부분방전

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ISSN 1598-4613 Vol. 58, No.2

2009

58

2

5/26/2018

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5/26/2018

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5/26/2018

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ISSN1598-4613Vol.58,No.2

COVER STORY

A

B

C

D

Vol. 58

No.22009. 2

( )

16 ,,

23

31 UHF PD

36GIS

, , ,

44 KSC3700

IEC

12

49

09, 2013

4 3000

C O N T E N T S

5/26/2018

5/71

59 2

60 /,

67

57 2009

/

52

54 2008 ICEE

2 2/2() - 1

2/3() - 2

2/4() - 1

2/5() - 1 2/6() - 1 D

2/13() - 2

- 1

5/26/2018

6/71

5/26/2018

7/71

5/26/2018

8/71

,,

.

!

.

.

5/26/2018

9/71

H NBIT Electronic Diagnostic System

DC, AC / DC, AC /

DC, AC DC, AC

/ DC / DC

380 [V] / 5[%]AC / THD()

60[Hz] / PLL /

0.5[sec]

0.96 / 93[%] /

200[kW] / PWM /

2800x100x2100[mm](WxDxH)

RS232/485 InterfaceRS232/485 Interface

400 ~ 800[V]

800[V]

Ethernet Ethernet

500[A]

EDS|| 830Tel: 042.862.5882 Fax: 042.932.9624

5/26/2018

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5/26/2018

11/71

NEWS

2009 58 2 9

, 2013 4

3000 1 62kW

( ) 19

2013

4 3000 , 55000

.

3, 1,

3000 2013 4 3000

.

.

2013 55000,

3500 .

2008 3434 181%

2008 297

3500

.

5612

, 62kW ,

15% , .

(Repowering)

, , CO2 3

.

1

.

.

.

10% , 10%

-(Ten-Ten) .

.

.

17

, 13

,

17.

13 3

,

, ,

3 17.

,

, , LED,

, 6,

, IT, ,

, ,

19

.

5/26/2018

12/71

NEWS

10

6,

, , ,

, MICE 5.

,

10

World Best .

R&D

.

,

21 .

6

.

9000

R&D2012

2 , 4 6

3000.

R&D

2012 7000

. 2007

1500 .

2018 700

, 9000

.

,

.

( )

CDMA

ISO JTC1/SC6

4 20

.

CDMA

, , ,

CCTV,

,

.

,

.

.

CDMA

5/26/2018

13/71

NEWS

2009 58 2 11

(Bluetooth), (Zigbee)

CDMA

, LIG

.

2010 125

.

, 6

19

6

.

25

.

(DPP)

/ 6

.

2001

(, , )

.

.

.

, ,

, 5

2010

30.

,

.

6

, .

56

150.

( )

5/26/2018

14/71

NEW PROJECT NEW TECHNOLOGY

12

0

LSI

VRC(variable resistance

cable; )

.

(off-the-shelf)

,

.

.

VRC (customizable)

.

Ice Engineering Gabriel

Martinez .

,

, VRC

Charles Sullivan .

Ice Engineering VRC (prototype) 2009 1

Orenburg .

VRC .

Martinez , VRC

10% . 3% ,

.

30-50 .

.

VRC ,

. ,

.

NEC LSI

[1] , [

(MFF)] .

LSI

. MFF LSI

[2] (DFF) MTJ(magnetic

tunnel junction) .

5/26/2018

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NEW PROJECT NEW TECHNOLOGY

2009 58 2 13

LSI

. , LSI

,

.

. LSI

. LSI

CMOS

0 .

LSI

DFF

. DFF

MFF SRAM

(MRAM)

0 LSI

. (FeRAM) DFF

FeRAM

. LSI

1.2V FeRAM

LSI .

1.2V MFF MRAM

. NEC MFF LSI

.

MFF .

MFF .

5/26/2018

16/71

PROJECT

SERIES

09 2

5/26/2018

17/71

UHF PD

GIS

KSC3700 IEC

5/26/2018

18/71

, , /

1.

1999

(Gas-

insulated switchgear, GIS)

.

GIS ,

, ,

,

GIS

[1~4]. GIS

[5].

.

2.

2.1 GIS

GIS

GIS

GIS

, GIS

,

, .

1 ~ ps

1 ns GHz

GIS

, .

