APPLICATION OF SOLAR ENERGY

GOPI PK HOS ELECTRICALM T I THRISSUR

1. DIRECT THERMAL APPLICATION

2. SOLAR ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS

SOLAR WATER HEATING (HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM)

BASIC ELEMENTS

FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR STORAGE TANK CIRCULATION SYSTEM& AUXILARY SYSTEM CONTROL OF THE SYSTEM

COMMERCIAL DESIGNS

NATURAL CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER (PRESSURISED)

NATURAL CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER (NON-PRESSURISED)

FORCED CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER

1. NATURAL CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER(PRESSURISED)

COLD WATER FROM MAINS

HOT WATER TANK

AUXILARY HEATER

≥0.3M

INSULATION

HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION

SCHEME OF A NATURAL CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER

SOLAR COLLECTOR

AUXILARY HEATER

INSULATION

ONE WAYCHECK

VALVE

COLD WATER

HOT WATER

SOLAR COLLECTOR

NON PRESSURISED SOLAR WATER HEATER

HOT WATER TANK

FORCED CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER

SOLAR COLLECTOR

CO

LL

EC

TO

R

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

E

SEN

SOR

TANK TEMPERATURE SENSOR

PUMP SWITCH

PUMP

AUXILARY HEATER

COLD WATER

HOT WATER TANK

ONE WAY CHECK VALVE

SCHEMATIC OF A FORCED CIRCULATION SOLAR WATER HEATER

INSULATED TANK

SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM WITH ANTIFREEZESO

LAR

COLL

ECTO

R

HEAT EXCHANGER

COLD SERVICE WATER

PUMP

ANTI FREEZ SOLUTION

HOT WATER

HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION

AUXILARY HEATER

SPACE HEATING ( SOLAR HEATING OF BUILDINGS)

PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEMS

BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVE SOLAR SPACE–HEATING SYSTEM WITHOUT MECHANICAL COMPONENTS.

DIRECT GAIN

THERMAL STORAGE WALL

ATTACHED SUN SPACE

ROOF STORAGE

CONVECTIVE LOOP

GLASS COVER

BLACKENDSURFACE

CONCRETE WALL 20 CM THICK

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM

ROOF STORAGE

WATER WATER

PLASTIC WATER BAG

SNAGNANT AIR SPACEMOVABLE PANNELS

METAL ROOF

METAL CONTAINER

ROOF STORAGE OF SOLAR HEAT

S u n r a y s

CONVECTIVE LOOP

AIR CIRCULATION

RETURN AIR

THERMAL STORAGE

CO

LL

EC

TO

R

CONTROL VALVE

CONVECTIVE LOOP PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

ACTIVE SPACE HEATING SYSTEM

WATER TANK

STORAGE UNIT

COLL

ECTO

R A

RR

AY

PUMPPUMP

SCHEME OF A BASIC HOT WATER ACTIVE SYSTEM

AUXILARY

TO BUILDING

FROM BUILDING

3 WAY VALVE

HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION

TO DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

RETURN FROM DISTRIBUTION

3 WAY VALVE

COLD SERVICE WATER

PUMP

PUMP

COLL

ECTO

R

ANTI FREEZ SOLUTION

WATER STORAGE TANK

AUXILARY HEATER

SOLAR SPACE HEATING AND HOT WATER SYSTEM

BY P

ASS

BASIC HOT AIR SYSTEMCO

LLEC

TION

- AR

RAY

3 WAY VALVEDAMPER

DAMPER 3 WAY VALVE

ROCK STORAGE

BLOWER BLOWER

BY P

ASS

AUXILARY HEATER

HEATED AIR TO DISTRIBUTION

RETURN FROM DISTRIBUTION

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A BASIC HOT AIR HEATING SYSTEM

SPACE COOLING (SOLAR COOLING OF BUILDING)

ABSORPTION AIR CONDITIONING

PUMPPUMP

PUMP PUMP3-WAY VALVE

COOLING WATER IN

TO COOLED ESPAC

COOLING TOWER

SOLA

R CO

LLEC

TION

AR

RAYS

STORAGE TANK

AUXILARY HEATER

ABSORBER

GENERATOR

CONDENSEREVAPARATOR

HEAT EXCHANGER

SCHEME OF SOLAR OPERATED ABSORPTION AIR CONDITIONER

SOLAR COLLECTOR & STORAGE ABSORPTION AIR CONDITIONER

EV

HEAT EXCHANGER

SOLAR FURNACE

SOLAR RADIATION

RECEIVER

CONCENTRATOR

HELIOSTAT

INSULATION COOKING UTENSILS

WOODEN FRAME

S U N R A Y S

GLASS COVERS

PRINCIPLE OF BOX TYPE COOKER

REFLECTOR TYPE SOLAR COOKER

MIRROR

Thermal electric conversion system

Low temperature cycles using flat plate collector or solar pond

Concentrating collectors for medium & high temperature cycle

Power tower concept to central receiver system

Distributed collector system

THERMAL ELECTRIC CONVERSION SYSTEM

COLD WATER

SOLAR POND

SOLAR RADIATION

COOLING TOWER

HOT WATER

PUMPCOLD WATER

CONDENCER

EVAPARATOR BOILER

PUMP

ORGANIC WORKING FLUIDTURBINE

ELECTRICAL POWER OUTPUTGENERATOR

FLOW DIAGRAM OF SOLAR POND ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Thermal energy from a solar pond is used to drive a Rankine cycle heat engine. Hot water from bottom level of the pond is pumped to the evaporator where the organic working fluid is vaporised. The vapour flows under high pressure to the turbine and there by expanding through the turbine wheels, and the electric generator linked to it. The vapour then travel to the condenser where cold water from the cooling tower condenses the vapour back it to the evaporator where the cycle is repeated.

