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The Eukaryotes 5.5: Fungi

Cell wall components

Fungal Morphology

mold

hypha/ae

= coenocytic

“fairy ring”

mycelium

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budding yeast

(Other: fission yeast)

Fungal Morphology

yeast bud

Dimorphic?

Asexual Reproduction

with Conidiospores

General Fungal Life Cycle (based on having haploid adults)

Diploid (2N)

Spores

Spores

Hyphae Heterokaryotic

(N + N) (dikaryon)

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Nutrition

all chemoheterotrophic, extracellular digestion

saprobes

parasites, predators

mutualists

Mycosis

systemic

subcutaneous

cutaneous

superficial

mycetoma

aseptate hyphae motile spores eg: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

aseptate hyphae non-motile spores (sporangiospores) made in sporangia

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P: Zygomycota: eg: Rhizopus stolonifer = black bread mold

2N

1N fertilization

+

-

Mucor spp.

Absidia spp.

zygosporangium

zygosporangium

sporangium

sporangium

Microsporidia = Microspora: unusually small cells Examples: Nosema spp. (N. connori and N. ocularum) Ocular & GI infections Microsporidium spp.

Polar filament

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septate hyphae non-motile spores (conidia) made on conidiophores

(Karyogamy inside ascus)!

dikaryon (1N + 1N)

plasmogamy

P: Ascomycota

1N

2N

Saccharomyces cerevisiae = baker’s & “top”-brewing yeast

S. pastorianus = “bottom”-brewing yeast

S. bayanus = champagne yeast

Peziza spp. ascocarp (made of dikaryotic hyphae)

(side-cut view)

ascus

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Morchella spp. = morels Tuber spp. = truffles

Gourmet items

Penicillium glaucum & P. roqueforti P. camemberti

Histoplasma

Blastomyces

Coccidioides immitis

“(San Joaquin) Valley fever”

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Aspergillus

† A. flavus A. niger A. oryzae

aspergillosis

Candida albicans

Pneumocystis carinii/jirovecki

“thrush”

“yeast infection” = candidiasis, balanitis (male)

“PC”

Dermatophytes Trichophyton spp. Microsporum spp. Epidermophyton spp.

“ringworm” =

“Tinea ____” onychomycosis

Mycetoma formers Pseudallescheria spp. Madurella spp.

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Sporothrix: rose-gardener’s-disease

Stachybotrys

Claviceps forms ergot

ergometrine

ergotamine

lysergic acid

grain

septate hyphae non-motile spores made on ends of hyphae

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Basidiomycota life cycle (mushroom)

plasmogamy

zygote

Karyogamy inside basidia

2N

1N +1N

1N

1N

Ustilago maydis = corn smut =

huitlacoche/cuitlacoche

Edibles:

Most common: Agaricus bisporus

Lentinula edodes = shiitake

Amanita spp. some edible, some poisonous

Amanita muscaria = fly agaric

death cap The Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera, & A. ocreata

Amanita calyptrata

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ear & jelly fungus

brackets bolete

puffball

Some other basidios stinkhorn

Bird’s nest

Pathogenic Basidiomycota Cryptococcus neoformans Malasezzia furfur

can cause pityriasis

Disappearing “phylum” Deuteromycota = imperfect fungi (For those who’ve not been observed to do sexual reproduction)

Aspergillus Penicillium Fusarium

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endotrophic mycorrhiza

Symbiosis:

mycorrhizae

Symbiosis:

lichens

Usnea: usnic acid (antibacterial)

Roccella: litmus & dye

Useful lichens