Public Input No. 8-NFPA 59A-2013 [ Global Input ] Additional ...
59a Russia History Gr
Transcript of 59a Russia History Gr
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& NIBIRU DARK PLANET
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, , Varangian () Rurik Novgorod ( ) 860
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, ." Varangians, Rus. Varangians , , , . The Chuds, , Krivichs Ves Rus, " , . , ". , kinfolk , . Rus . oi oi Varangians Ladoga,
Novgorod Khazars .
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. (Kniaz ) , , . PrinceVladimir (R. 980-1015) Yaroslav ( ? R. 1019-1054).
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: Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Halych, Polotsk,Smolensk, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl. , : , , .
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. , (Danylo? R. 1238-1264) , . 14 , -Volhynia Kievan
. Lithuainian Novagrudok . 15 , Metropolia " ,Halych ., , -Volhynia. Mstislavich Rurikids , -Volhynia ?
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Vsevolod Yaroslavich 1093, Svyatopolk
Kievan . , Rurikid . ,
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Volynia Halychian . Vladimir Kypchaks Stugna (1097).
Christian Svyatopolk , ,
(https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0531/5b10178692594/5b10178c Svyatopolk .
Svyatopolk , ,, Tugorkhan Kypchaks. , , Boleslaw Almos . Yaroslav Volynia - ,
, Kievan . Yaroslav , Kievan Turov Pinsk
Vladimir (1053 - 19 1125) . Vsevolod , .
, 83 19 Polovtsi. Oleg Chernigov, Chernigov Polovtsi ', . , Oleg . posterity.
o hunting.From 1094, Pereyaslav, , Suzdal, . , , , . , Vladimir , Lyubech 1097 Dolobsk 1103. o Sviatopolk 1113, Kievan Vladimir . 1125. , ,
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. , 10 . O Vladimir : , Gytha , , , , Kypchak. Mstislav, . Yury Dolgoruky, ,
, Coloman s Leon . Praxedis Henry IV, . O Vladimir . . , Rus
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, . 16 Vladimirskaya ( ) .
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. , , .Saint Sophia Cathedral (Sobor Sviatoyi Sofiyi, ) Kievan .
. 1037 Yaroslav . plinths. : 37 55 . 5 , 5, ( ) 13 (). . , 17 ,
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VSchSy , , Witena-gemot. , , ( , Kievskaya Rus ? , Kyivs'kaRus ' )
(: , ? Uk: ,), 880 12 . Vladimir (980-1015) Yaroslav (1019-1054) , Slavic1 , Russkaya Pravda.Oleg Svyatoslavich Chernigov Rurikid 11 12 . Sviatoslav
, Oleg . 1070s, Lutsk, 1076. Vsevolod . ,Oleg Chernigovian , Tmutarakan. Kypchaks, , Chernigov (1078). , ,
. Oleg Chernigov (1031-36). 3, 1078 Oleg Vsevolod Nezhatinnaya Niva. Tmutarakan, Khazars . , Vsevolod, . , Mouzalonissa, . , Tmutarakan, " Khazaria". 1094, Kypchaks Rus Chernigov. Svyatopolk Vladimir . Kievan Kievan , 1 1115 Chernigov. Gorislavich, patronimic . , Olgovichi, archrivals ( Monomakhovichi) .
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The , 862 Viking,Rurik, Sinius, Truvor, Novgorod, B61o-6zero, Izborsk. , . Sinius Truvor ,
Rurik ,
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, Askold , . * . Oleg . , Oleg Igor Helgi Ingva / n, . Oleg
. * , ! , . * ! Oleg, , , . , , Oleg . . Oleg , , , . ! , ? * , , ! , Oleg , . , Oleg , . , * . , Rurik, , . , Drevlians, Pripet. , , OlffaIFL Hdga, Drevlians . ,
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, fihe , , 967. Svyatoslav, , , ,
, Hozars.
, Vyatichi. , , , Svyatoslav , . Svyatoslav , , Pereyaslavets . , , -sieged - ^
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- - Tziiniskes . homeward UNEX-pectedly Rapids , . Svyatoslav , , , Yaropolk, Oleg, Novgorod Vladimir Svyatoslav Yaropolk , Oleg , Yaropolk . , Yaropolk, . Rogneda, Rogvold, Polotsk, . Rogneda Yaropolk, . Vladimir , Rogvold, , Rogneda . , Yaropolk , . ,
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exhorta -, hoyars , , . hoyars hoyars . . hoyars
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, , , VdMy, princedoms, , , iEpatricide. , ddest, ,
, , , , , . Vladfmir, , , Gleb, , . Yaro Novgorod, , Svyatopolk, , ,
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Chernigov, . Yaroslav , .
