58 1

English Cognates in Various Indo-European Languages

By Don L. F. Nilsen

And Alleen Pace Nilsen

58 2

Why English Speakers Don’t Learn Other Languages

• The English Channel separates England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland from mainland Europe.

• The Atlantic Ocean separates the United States and Canada from Europe.

• The Pacific Ocean separates Australia and New Zealand from Europe.

58 3

English as a Global Language

• As a result, English speakers tend not to learn other languages, but…

• The English Language borrows extensively from other languages, and that’s why there are so many English cognates in the other Indo-European languages.

58 4

English’s Linguistic Relatives:A Study in Family Resemblance

• Old English is the “mother” of English.

• The Germanic languages are closely related—let’s say “cousins.”

• The Romance languages are less-closely related—let’s say “second cousins.”

• The Celtic languages are more distantly related—let’s say second cousins once removed.”

• The Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages are more distantly related—let’s say “third cousins.”

58 5

Languages in Contact: Borrowings and Migrations

• English has been influenced by French– During the Middle Ages– During the 100-year Norman Occupation– From the Parisian French of “haut

couture.”– From the Canadian French of exploration.– From New Orleans French

58 6

• American English has been influenced by Mexican Spanish in the Southwest and by Puerto Rican, Canadian, and Caribbean Spanish in the Southeast.

• American English has been influenced by Dutch in Holland, Michigan and in New Amsterdam and Harlem, New York.

• American English has been influenced by German (Pennsylvania Dutch) in Pennsylvania.

58 7

English vs. Celtic Names

Anne

Brian

Catherine

Charles

Chloe

Gerard

Ian

James

Jane

John

Mary

Patrick

Peter

Ryan

Thomas

Áine

Brion

Catriona

Cathal

Clodagh

Gearóid

Eóin

Seamus

Soméad

Sean/Ian

Máire/Múire

Padhraig

Peádhar

Rian

Tomás

58 8

English vs. French Names

George

Henry

Jack

John

Paul

Peter

Robert Susan

William

-----

Stephen Colbert

David Cornwell

Georges

Henri

Jacques

Jean

Paul

Pierre,

Suzanne

Guillaume

-----

Stephen Colbert

John Le Carré

58 9

French Place Names in U.S.

Baton Rouge

Detroit

De Moines

Lafayette

Louisville

Louisiana

New Orleans

Sault Ste. Marie

58 10

English vs. German

English /sk/

Scaffold

Scale

Scholar

School

Scot

Scotch

Scribble

Scrub

German /šk/

Schafott

Schale

Schüler

Schule

Schotte

Schottish

Schreiber

Schrubben

English /sp/

Spaghetti

Spanish

Speak

Spectrum

Speech

Spin

Spinach

Spool

Sport

German /šp/

Spaghetti

Spanische

Sprechen

Spektrum

Sprache

Spinnen

Spinat

Spule

Sport

58 11

English vs. German Names

John

William

-----

Frederick Austerlitz

Bernard Schwartz

Gerald Silberman

Larry Ziegler

Johann

Wilhelm

-----

Fred Astaire

Tony Curtis

Gene Wilder

Larry King

58 12

English vs. German VerbsCook, Cooked

Drink, Drank, Drunk

Love, Loved

Swim, Swam, Swum

Write, Wrote, Written

NOTE: In all languages it is the most frequent verbs that are irregular. This is because a verb has to occur frequently for it to maintain its irregularity. If it doesn’t occur frequently enough, it will tend to become regularized.

Koch Kochte

Trink, Trank Getrunken

Lieb, Liebt

Schwim, Schwam, Geschwommen

Schreib, Schrieb, Geschrieben

(NOTE English “scribe, scribble, script, etc)

(Examples provided by Eric Kolb)

58 13

English vs. Italian

English fl-

Flask

Flower

Florence

Flame

Flat

Italian fi-

Fiasco

Fiore

Firenze

Fiamma

Piatto

English pl-

Plane

Plus

Plume

Planet

Plant

place

Italian pi-

Piano

Piu

Piuma

Pianeto

Pianta

piazza

58 14

English vs. Italian Names

Anthony

Catherine

Frank

James

John

Joseph

Leonard

Louis

Mary

Paul

Peter

Robert

-----

Louise Ciccone

Daniel Michaeli

Dino Crocetti

Antonio

Catarina

Francesco

Giacomo

Giovanni

Giuseppe

Leonardo

Luigi

Maria

Paulo

Pietro

Roberto

-----

Madonna

Danny DeVito

Dean Martin

58 15

English vs. Spanish & French

English sc- sp- st-

School

Space

Spain

Spanish

Special

Spinach

Spiral

Spirit

Stable

Stigma

State

Stake

Student

Spanish esc- esp- est-

Escuela

Espacio

España

Español

Especial

Espinacas

Espiral

Espiritu

Estable

Estigma

Estado

Estaca

Estudiante

French éc- é(s)p- ét-

Étudiant

École

Espace

Épinards

Esprit

Étable

État

58 16

English vs. Spanish Names

English:

Alfred

Alice

Arman

Arthur

Charles

Edward

Frances

Gerald

James

Jesus

John

Joseph

Spanish:

Alfredo

Alicia

Armando

Arturo

Carlos

Eduwado

Francesca

Geraldo

Jaime/Diego/Iago

Jesus

Juan

Jose

English:

Mark

Matthew

Michael

Paul

Peter

Robert

Rose

William

-----

Carlos Esteves

Jerry Rivers

Spanish:

Marco

Mateo

Miguel

Pablo

Pedro

Roberto

Rosa

Guillermo

-----

Chuck Norris

Geraldo Rivero

58 17

Spanish Place Names in U.S.

Alamgordo

Amarillo

Colorado

Corpus Christi

El Paso

Florida

Fresno

Laredo

Las Cruces

Las Vegas

Los Alamos

Los Angeles

Merced

Nevada

Rio Salado River

Sacramento

San Angelo

San Antonio

San Clemente

San Diego

San Francisco

San Juan

San Jose

San Louis Obispo

San Marcos

Santa Fe

Santa Maria

San Paulo

San Rafael

Santa Monica

San Rafael

Sierra Madre

Sierra Nevada

Tijuana

58 18

English vs. German

English /st/

Stadium

Stamp

Standard

Star

Stare

State

Steak

Steel

German /št/

Stadion

Stampfen

Standarte

Stern

Starren

Staat

Steak

Stahl

58 19

Grimm’s Law:Romance /b/ Germanic /p/

Bursa

Bursar

Bursitis

Labial

Purse

Purse (betting)

Purse one’s lips

Purse Seine

Purse Strings

Lip

58 20

Grimm’s Law:Romance /d/ Germanic /t/

Dandelion

Dent corn

Dented fender

Dental

Dentated leaves

Dentures

Indented paragraph

Orthodontist

Gear Tooth

Law with teeth

Saw Tooth

Sweet Tooth

Teeth

Tooth

Doubles (tennis)

Dozen

Dualistic thinking

Dual Personality

Dubbing

Duel

Duet

Duo

Duplex

Duplicate

Between

Twilight

Twin

Twine

Twist

Two

Two-faced

58 21

Grimm’s Law:Romance /g/ Germanic /k/

Agribusiness

Agriculture

Agronomy

Acre

Acreage

Acrefoot (of water)

58 22

Grimm’s Law:Romance /p/ Germanic /f/

Padres (baseball team)

Paternal

Paternity

Patternoster (patter)

Patrilinial

Patriot

Patriotism

Patron

Fatherly

Father

Pyracantha

Pyre

Pyrex Bowl

Pyromania

Pyrosis (heart burn)

Pyrotechnics

Bonfire

Cirfew (cover the fire)

Fire

Firefighter

Firefly

Firehouse

Fireman

Fireworks

58 23

Grimm’s Law:Romance /p/ Germanic /f/

Pentagon

Pentameter

Pentecost

Fifteen

Fifty

Five

Plate

Plateau

Platform

Plato

Platte River

Platypus

Flat

58 24

Grimm’s Law:Romance /p/ Germanic /f/

Centipede

Expedition

Impediment

Pawn

Pedal

Peddler

Pedestal

Pedestrian

Pedicab

Pedicure

Pedigree

Piedmont

Equal footing

Film footage

Foot

Foot soldier

Football

Foothills

Footlights

Footnote

Footpath

Feet

NOTE: /kw/

Headquarters

Latin Quarter

Living Quarters

Quad(rangle)