.

16

1 GIS .

5/26/2018

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GIS

154 kV GIS

500~1,500 MHz .

(Ultra High Frequency, UHF) .

2 , ,

,

, .

3

GTEM ,

4 GIS

[6, 7].

GTEM GIS

5 GIS

GTEM cell

.

GTEM

GIS .

6 GIS .

GIS

2009 58 2 17

2 GIS.

4 GIS .

6 345 kV GIS .

5 (a)GIS GTEM cell . : , : transfer func-tion(effective height). (b) . : , : .

3 GTEM .

5/26/2018

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.

GIS .

7

GIS

U ,

GIS A,

S U UA

S .

Pmin U

[8].

GIS

. 1

GIS

. GIS

[1].

.

.

GIS

. GIS ,

, GIS

.

[9].

GIS

n-1 n

(n-1, n)

8 .

18

7 . U: , A: GIS , S: , Pmin: .

CB: 23 dB Bus(3,T 3 ): 11 dB

(+ , ): 5 dB GIL: 0.8 dB/m

L(ES, DS ): 7 dB Crank (ES, DS 1, L 2 ): 9 dB

1 362 kV GIS .

8 . : n-1 : n . : .

(, %)

28 3 7 9 53

92 4 0 1 3

87 4 3 5 1

2 1 23 71 3

2

.

5/26/2018

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. 2

.

.

GIS

. Time of

Arrival( TOA)

TOA . TOA

9

GIS

t

. TOA

2

. GIS , GIB

.

[10].

10

. C

TEM TE11 .

. 11 GIB

67 m

.

t

65.4 m

. 2 %

2009 58 2 19

9 TOA .

10 345 kV GIS . : ,

: .

11 .

: , : .

5/26/2018

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GIL .

.

GIS

. 12 GIS

H

( 12 ) .

H 13

H = (1/8)gt2 [11].

GIS

[12]. CIGRE GIS

GIS [13].

2.2.

10 GIS

. 154

kV GIS

345 kV GIS

. 2008 38 GIS

345 kV GIS

. 154 kV GIS 2007

48

. 14

2000 24 GIS

20 GIS

200

.

. GIS

GIS [4].

GIS

345 kV GIS

15 phase resolved partial discharge

( PRPD) . GIS

PRPD .

PRPD

20

12 GIS . 13 .

14 GIS .

5/26/2018

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.

X 15 5

mm .

2.3

GIS

. GIS

.

.

16

4

PRPD

17 .

UHF

.

SF6

.

SF6

17

[14].

,

.

3 1

GIS

.

TOA

.

time

domain reflectometry(TDR)

2009 58 2 21

15 () PRPD , : GIS , : ;(): X.

16 . 17 PRPD

( 20 ).

5/26/2018

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[15]. 18

. TDR

.

3.

.

.

.

. GIS

.

1. , , ,GIS

, , 2002. 10

2. , , ,GIS UHF

, ,

2005.3.

3.GIS UHF

, , 2006. 6.

4. ,GIS ,

, 2008. 8.

5. ,

, , 2007.5.

6. Sun-geun Goo et al.,Novel Calibration Method of

UHF Partial Discharge Sensor for GIS, Proc. of

ICEE2002, Jeju, 2002.

7. , (UHF)

, ,

: 10-0729068, 2007.

8. Sun-geun Goo et al,,Sensitivity Determination

Method of On-line UHF Partial Discharge Monitoring

System for Gas Insulated Switchgear, Proc. of

CMD2006. ChangWong, 2006.

9. ,

, ,

: 10-0729107, 2007.

10. ,

,

, : 10-2007-0066068, 2007.11. Park, Kijun et al.,Dynamics of a metallic particle

bouncing between alternating high voltage

electrodes,Applied Physics Letters, Volume 83,

Issue 1, id. 195, 2003.

12. ,

,

, : 10-0441951, 2004.

13. CIGRE JWG 33/23.12,Insulation Co-ordination of

GIS: Return of Experience, On Site Teats andDiagnostic Techniques, Electra No, 176, p 75, 1998.

14. Sun-geun Goo, et al.,Ultra-high frequency

spectral characteristics of partial discharge in

insulation oil, Proc. Intl Conf. Condition

Monitoring and Diagnosis, 2008. CMD 2008,

pp.64-67, Apr. 2008.