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, Svyato Polk-, , Oleg, Vladimir , 1126. . Yladimir - ,
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SCZDAL Novgorod THE GREAT
Vladimir Dolgoruki ( ), , OKD. , , , .
Neglinnaya, -. , .. 1147. , Bogolyubski, , Eaev, . 1169, Siizdal . , Andrei Uve , , Gleb. , . , . , , . . 1174.
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. 1889 B . , ,Smolensk, Chernigov, Volynia, Galich, Novgorod. ,, Gtdf , ,
Peipus, , , . , , , . Novgorod, , , . , , , , , , .
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Smolensk, Siizdal, , , . * , Suzdal ( ),
Dvind, ", . Chernigov, Desna, , , , . , . . , , .
Bogolyiibski, Siizdal, , , Volynia Galich, . Volynia , Pripet Bug. . Galich, Volynia, , , Volynia.
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, . Amur , . Timuchin, Khan, , , , Polovtsy. Polovtsy Mstislav, , , , . Mstislav Pdlovtsy Kalka,
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, . , , , Mstislav , . Mstislav , ,
. , Baty , . 1237, Ryazan, Stizdal, Kolomna, Klyazma. , , , , ,
. Ytiri , . Novgorod, , . 1240 Eaev, . Baty , , .
, Suzdal . , , -, Khan ^ princedoms . , fered , ' . UdSly , , , .
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ALEXANDER NlfiVSKI, gAlIOH,
Baty , Novgor6d , Yaroslav of ,
, Novgorod . saUed , Izhera . | , Gleb . ,
. Novski. . - . , , - - , . Pskov,
Novgorod, , Pskov, Peipus. . Ice , a.b. 1242. , , Suzdal -, , Xo . Novgorod , , . 1263. , Gilichy , . , , , !! G41ich . 1264, Casimir Galicb.
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(, Volynia, & c.) , Tartar, , Yagdilo . , , Daniel, yoimgiBst N6vski, .
Tver - Vladimir. Tver , , Xo, , , - - , . Suzdal , . Khan,
Tver Xo . , Kalita, , . , , 60.000 , . Khan, Xo .
Kalit . , , Peter Vladimir. , , , , .
Runestones , U 161,
-- Tby , Varangian .
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Varangian runestones , Runestones [24], Varangian Guard, .
Runestones , Varangian . runestones RAK, 1015 ... [25] Skepptuna Runestone U 358, Vstra LedingeRunestone U 518, Nlberga Runestone 170 EriksstadRunestone Sm 46. [26]
runestones
Ed. Ragnvaldr, Varangian , . PR4 RunestoneU 112, [26] runestones, PR5 , EdRunestone U 104 ( Ashmolean ), 1080-1130, runestones
RisbyleRunestone U 161, Tby. [27] , , Ulf Borresta Orkesta Runestone U 344 danegelds . [27]
, . Laxdla, BolliBollason, . 1006, Varangian . [28] , Varangian Guard? " ,
. "[29] , :Bolli ,
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, , , Bolli . Garth- , ? Girt , , ,
, , . , ? , Bolli , .The Varangian Guard Saga Njal Kolskegg- Holmgard(Novgorod) Miklagard (),
. " , , Varangians, ." [31]
Varangian Harald Sigurdsson , HaraldHardrde ( "Hard-" [32]). , Harald Gardariki , 1035.
, . Varangian Guard Harald manglavites spatharokandidatos. . V, Saga , . Harald , . 1043, , 1066. Varangian Guard , Harald Hardrde ,Sigurd , . , Sigurd , 6.000, Varangian . Sigurd . Folk Metal Turisas , The Varangian Way,
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. Viking Metal Amon Amarth Thunder "Varyags Miklagaard" .
. . , , , . 400 .. . 2 . .
50 130 . . 106 .. , .
, .
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( 1193 - 3 1254) (1222-1254),
. ,
, . . 20 .
, ., . , , , , . . 1223
. , , , . :
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, , , , .
. ( ) , , .
, , , , . , , , , , (1233).
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, .