Quadraped

Quadraplegic

Quadruplets

Quaranteen

Quarter

Quarterhorse

Quarter pounder

Quartet

Four

Four-way stop

Four poster bed

58 25

Grimm’s Law:Romance /t/ Germanic /θ/

Triage

Triangle

Triathlon

Tricorn hat

Trident

Trinity

Trio

Triplets

Triplicate

Tripod

Three

Threesome

58 26

Grimm’s Law:Romance /k/ Germanic /x/ or /h/

Cardiac arrest

Cardiologist

Coeur d’Alene, Idaho

Cordial

Courage

Encourage

Discouraged

Record

Heart

Heart attack

Heart throb

Heartburn

Heartfelt

Hearts (cards)

Hearty

Disheartened

Learn by heart

Purple Heart

Sweetheart

Canine

-----

Capricorn

Corn

Corner

Coronet

Cornucopia

Tricorn hat

Unicorn

Hound

-----

Cape Horn

Car Horn

Horn

Horn in on someone

Hornet

Horne of Plenty

Toot your own horn

58 27

Celtic Cardinal Numbers

Irish:

Aon

Dó

Tri

Ceathair

Cúig

Sé

Seacht

Ocht

Naoi

Deich

Céad

Míle

Gaelic:

-----

Aon

Dhà/Dà/Dithis

Triùir

Ceithir

Cùig/Còig

Sè/sianar

Seichd(nar)

Ochd

Noa(i)dh/Naoi

Deich(near)

Ceud/Ciad

Mile/DeichCeud

Welsh:

Sero

Un

Dau/Dwy

Tiar/Tri

Pedair/Pedwar

Pum(p)

Chwech

Saith

Wyth

Naw

De(n)g

Can(tref)

Mil

58 28

Celtic Ordinal Numbers

Irish:

Triú

Gaelic:

Ceudamh

Cuidich/Cobhair

An Treas

Ceathramh

Cùigeadh

Sèathadh

Seachdamh

Ochdamh

AnNaodhamh

Deicheamh

An Ceudamh

----

Welsh:

Centaf/Unfed

Amrantiad/Eiliad

Trydydd

Pedwaredd

Pumed

Chweched

Seithfed

Wythfed

Nawfed

Degwm/Degfed

Canfed

-----

58 29

Celtic Days of the Week

Irish:

Dé Luain

Dé Máirt

Dé Céadaoin

Déardaoin

Dé hAoine

Dé Sathairn

Dé Domhnaigh

Gaelic:

Di-Laain

Di-Màirt

Di-Ciadain

Diar-Daoin

Di-h-Aoine

Di-Sathuirne

Di-Domhnaich

Welsh:

Dydd Llun

Dydd Mawrth

Dydd Mercher

Dydd Iao/Difiao

Dydd Gwener

(Dydd) Sadwrn

(Dydd) Sul

58 30

Celtic Months of the Year

Irish:

Eanair

Feabhra

Márta

Aibreán

Bealtaine

Meitheamh

Lúil

Lúnasa

Meán Fomhair

Deireadh Famhair

Samhain

Nollaig

Scots Gaelic:

Ceud Mhìos no bliadhna

Ceud Mhìos an earraich

Am Màrt

An Giblean

Am Màigh

An Òg Mhìos

An Seachd- Mhìos

Ceud Mhìos an FhoghairMios Meadhonach an Fhogahair

Mios Deareannach an Fhoghair

Ceud- Mhìos a’ GheamhraidhMios Meadhonach a’ Gheamhraidh

Welsh:

Ionawr/Ionor

Chwefror/Mis Bach

Mis Mawrth

Ebrill

Mei

Mehefin

Gorffennaf

Awst

Medi

Hydref

Tachwedd

Rhaqfyr

58 31

Celtic Relatives

Irish:

Athair

Máthair

Deartháir

Deirfiúr

Seánathair

Seánmháthair

Uncail

Aintin

Mac dearthár/Deirfiúr

Tuisti/Thuismitheoirí

(Parents)

Gaelic:

Athair

Màthair

Bràthair

Piuthar

Seanair

Seanamhair

Brathair-Athair/Màthar

Piuthar-Athair/Màthar

Mac Peathar/Bràthar

-----

Welsh:

Tad

Mam

Brawd

Chwaer

Tad-cu/Hendad

Mam-qu/Nain

Ewythr

Bopa/Modryb

Cefnder/Cyfyrder

Nai

58 32

Celtic Subject Pronouns

Irish:

Mé/Mise

Tú(sa)

Sé(sean)

Sí

----

Muid(e)

Thú(sa)

Siad/San

Gaelic:

Mì/Mise

Thu(sa)

