamen tipis mengandung protein Actin
Tropomiosin
troponin
actinmonomerstropoyi
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Chapter 4 14
Muscle Physiology
Muscles consist of many muscle fibers(cells) connected in bundles
Muscle fibers are made up of myofibrils
Strength training akan meningkatkan
jumlah myofibril dan ukuran otot =hypertrophy
Penurunan jumlah myofibril dan ukuran
otot = atrophy
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Chapter 4 15
Jenis fiber otot Slow-twitch fibers otot tipe lambat
Tahan lelah
Kontraksi tidak secepat dan sekuat otot tipe cepat
Bergantung pada sistem energi oksidatif
Fast-twitch fibers otot tipe cepat Kontraksi cepat dan kuat
Cepat lelah
Lebih bergantung pada sistem energi nonoksidatif
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Chapter 4 16
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
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Chapter 4 17
The Motor Unit
Back muscles
1:100
Finger muscles
1:10
Eye muscles
1:1
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Chapter 4 18
WHAT HAPPEN AT THE NEUROMUSCULARJUNCTION?
RELEASE OF ACh BREAKDOWN OF ACh
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Chapter 4 19
Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Mechanism
Figure 12-11a: Excitation-contraction coupling
1. Neuron motorik melepaskan asetilkolin pada neuro-muscular junction
2. Terjadi potensial aksi akibat ikatan antara reseptor-asetilkolin
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Chapter 4 20
Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Mechanism
Figure 12-11b: Excitation-contraction coupling
3. Potensial aksi bergerak sepanjang t-tubulus
4. Potensial aksi menyebabkan saluran Ca 2+ terbuka, ion Ca masuk kedalamsitoplasma
5. Ion Ca terikat pada troponin., ikatan molekul aktin dan miosin bertambah kuat
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Chapter 4 21
AP & MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Troponin has
binding sites for
1)G actin
2)Tropomyosin
3)Ca2+
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Chapter 4 22
Energy for Contraction:ATP & Phosphocreatine
Aerobic Respiration Oxygen Glucose
Fatty acids 30-32 ATPs
Anaerobic Respiration Fast but
2 ATP/glucose PhosphocreatineATPs
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Chapter 4 23
Central "Feeling"
Lactic acid
Peripheral
Glycogen depletion
Ca2+ interference
High Pi levels
ECF high K+ ACh depletion
Muscle Fatigue: Causes not well known
Figure 12-14: Locations and possible causes of muscle fatigue
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Chapter 4 24
Physiological Effects of StrengthTraining
Meningkatkan massa dan ukuran otot
Meningkatkan penggunaan dan koordinasi motorunit
Meningkatkan kekuatan tendon, ligamen dan tulang Meningkatkan cadangan energi dan suplai darah ke
otot
Memperbaiki kadar lemak darah dan proses biokimia
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Chapter 4 25
Tipe kontraksi otot
Kontraksi isometrik = kontraksi otot tanpaperubahan panjang otot
Kontraksi isotonik = kontraksi otot yang
menyebabkan perubahan panjang otot
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Chapter 4 26
Isotonic and IsometricContractions
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Chapter 4 27
Awas :Suplemen dan obat otot
Suplemen yang digunakan untuk meningkatkanpertumbuhan otot
Anabolic steroids
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
Growth hormone
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
Beta-agonists
Protein, amino acid, and polypeptide supplements and so-called metabolic optimizing meals
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Chapter 4 28
Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids
Liver damage and tumors
Reduced HDL
High blood pressure, heart disease, cancer
Depressed immune function Psychological disturbances
Depressed sperm and testosterone production;breast development in males
Masculinization in women and children
Premature closure of bone growth centers
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Chapter 4 29
Suplemen yang digunakan untukmempercepat penyembuhan Creatine monohydrate
Chromium picolinate
Suplemen yang digunakan untukmeningkatkan intensitas latihan dan tidakmudah lelah
Amphetamines Caffeine
Awas :Suplemen dan obat otot
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Chapter 4 30
Suplemen untuk meningkatkan ketahanan
Erythropoietin
Darbepoetien
Suplemen untuk kontrol berat badan Diethylpropion, phentermine
Caffeine, PPA, ephedra
Dinitrophenol
Diuretics
Awas :Suplemen dan obat otot
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Chapter 4 31
Age-Related Changes inSkeletal Muscle
Aging is associated with a loss of musclemass
Rate increases after 50 years of age
Regular exercise training can improvestrength and endurance
Cannot completely eliminate the age-related loss
in muscle mass
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Chapter 4 32
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Chapter 4 33
nuclei stripes myofibrils
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Chapter 4 34