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, . , , , (, . , .). , , , 1223 , . , . 1227 .,
(1218-1241) . [2] , . 1225 . . . , , , . , ,
, . ( ) .
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. , , , , . 1205 1230 (
). (1215-1230). , , , . (1222-1240) ( )
, . . , , (de Brienne)
. , , . , , .
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1236, . . . ,[3]
. , , . , , , . ,
,[4]
. , . 1241 , , . , .
.
,
: , , . , . , ' , . ,
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. , . , . , 1239.
, . , , .
,
, ( ) . , . . : . .
1242, . , .
. . . . , , . (, , ) () .
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1246 , , . , , .
. , , , , . , .
, ., , , , . 1251 .
, .
' (1194 1250, 1220). , , ,
, .[5] ,
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. , , . , , , ,
. .[6] ( , , 1239) , , 1245. ,
. , . , , , .[7]
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,
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", ,. 89, 2004
, " ", , . 117, 2006
, , 1985-1988
Angold Michael, "A Byzantine Government in Exile", OxfordUniversity Press 1975.
, " ", . 1954.
, " ", ,
1997. , "
(1204-1261)", , 2007. ISBN 978-
, 27, 2006.
, - . ,, . ( catastrophe, telephone) ( elephant).
. ( 12 ) . , ( ) . .
. . imperium
http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%86&action=edit&redlink=1http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%86&action=edit&redlink=1http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1http://www1.antibaro.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6665:09012010-byzantines-diethneis-lexeis&catid=106:history-byzantium&Itemid=292http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%86&action=edit&redlink=1http://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82&action=edit&redlink=1http://www1.antibaro.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6665:09012010-byzantines-diethneis-lexeis&catid=106:history-byzantium&Itemid=292 -
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imperium christianum . , , . , ,
. , , . , , . . ,
. . , 10 .
, - . , , 4
. , , . . hospitalis. , hospital(ospedale ).
, , , , , . cemetery . ,
, cemetery, graveyard!
, ,
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, . 5 , 8 (717-741 ..) . universalis. (11 12 .)
, . , university.
. (527-565..) , . , . , , ,
, , ... , . 8 ., . , , . 11 .
,
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. , (macaroni)! spaghetti. , - , pie. ,
. , , . (!) (pizza, )!
Notes
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1. ^ Milner-Gulland, R. R..Atlas of Russia and the Soviet Union.Phaidon. p. 36. ISBN0714825492.http://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Books.
2. ^ Schultze, Sydney (2000). Culture and Customs of Russia.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 5. ISBN0313311013.http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Books.
3. ^ Duczko, Wladyslaw (2004). Viking Rus. BRILL. pp. 1011.ISBN9004138749.http://books.google.com/books?
id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dq.4. ^ Forte, Angelo, Richard Oram, and Frederik Pedersen.Viking Empires. Cambridge University Press, 2005ISBN 0-521-82992-5. p. 1314.
5. ^ abcd Stephen Turnbull, The Walls of Constantinople, AD3241453, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-759-X.
6. ^ H.S. Falk & A. Torp,Norwegisch-dnisches etymologischesWrterbuch, 1911, pp. 14034; J. de Vries, Altnordisches
etymologisches Wrterbuch, 1962, pp. 6712; S. Blndal &B. Benedikz, The Varangians of Byzantium, 1978, p. 4
7. ^ Hellquist 1922:1096,1172; M. Vasmer,Russischesetymologisches Wrterbuch, 1953, vol. 1, p. 171.
8. ^ Blndal & Benedikz, p. 4; D. Parducci, "Gli stranierinellalto medioevo", Mirator1 (2007)in Italian, Englishabstract
9. ^ Falk & Torp, p. 1403; other words with the same secondpart are: Old Norse erfingi "heir", armingi "beggar", aumingi"beggar", bandingi "captive", hamingja "luck", heiingi"wolf", lausingi / leysingi "homeless", cf. Falk & Torp, p. 34;Vries, p. 163.