È/Se/Esan

I/Ise/Si

-----

Sinn(e)

Sibh(se)

Iad(san)

Welsh:

I/Mi/Myfi

Ti

E(f)(e)/Efo

Hi/Hyhi

-----

Ni/Nyni

Ch(w)I

Hwy(nt)

58 33

Germanic Cardinal Numbers

Dutch:

Nul

Een

Twee

Drie

Vier

Vijf

Zes

Zeven

Acht

Negen

Tien

Honderd

Duizend

English: Old English:

Zero -----

One An

Two Twegen

Three ðrie

Four Feower

Five Fif

Six Siex

Seven Seofun

Eight Eahta

Nine Nigun

Ten Tien

Hundred Hund(red)

Thousand ðusend

German:

Null

Ein(s)

Zwei

Drei

Vier

Fünf

Sechs

Sieben

Acht

Neun

Zehn

Hundert

Tausend

Norwegian:

Null

En

To

Tre

Fire

Fem

Seks

Syv

Åtte

Ni

Ti

Hundre

Tusen

58 34

Germanic Ordinal Numbers

Dutch:

Eerste

Tweede

Derde

Vierde

Vujfde

Zesde

Zevende

Achtste

Negende

Tiende

Honderdste

Duizendste

English: Old English:

First Forma/Fyrmesta

Second Æfterrra/Oðer

Third ðridda

Fourth Feo(we)rða

Fifth Fifta

Sixth Siexta

Seventh Seoffoða

Eighth Eahta

Ninth Nigoða

Tenth -----

Hundredth -----

Thousandth -----

German:

Erste

Zweite

Drittens

Vierte

Fünfte

Sechst

Siebent

Acht

Neunt

Zehnt

Hundert

Tausent

Norwegian:

Fǿrste

Annen

Tredje

Fjerde

Femte

Sjette

Syvende

Åttende

Niende

Tiende

Hundrede

Tusende

58 35

Germanic Days of the Week

Dutch:

Maandag

Dinsdag

Woensdag

Donderdag

Vrijdag

Zaterdag

Zondag

English: Old English:

Monday Monandæg

Tuesday Tiwesdæg

Wednesday Wodnesdæg

Thursday Thursdæg

Friday Frigedæg

Saturday Sæterndæg

Sunday Sunnandæg

German:

Montag

Dienstag

Mittwoch

Donnerstag

Freitag

Samstag

Sonntag

Norwegian:

Mandag

Tirsdag

Onsdag

Torsdag

Fredag

Lǿrdag

Sǿndag

58 36

Germanic Months of the Year

Dutch:

Januari

Februari

Maart

April

Mei

Juni

Juli

Augustus

September

Oktober

November

December

English: Old English:

January -----

February -----

March -----

April -----

May -----

June -----

July -----

August -----

September -----

October -----

November -----

December -----

German:

Januar

Februar

März

April

Mai

Juni

Juli

August

September

Oktober

November

Dezember

Norwegian:

Januar

Februar

Mars

April

Mai

Juni

Juli

August

September

Oktober

November

Desember

58 37

Germanic Relatives

Dutch:

Vader/Pater

Moeder

Zoon

Dochter

Broer/Broeder

Zuster/Zus

Grootvader

Grootmoeder

Oom

Tante

Neef/Nicht

Neef/Nicht

English: Old English:

Father Fæder

Mother Modor

Son Byre

Daughter -----

Brother Broðor

Sister (Ge)Swoestor

Grandfather -----

Grandmother-----

Uncle Fædera/Eam

Aunt -----

Cousin Suhterga

Nephew/Niece Nefa

German:

Vater

Mutter

Sohn

Tochter

Bruder

Schwester

Grossvater

Grossmama

Onkel

Tante

Vetter

Neffe/Nichte

Norwegian:

Pater

Mor

Sønn

Datter

Bror

Sǿster

Farfar

Farmor

Onkel

Tante

Kuisine

Nevø/Niese

58 38

Germanic Signs of the Zodiac

Dutch:

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

English: Old English:

Aries -----

Taurus -----

Gemini -----

Cancer -----

Leo -----

Virgo -----

Libra -----

Scorpio -----

Sagittarius -----

Capricorn -----

Aquarius -----

Pisces -----

German:

Widder

Stier

Zwillinge

Krebs

Löwe

Jungfrau

Waage

Scorpion

Schütze

Steinbock

Wassermann

Fische

Norwegian:

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

58 39

Germanic Subject Pronouns

Dutch:

Ik

Jij/U

Hij

Zij

Het

Wij

Jullie

Zij

English: OE:

I Ic

You ðū

He Hē

She Hēo

It Hit

We Wē

You Ēow

They Hie

German:

Ich

Du

Er

Sie

Es/Das

Wir

Sie

Sie

Norwegian:

Jeg

Du

Han

Hun

Den/Det

Vi

Dere

De

58 40

Germanic Object Pronouns

Dutch:

Mij

Jou/U

Hem

Haar

Het

Ons

Julie

Hen

English: OE:

Me Mē

You ðē

Him Him

Her Hiere

It Hit

Us Ūs

You Ēow

Them Hie

German:

Mich/Mir

Dich/Ihr/Euch

Ihn/Im

Sie/Ihr

Es/Das

Uns

Sie

Ihnen

Norwegian:

Meg

Deg

Ham/Han

Henne

Den/Det

Oss

Dere

Dem

58 41

Indo-Iranian Cardinal Numbers

Hindi:

Sunya

Ek

Do

Tin

Cār

PāNc

Chah/Che

Sāt

Āţh

Nau

Das

Sau

Hazār

Pashto:

-----

Yo/Yak

Dwah/Dwe

Dre/Dri

Tsalor

Pīndza

Shpag

Owah

Atah

Nuh

Las

Sal/Sil

Zar

Persian/Farsi:

Sefr

Yek

Do

Se

Chahar

Panj

Shesh

Haft

Hasht

Noh

Dah

Sad

Hezar

Urdu:

Sifar

Ek

Do

Tin

Cār

Pāńc

Che

Sāt

Āţh

No

Das

Ek/So

Hazār

58 42

Indo-Iranian Ordinal Numbers

Hindi:

Pehalā

Dūsrā

Tīsrā

Cauthā

PāNcvāN

Chaţhā

SātvāN

ĀţhvāN

navāN

dasvāN

Pashto:

Annal

Dwayam

Driyam

Tsaloram

Pīndzam

Shpagam

Owam

Atam

Nuham

Lasam

Persian/Farsi:

Avvalin

Dovvom

Sevvom

Chaharom

Panjomi

Yeksheshomin

Haftomin

Yek-Hashtom

Nohom

Sadomin

Urdu:

Pehlā

Dūsrā

Tīsrā

Cauthā

Pāńcvāń

Chaţţā

Sātvān

Āţhvān

Navvān

Dasvāń

58 43

Indo-Iranian Days of the Week

Hindi:

Somvār

Mangalvār

Budhvār

Guruvār

Śukravār

Śanivār

Ravivār

Pashto:

Pir/Gul

Sih Shamba

Chār Shamba

Pān Shamba

Jum’a

Khāli Shamba

Yak Shamba

Persian/Farsi:

Doshanbe

Seshanbe

Chaharshanbe

Panjshanbe

Jomee

Shanbe

Yekshanbe

Urdu:

Pir

Mangal

Budh

Jumerāt

Jumā

Hafta

Itvār

58 44

Indo-Iranian Months of the Year

Hindi:

Janvarī

Farvarī

Mārc

Aprail

Maī

Jūn

Julāī

Agast

Sitambar

Aktūbar

Navambar

Disambar

Pashto:

Māh

Pāganr

Chetar

Baisāk

Jet

Hār

Pashakal

Bādro

Asū

Kātak

Magar

Po(h)

Persian/Farsi:

Zhanviye

Fevriye

Mars

Avril

Meh

Zhoan

Zhuiye

Aot

Septambr

Oktobr

Novambr

Desambr

Urdu:

Janvari

Farvari

Mārc

Aprel

Mā’ī

Jūn

Julā’ī

Sitambar

Aktūbar

Navambar

Disambar

58 45

Indo-Iranian Relatives

Hindi:

Pitā

Mātā

Bhāī

Behn

Dādā

Nānī

Phūphā

Bua

Phūpherā Bhāī

Bhanja/Bhanji

Pashto:

Plār

Mor

Wror

Khor

-----

-----

Kākā/Māmā

Tror/Tandor

Tarbūr/Dzoe

-----

Persian/Farsi:

Pedar

Mador

Baradar

Khahar

Pedar Bozorg

Madar Bozorg

Dayi

Ameh/Khale

-----

------

Urdu:

Abbā

Māń

Bhā’ī

Behen

Dādā

Dādī

Cacā/Māmūń

Phūpī/xālā

-----

-----

58 46

Indo-Iranian Subject Pronouns

Hindi:

MaiN

ĀpVoh/Yeh

Voh/Yeh

-----

Ham

Voh/Yeh

Ve/Ye

Pashto:

Mā

Tāsū

Haghah/Dā

Hagha/Dā

Haghah/Dā

Mūng/Mū(g)

Mo

-----

Persian/Farsi:

Man

Shoma

U

U

An

Ma

Shoma

Anha

Urdu:

MaińĀpVoVoVo

HamLogVo

58 47

Romance Cardinal Numbers

Latin:

Nihil

Unus

Duo

Tres

Quattour

Quinque

Sex

Septum

Octum

Novem

Decem

Centum

Mille

Romanian:

Zero

Unu/Una

Doi/Douǎ

Trei

Patru

Cinci

Şase

Şapte

Opt

Nouǎ

Zece

O sutǎ

I mie

Italian:

Zero

Uno

Due

Tre

Quattro

Cinque

Sei

Sette

Otto

Nove

Dieci

Cento

Mille

Spanish:

Cero

Uno

Dos

Tres

Cuatro

Cinco

Sies

Siete

Ocho

Nueve

Diez

Ciento

Mil

French:

Zéro

Un/une

Deux

Trois

Quatre

Cinq

Six

Sept

Huit

Neuf

Dix

Cent

Mille

Portuguese:

Zero/Cipher

Um

Dois

Tres

Quatro

Cinco

Seis

Sete

Oito

Nove

Dez

Cento

Milhar

58 48

Romance & Helenic Ordinal Numbers

Latin:

Primus

Secundus

Tertius

Quartus

Quintus

Sextus

Septimus

Octavus

Nonus

Decimus

Italian:

Primo

Secondo

Terzo

Quarto

Quinto

Sesto

Settimo

Ottavo

Nono

Decimo

Romanian:

Primul

Al doilea

Al treilea

Al patruela

Al cincielea

Al şaselea

Al şaptelea

Al Optulea

Al Nouǎlea

Al zecelea

Spanish:

Primero

Segundo

Tercer(ra)

Cuarto(ta)

Quinto(ta)

Sexto(ta)Septimo(ma)

Octavo(va)Noveno(na)

Decimo(ma)

French:

Premier

Deuxième

Troisième

Quatrième

Cinquième

Sixième

Septième

Huitième

Neuvième

Dizième

Portuguese:

Primeiro

Segundo

Terceiro

Quarto

Quinto

Sexto

Setimo

Oitavo

Nono

Decimo

58 49

Romance Days of the Week

Latin:

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

Dominica

Italian:

Lunedi

Martedi

Mercoledi

Giovedi

Venerdi

Sabato

Domenica

Romanian:

Luni

Marţi

-----

Joi

Vineri

-----

Dominicǎ

Spanish:

Lunes

Martes

Miercoles

Jeuves

Viernes

Sabado

Domingo

French:

Lundi

Mardi

Mercredi

Jeudi

Vendredi

Samedi

Dimanche

Portuguese:

Segunda-fiera

Terça-fieraQuarta-fiera

Quinta-fiera

Sexta-fiera

Sábado

Domingo

58 50

Romance Months of the Year

Latin:

Ianuarius

Februarius

Martius

Aprilis

Maius

Iunius

Iulius

Augustus

September

October

Novembris

December

Italian:

Gennaio

Febbraio

Marzo

Aprile

Maggio

Giugno

Iuglio

Agosto

Settembre

Ottobre

Novembre

Dicembre

Romanian:

Ianuarie

Februarie

Martie

Aprilie

-----

-----

-----

August

Septembrie

-----

-----

-----

Spanish:

Enero

Febrero

Marzo

Abril

Mayo

Junio

Julio

Agosto

Septiembre

Octubre

Noviembre

Diciembre

French:

Janvier

Février

Mars

Avril

Mai

Juin

Juillet

Aôut

Septembre

Octobre

Novembre

Décembre

Portuguese:

Janiero

Feveriero

Março

Abril

Maio

Junho

Julho

Agosto

Setembro

Outubro

Noviembro

Dezembro

58 51

Romance Relatives

Latin:

Pater

Mater

Frater

SororFiliolus/Filiola

Avus

Nepos

Patruus/Avunculus

Amita/Matertera

Patruelis/Sobrinus

Italian:

Padre

Madre

Fratello

Sorella

Figlio/a

Nonno

Nipote

Zio

Zia

Cugino/a

Romanian:

Tatǎ

Mamǎ

Frate

Sorǎ

Bunic

Bunicǎ

Unchi

Mǎtuşǎ

Verişourǎ

Spanish:

Padre

Madre

Hermano

Hermana

Hijo/Hija

Abuelo/a

Nieto

Tio

Tia

Primo/a

French:

Père

Mère

Frère

Soeur

Fils/FilleGrand-père

Petit-fils

Oncle

Tante

Cousin(e)

Neto/aPortuguese:

Pai

Mãi

Irmão

Freira

Filho/a

Neto/a

Tio

Tia

Primo/a

58 52

Romance Signs of the Zodiac

Latin:

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

Italian:

Ariete

Toro

Gemelli

Cancro

Leone

Vergine

Bilancia

Scorpione

SagittarioCapricorno

Acquario

Pesci

Romanian:

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

Spanish:

Aries

Tauro

Géminis

Cáncer

Leo

Virgo

Libra

Escorpión

SagitarioCapricornio

Acuario

Piscis

French:

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

Portuguese:

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

58 53

Romance Subject Pronouns

Latin:

Ego

Tu/Te

Hic/Ille/Is(te)

Illa/Ea/Ista/Haec

Hic/Haec/Hoc

Nos

Vos

Is/Ea/Id

Italian:

Io

Tu

Lui

Lei

-----

Noi

Vui

Lo/La

Romanian:

-----

Tu

-----

Ea/dínsa

-----

Noi

Dumneata

Ei/Ele

Spanish:

Yo

Tu

Él

Ella

Él/Ella

Nosotros

Vos

Ellos/Ellas

French:

Je

Tu

Il

Elle

Il/Elle

Nous

Vous

Ils/Elles

Portuguese:

Eu

Tu/Te/Ti

Ele

Ela

Ele/Ela

Nós

Vos(e)(s)

Eles/Elas

58 54

Romance Object Pronouns

Latin:

-----

Tu/Te

Hic/ille/is(te)

Eius/Illius/Huis

-----

Vos

Illes/Illas/

Romanian:

-----

Tu

-----

-----

-----

-----

Dumneata

-----

Italian:

Mi

Ti

Lo/Lui

La/Lei

-----

Ce

Vi

Li/Le

Spanish:

Me

-----

Lo/Le

La/Elle

-----

Nos

-----

Los/Las

French:

Me

Te

Le

La

Le/La

Nous

Vous

Elles/Les/Leur

Portuguese:

Me/Mim

-----

Ihe/Ele

Ihe/Ela

-----

Nós

-----

Ihes/Eles

58 55

Slavic Cardinal NumbersBosnian:

Nula

Jedan

Dva

Tri

Četiri

Pet

Šest

Sedam

Osam

Devet

Deset

Stotinu

Hiljadu

Czech:

Nula

Jeden

Dvě/Dva

Tři

Čtyři

Pět

Šest

Sedm

Osm

Devět

Deset

Sto

Tisíc

Croation:

Nula

Jedan/Jedna

Dva/Dvije

Tri/Troje

Četiri

Pet-ero

Šest-ero

Sedam

Osam

Devet

Deset

Sto(tina)

Tisuća

Polish:

Zero

Jeden

Dwa/dwie

Trzy

Cztery

Pięć

Sześź

Siedem

Osiem

Dziewięć

Dziesięć

Sto

Tysiąc

Russian:

Nol’

Odin

Dva

Tri

Chyetyrye

Pyat’

Shyest’

Syem’

Vosyem’

Dyevyat’

Dyesyat’

Sto

Tysyacha

Serbian:

Nula

Jedan

Dva/Dve

Tri

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

Sto

Hiljada

58 56

Slavic Ordinal NumbersBosnian:

Prvi

Drugi

Treći

Četvrti

Peti

Šesti

Sedmi

Osmi

Deveti

Deseti

Stoti

Hiljaditi

Czech:

První

Druhý

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

Croation:

Prvi/a/o

Drugi/a/o

TrećiČetvrtiPetiŠestiSedmiOsmiDevetiDesetiStotiTisući

Polish:

Pierwszy

Drugi

Trzeci

Czwarty

Piąty

Szósty

Siodmy

Ósmy

Dziewiąty

Dziesiąty

Setny

Tysięczny

Russian:

Pyervyj

Vtoroj

Tryetij

Chyetvyertyj

Pyatyj

Shyestoj

Syed’moj

Vos’moj

Dyevyatyj

Dyesyatyj

-----

-----

Serbian:

Prvi

Drugi

Treći---------------------------------------------

58 57

Slavic Days of the WeekBosnian:

Ponedeljak

Utorak

Srijeda

Četvrtak

Petak

Subota

Nedelja

Czech:

Pondělí

Úterý

Středa

Čtvrtek

Pátek

Sobota

Neděle

Croation:

Ponedjeljak

Utorak

Srijeda

Četvrtak

Petak

Subota

Nedjelja

Polish:

Pieniądze

Wtorek

Środa

Czwartek

Piątek

Sobota

Niedziela

Russian:

Ponyedyel’nik

Vtornik

Sryeda

Chyetvyerg

Pyatnitsa

Subbota

Voskryesyen’ye

Serbian:

Ponedeljak

Utorak

Sreda

Četvrtak

Petak

Subota

Nedelja

58 58

Slavic Months of the Year

Bosnian:

Januar

Februar

Marš

April

Maj

Juni

Juli

Avgust

Septembar

Oktobar

Novembar

Decembar

Czech:

Leden

Únor

Březen

Duben

Máj

Červen

Červenec

Srpen

Září

Říjen

Listopad

Prosinec

Croation:

Sječanj

Veljača

Ožujak

Travanj

Svibanj

Lipanj

Srpanj

Kolovoz

Rujan

Listopad

Studeni

Prosinac

Polish:

StyczeńLutyMarzecKwiecieńMajCzerwiecLipiecSierpieńWrzesieńPaździernikListopadGrudzień

Russian:

Yanvar’

Fyevral’

Mart

Apryel’

Maj

Iyun’

Iyul’

Avgust

Syentyabr’

Oktyabr’

Noyabr’

Dyekabr’

Serbian:

Januar

Februar

Mart

April

Maj

Jun

Jul

Avgust

Septembar

Oktobar

Novembar

Decembar

58 59

!Slavic RelativesBosnian:

Babo

Majka

Brat

Sestra

Djed/Deda

Baba/Baka

Ujak/Dajdja

Tetka

Rodjak/srodnik

Czech:

Otec

Matka

Bratr

Sestra

Grænmadzer

Grænfádzer

Strýc

Teta

Synovec/Neteř

Croation:

Mater/Majka

Otak

Brat

Sestra

Djed

Baka/Baba

Stric/Ujak

Tet(k)a

Rodak/Rodica

Polish:

Ojciec

Matka

Brat

Siostra

Dziadek

Babcia

Wuj(ek)

Ciotka

Kuzyn(ka)

Russian:

Otyets

Mat’

Brat

Syestra

Dyedushka

Babushka

Dyadya

Tyotya

Kuzyen(a)

Serbian:

Otac

Majka

Brat

-----

Deda

Baka/Baba

Stric/Teča/Ujak

-----

-----

58 60

!!Slavic Subject Pronouns

Bosnian:

Ja

Ti

On

Ona

Ono

Mi

Vi

Oni

Czech:

Já

Ty

On

Ona

Ono/To

My

Vy

Oni/Ony/Ona

Croation:

Ja

Ti

On

Ona

Ono

Mi

Vi

Oni

Polish:

Ja

Ty

On

Ona

Ono

My

Wy

Oni

Russian:

Ya

Ty

On

On

On

My

Vy

Oni

Serbian:

Ja

Ti

On

Ona

Ono

Mi

Vi

Oni

58 61

!!!Slavic Object PronounsBosnian:

Mene/Me

Ti

Njemu/Njega

Njen/Njezen

Ono

Mi

Vi

Oni

Czech:

Mne/Mě/Mně

Ty

Ho/Jemu

Její

Ono/To

Nás/Nám

Vy

Jim/Je

Croation:

Meni/Mi

Ti

On

Nju

Ono

Mi

Vi

Oni

Polish:

Mnie/mi

Ty

(Je)mu

Jej/Niej

Ono

Nas/Nam(i)

Wy

Ich

Russian:

Myenya

Tyebye

(N)Yemu

(N)Yemu

(N)Yemu

Nas

Vam

(N)ikh

Serbian:

-----

Ti

----

----

----

----

Vi

----

58 62

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