15. ,TDR

,

Vol. 56, No. 12, pp.2184~2187, 2008.

22

18 TDR .

5/26/2018

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1.

IEC

(PD: Partial Discharge) kHz

kHz ,

PD ,

PD

. , S/N(signal-noise)

PD

.

PD

(PQ

) HFPD(High Frequency Partial

Discharge) .

MHz

MHz HFPD

1993 275 kV XLPE ( 26.9 km)

PD

. PD

, , ,

VHF/UHF PD

.

1999 HFPD

2003 9.75 km 345 kV

XLPE (- )

PD .

, PD

PD , PD

. PD

PD

(attenuation) (dispersion) .

PD

,

,

. PD

. PD

PD .

/ LS

2009 58 223

5/26/2018

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2.

2.1

PD ~ ns

.

.

,

(5 ns)

. avalanche

(driftvelocity) .

100 ns

. PD

.

2.2

PD

,

.

2-1(a) A B

(Cavity)

.

,

PD . AC

,

Cc . ic(t)

Dirac , ns

.

,

, .

AC negative slope

, ,

.

2 Cb Cb

, Ca=Ca+Ca

. , .

2-1(b) .

Va , A, B

, ic(t)

qc=CcVc Cc ,

Va .

(2-1) .

qc CbVc , Cb

.

2.3

PD

24

2-1 PD . (a) (cavity) , (b)

(a) (b)

5/26/2018

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PD

.

.

0

.

PD

.

.

,

.

.

, ,

.

,

PD

. ,

, pulse

PD

.

2.4

1982 .

(tan),

, .

PD PD

Gaussian

.

PD (risetime)

PD 250 MHz

. 100 m

,

2~10 ns , 50 MHz

. 300 m

30 ns ,

20 MHz .

PD PD

, PD

PD

10~20 MHz .

3.

3.1

3.1.1 1) (CCS:Coaxial Cable Sensor)

,

.

PD

R

Ccable

Cstray . 3-1

, 3-2

.

2009 58 225

3-1

3-2

5/26/2018

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PD

low pass filter

,

Ccable Cstray

High pass filter

.

PD ~MHz

.

,

,

,

Loop

Loop .

2) (Capacitive sensor)

Hitachi Endo

(Insulation Joint Box, IJB) PVC

.

, ,

.

.

3-4 PVC

.

3-5 ,

(C3 C4)

. C3, C4

Zd

, C3 C4 ,

. IJB

PD Cg , IJB

C1 Ck

, Zd

PD .

3-6

.

.

3.1.2 (Inductive sensor)

3-7

26

3-3

3-4

3-5

3-6

5/26/2018

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PD .

.

RFCT Rogowski coil .

RFCT Rogowski coil

.

.

.

Link-Box CT .

Link-Box HFCT .

3.1.3 (Directional sensor)

.

,

. ,

.

3-10

PD

. () PD

B,C

A,D

. B C PD

B

. PD

0.17 m/ns A B, C D

.

2009 58 227

3-7

3-8 Link-Box CT, CT CT

3-9

5/26/2018

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3.2 Frequency tuning

.

.

PD

PD .

HFCT

1~100MHz .

PD

.

, S/N (Signal to Noise

ratio) .

3-11

PD

. 25 MHz PD

.

Tuning 3-11

.

3.3

PD

Tuning .

Gating

. 3-12 PD

Noise gating gating PD

. Noise Gating

Open . Gate

Open 1~50 .

, Thyristor

20~100 Open . 3-13

PD

Noise gating .

28

3-10 PD

3-11

3-12 Noise gating

5/26/2018

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4.

travelling wave .

.

( , Ztransformer>>Zcable),

. PD High

pass , 4-2

.

A, PD ,

B 2(l-x)

A .

,

.

,

.

, .

v

v

. L ,

. x.

,

.

, B

.

. A , B

.

4-4 PD

. 154 kV, 220 kV, 345 kV

PD 1.6~1.9108 m/s

.

v l

tk

=

2

2009 58 229

3-13 PD Gating

4-1 PD PD

4-2

4-3 PD

5/26/2018

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5.

. ,

km IEC

.

.

.

HF(High frequency) VHF(Very high

frequency)

UHF(Ultra high frequency)

.