10. ^ S. Bugge,Arkiv fr nordisk filologi 2 (1885), p. 225[1]11. ^ A massive majority (40,000) of all Viking-Age Arabian
coins found in Scandinavia were found in Gotland. In Skne,land and Uppland together, about 12,000 coins were found.Other Scandinavian areas have only scattered finds: 1,000from Denmark and some 500 from Norway. Byzantine coinshave been found almost exclusively in Gotland, some 400.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-0%23cite_ref-0http://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714825492http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714825492http://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-1%23cite_ref-1http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313311013http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313311013http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-2%23cite_ref-2http://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004138749http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004138749http://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-3%23cite_ref-3http://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521829925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521829925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521829925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-0%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-1%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/184176759Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-5%23cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-6%23cite_ref-6http://runeberg.org/svetym/1184.htmlhttp://runeberg.org/svetym/1184.htmlhttp://runeberg.org/svetym/1260.htmlhttp://runeberg.org/svetym/1260.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-7%23cite_ref-7http://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevo.pdfhttp://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevoabstract.pdfhttp://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevoabstract.pdfhttp://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevoabstract.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-8%23cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-9%23cite_ref-9http://runeberg.org/anf/1885/0229.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-10%23cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-0%23cite_ref-0http://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714825492http://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?q=%22known+to+the+Russians+and+Greeks+as+Varangians%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-1%23cite_ref-1http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313311013http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Varangians+as+the+Russians+call+them%22&btnG=Search+Bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-2%23cite_ref-2http://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004138749http://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10&dqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-3%23cite_ref-3http://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521829925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521829925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-0%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-1%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3%23cite_ref-Constantinople_4-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/184176759Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-5%23cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-6%23cite_ref-6http://runeberg.org/svetym/1184.htmlhttp://runeberg.org/svetym/1260.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-7%23cite_ref-7http://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevo.pdfhttp://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevoabstract.pdfhttp://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/i-2007/glistranierinellaltomedioevoabstract.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-8%23cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-9%23cite_ref-9http://runeberg.org/anf/1885/0229.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-10%23cite_ref-10 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SeeArkeologi i Norden 2. Frfattarna och Bokfrlaget Natur& kultur. Stockholm 1999. See also Gardell, Carl Johan:Gotlands historia i fickformat, 1987. ISBN 91-7810-885-3.
12. ^ The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text Translatedby O. P. Sherbowitz-WetzorISBN 0910956340
13. ^ Jansson 1980:2214. ^ab Pritsak 1981:38615. ^ Battle Honours of the Varangian Guard, by Stephen Lowe16. ^ Anna Comnena, The Alexiad(London: Penguin, 2003), p.
95.17. ^ Byzantine Armies 8861118 by Ian Heath and Angus
McBride, 1979, page 38, "Psellus however claims that every
Varangian without exception was armed with shield and'Rhomphaia'...a mixture of Byzantine and Scandinavian gearwas in use..."
18. ^ Mark Bartusis The late Byzantine army: arms and society12041453 (Philadelphia 1992), pp. 272275.
19. ^ As in theNovgorod Chronicleon Pontus de la Gardie'sSwedish troops[2]. In Swedish only
20. ^ It is neither unusual nor particularly Byzantine that a foreign
unit would gain such access and prestige. Augustus himselfhad a personal guard of Germans, the Collegium CustodumCorporis orGermani Corporis Custodes, to protect himselffrom the native Praetorians. This guard was revived byTiberius and continued until Nero.
21. ^abcdeEnoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998).Runor : historia,tydning, tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun.ISBN 91-88930-
32-7 p. 13522. ^ Anna Comnena, The Alexiad(London: Penguin, 2003), p.97.
23. ^Norwich, John J. (1997).A Short History of Byzantium.Viking.ISBN0-679-77269-3..
24. ^ Larsson, Mats G (2002). Gtarnas Riken : UpptcktsfrderTill Sveriges Enande. Bokfrlaget Atlantis ABISBN9789174866414 p. 143144.
25. ^Runriket Tby-Vallentuna en handledning, by RuneEdberg gives the start date 985, but the Rundata projectincludes also Iron Age and earlier Viking Age runestones inthe style RAK.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9178108853http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9178108853http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-RPC_11-0%23cite_ref-RPC_11-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0910956340http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-12%23cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0%23cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0%23cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-1%23cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-14%23cite_ref-14http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/BattleHonours.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-15%23cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-16%23cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-17%23cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-18%23cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_de_la_Gardiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_de_la_Gardiehttp://fornvannen.se/pdf/1910talet/1914_081.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-19%23cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-1%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9188930327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9188930327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9188930327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-21%23cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-22%23cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Julius_Norwichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Short_History_of_Byzantium&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77269-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77269-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-23%23cite_ref-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789174866414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789174866414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789174866414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-24%23cite_ref-24http://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9178108853http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-RPC_11-0%23cite_ref-RPC_11-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0910956340http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-12%23cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0%23cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-1%23cite_ref-Pritsak386_13-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-14%23cite_ref-14http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/BattleHonours.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-15%23cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-16%23cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-17%23cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-18%23cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_de_la_Gardiehttp://fornvannen.se/pdf/1910talet/1914_081.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-19%23cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-1%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4%23cite_ref-Enoksen_20-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9188930327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9188930327http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-21%23cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-22%23cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Julius_Norwichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Short_History_of_Byzantium&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77269-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-23%23cite_ref-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789174866414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789174866414http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-24%23cite_ref-24http://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://stockholms.lans.museum/runriket/runriket.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundata 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26. ^ abc The dating is provided by theRundata project in a freelydownloadable database.