Water circuit

Butane boiler

condenser

well

Solar array

Sola

r rad

iatio

n

Water for irrigation purpose

pump

Butane turbine

SCHEMATIC OF A LOW TEMPERATURE SOLAR POWER PLANT

pump

This system has array of flat- plate collectors to heat water up to nearly 70o and in the heat exchanger , the heat of water is used for boiling furnace. The high pressure butane vapour runs a butane turbine which operate a hydraulic pump which pumps the water from well and used for irrigation. The exhausted butane vapour from butane turbine is condensed with the help of water which is pumped by the pump. This condensed butane is fed to the heat exchanger

Absorber tube

Chain drive

Chain drive

Mirror strips

Stay rods

shield

Jack shaft

A typical parabolic cylindrical concentrator

Solar ray

Schematic of a Central Tower receiver associated with a field of flat mirrors and a gas turbine.

Electrical power output

Black body Cavity

Insulation

Spherical Central Receiver Unit

Sun Rays

Alternator

Heat sink

Recuperator

One of the Heliostats of the Field

Compressor

in a recuperative furnace a system of thin-walled ducts through which incoming air and exhausted gases pass separately so that the air is heated by the gases.

Description of the System

The tower with the central receiver on top of it

The heat conversion subsystem

The heat storage device

The field of oriented mirrors.

In this system , the incoming solar radiation is focused to a central receiver or a boiler mounted on a tall tower using thousands of plane reflectors, which are steerable about two axes and are called heliostats. A schematic view of an electric power plant using gas turbine is shown in figure. The mirrors are installed on the ground and are oriented so as to reflect the direct beam radiation in to an absorber or boiler which is mounted on the top of a tower located near the centre of the field of mirrors to produce high temperature.

Beam radiation incident on boiler absorbed by black pipes in which working fluid circulates and is heated. The working fluid is allowed to drive a turbine and produce mechanical energy. The turbine which is coupled to an alternator produces electrical energy. A suitable heat storage is also provided to supply the hest energy during the periods of cloudiness.

The power of the rise and fall of the sea level or tidal power, can be harnessed to generate electricity.Tidal PowerTidal power traditionally involves erecting a dam across the opening to a tidal basin. The dam includes a sluice that is opened to allow the tide to flow into the basin; the sluice is then closed, and as the sea level drops, traditional hydropower technologies can be used to generate electricity from the elevated water in the basin. Some researchers are also trying to extract energy directly from tidal flow streams.The energy potential of tidal basins is large — the largest facility, the La Rance station in France, generates 240 megawatts of power. Currently, France is the only country that successfully uses this power source. French engineers have noted that if the use of tidal power on a global level was brought to high enough levels, the Earth would slow its rotation by 24 hours every 2,000 years.Tidal energy systems can have environmental impacts on tidal basins because of reduced tidal flow and silt buildup.3 Ways of Using the Tidal Power of the OceanThere are three basic ways to tap the ocean for its energy. We can use the ocean's waves, we can use the ocean's high and low tides, or we can use temperature differences in the water.1 Wave EnergyKinetic energy (movement) exists in the moving waves of the ocean. That energy can be used to power a turbine. In this simple example, (illustrated to the right) the wave rises into a chamber. The rising water forces the air out of the chamber. The moving air spins a turbine which can turn a generator.When the wave goes down, air flows through the turbine and back into the chamber through doors that are normally closed.This is only one type of wave-energy system. Others actually use the up and down motion of the wave to power a piston that moves up and down inside a cylinder. That piston can also turn a generator.Most wave-energy systems are very small. But, they can be used to power a warning buoy or a small light house.2 Tidal EnergyAnother form of ocean energy is called tidal energy. When tides comes into the shore, they can be trapped in reservoirs behind dams. Then when the tide drops, the water behind the dam can be let out just like in a regular hydroelectric power plant.In order for this to work well, you need large increases in tides. An increase of at least 16 feet between low tide to high tide is needed. There are only a few places where this tide change occurs around the earth. Some power plants are already operating using this idea. One plant in France makes enough energy from tides to power 240,000 homes.3 Ocean Thermal EnergyThe final ocean energy idea uses temperature differences in the ocean. If you ever went swimming in the ocean and dove deep below the surface, you would have noticed that the water gets colder the deeper you go. It's warmer on the surface because sunlight warms the water. But below the surface, the ocean gets very cold. That's why scuba divers wear wet suits when they dive down deep. Their wet suits trapped their body heat to keep them warm.Power plants can be built that use this difference in temperature to make energy. A difference of at least 38 degrees Fahrenheit is needed between the warmer surface water and the colder deep ocean water.Using this type of energy source is called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or OTEC. It is being used in both Japan and in Hawaii in some demonstration projects