27. ^ ab The article 5. Runriket - Risbyle on the site of StockholmCounty Museum, retrieved July 7, 2007.
28. ^ Sagas of the Icelanders,Penguin Group
29. ^ OMACL: The Laxdaela Saga: Chapter 7330. ^ OMACL: The Laxdaela Saga: Chapter 7731. ^ OMACL: The Story of Burnt Njal32. ^ Philip Dixon,Barbarian Europe, Salem House Publishing
(October 1976), 978-0525701606
Trade route from the Varangians to the
GreeksThe Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks)
(: , Put iz varyag , : Vgen varjagernafrn till grekerna, : - )
, . , , . , Birka, Hedeby, Gotland, , . , Volkhov ,
, Ilmen, Lovat River. , portaged Gnezdovo. Dvina (Daugava) Lovat Smolensk, Kasplya Gnezdovo. , , .
Varangian : ( ) ( ). 8-11 . Varangians
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-0%23cite_ref-rundata_25-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-1%23cite_ref-rundata_25-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-2%23cite_ref-rundata_25-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-2%23cite_ref-rundata_25-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-0%23cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-1%23cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-1http://www.lansmuseum.a.se/runriket/risbyle.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-penguin_27-0%23cite_ref-penguin_27-0http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141000039,00.htmlhttp://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141000039,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Forefront_28-0%23cite_ref-Forefront_28-0http://omacl.org/Laxdaela/chapter73.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-LaxardalQuote_29-0%23cite_ref-LaxardalQuote_29-0http://omacl.org/Laxdaela/chapter77.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-30%23cite_ref-30http://omacl.org/Njal/http://omacl.org/Njal/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Hardrade_31-0%23cite_ref-Hardrade_31-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Trade_Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-0%23cite_ref-rundata_25-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-1%23cite_ref-rundata_25-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-rundata_25-2%23cite_ref-rundata_25-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-0%23cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-1%23cite_ref-T.C3.A4by_26-1http://www.lansmuseum.a.se/runriket/risbyle.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-penguin_27-0%23cite_ref-penguin_27-0http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141000039,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Forefront_28-0%23cite_ref-Forefront_28-0http://omacl.org/Laxdaela/chapter73.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-LaxardalQuote_29-0%23cite_ref-LaxardalQuote_29-0http://omacl.org/Laxdaela/chapter77.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-30%23cite_ref-30http://omacl.org/Njal/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian#cite_ref-Hardrade_31-0%23cite_ref-Hardrade_31-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Trade_Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks&redirect=no -
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, , , , Varangians. , .
, Varangian , . , . , Kriviches -out , monoxyla, , .
Smolensk (), Liubech (), Chernihiv (), (), Vitechev (), ( ()). Old Norse, : Novgorod= = Hlmgarr = 'Island Enclosure , Ngarr =' '? = Knugarr =' = Sandbakki-ass = 'Sandbank Ridge . [1] ( Runestone N62 Vitaholmr (" ) Vitichev.) ,
. , Varangians .[2] portage Rapids ( 1950-'70), Pecheneg. The Rapids Dnipropetrovsk 50 66
Names of the Dnieper rapids, with translations[3], and ConstantinesGreek spelling:Modern Slavonic Norse
Ne spi, Don't Sleep,
Sof eigi, Don't Sleep
Surskij, Severe One;Lochanskij
Ostrovnyj prag,Island-waterfall,
Holmfors, Island-Waterfall,
Zvonets(kij), Clanger Gellandi, Roaring,
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Nenasytets(kij),Insatiable
Nejasyt, pelican(which nested there),
Eyforr, ever violent,
Volnyj,