1. K. Rethmeier, M. Krvger, A. Kraetge, R. Plath, W.

Koltunowicz, Obralic3, Prof. W. Kalkner,

Experiences in On-site Partial Discharge

Measurements and Prospects for PD Monitoring,

CMD2008.

2. R. Plath, R. Heinrich, K.Rethmeier, W. Kalkner,

W. Weienberg,Sensitive PD detection on high

voltage XLPE cable lines using field coupling

sensors,JICABLE, 2003.

3. Steven Boggs, Ash Pathak, Philip Walker,Partial

Discharge XXII: High Frequency Attenuation in

Shielded Solid Dielectric Power Cable and

Implications Thereof for PD Location,IEEE

Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 12, No.1,

P9~16.

4. T. Strehl,On- and Off-Line Measurement,

Diagnostics and Monitoring of Partial Discharges

on High-Voltage Equipment,HV Testing,

Monitoring and Diagnostics Workshop, 13 & 14th

September 2000, paper No. 4.

5. Q. Su, Kevin sack,New Techniques for On-line

Partial Discharge Measurements,IEEE INMIC

2001, p49~53.6. 3,HFPD

345kV XLPE ,

, 2003.

7. 2,

, ,

2004.

8. ,

, , 2007.

9. , , XLPE

PDD(Pre-breakdown Partial

Discharge Detection) ,LS ,

2008.

30

4-4

5/26/2018

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1.

23 kV

,

.

,

,

.

.

SF6

(GIS : Gas Insulated Switchgear) ,

SF6

UHF PD

/

2009 58 231

1 UHF PD

2 UHF PD 3 UHF PD

5/26/2018

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. GIS

.

(PD : Partial

Discharge)

UHF(Ultra High Frequency) PD

.

2. UHF PD

UHF PD

1 PD

/ UHF PD ,

(DAU : Data

Acquisition Unit), PD ,

DAU (HMI : Human

Machine Interface) .

2.1 UHF PD

UHF PD Archimedean

(Spiral)

,

UHF PD

Log-periodic

.

2.2 PD

(DAU & HMI)

PD

4 PD

(Spectrum analyzer) Cross Cable

Lan . UHF

PD Anri tsu

Spectrum analyzer MS2721A .

32

4 PD

300 MHz~1.5 GHz 300 MHz~1.5 GHz

< 5 pC < 5 pC

()

Spiral type Log Periodic type

N-type connector N-type connector

Cooper, Epoxy Cooper, MC Nylon, Aluminum

1 UHF PD

5 PD Software

5/26/2018

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UHF PD

DAU Local

On-site Portable PD

2 .

PD PRPDA(Phase Resolved Partial

Discharge Analysis)

phi-n, phi-q,

n-q 2

, 1

phi-q-n 3

.

, 2

PD 1

. 5 PD

,

6

.

3. PD

UHF PD

UHF

Signal/Noise

.

5 1002,000

MHz

.

20 dB

.

,

2009 58 233

6 PD

7

(a) ()

(b)

5/26/2018

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.

,

PD

500600 MHz, 9001,200 MHz

1,4001,600 MHz 3

.

4.

22.9 kV 8

2( 1, 1)

UHF PD .

,

.

.

PD ,

1,100 MHz, 1,300 MHz,

5001600 MHz , 500

1400 MHz .

2006 9 2008 2

UHF PD

. PD

.

300 MHz 600 MHz

-50 dBm(1 pC)

, 2008 2

-15 dBm (26 pC) .

, 100 pC PD

.

5. PD

UHF PD

PD

dBm

pC . PD

IEC 60270 PD UHF

PD ,

(linear regression)

.

pC (dBm)

11 1

(regression line) .

PD

5 pC (), 6100 pC

34

8

(a) () (b) (, )

9 ()

5/26/2018

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UHF PD

(), 100 pC

() .

PD

(trend)

.

UHF PD

2008 8

2010 10 .

1.

,

, 2007.

2.

,

, 2008.3.GIS UHF

, , 2005.

4.

,

290

5. CIGRE WG 15-03 TFPartial

Discharge Detection System

for GIS : Sensitivity Verification

for the UHF Method and the

Acoustic Method, Electra,

1999.

2009 58 235

12 pC dBm

10 PD

11 UHF PD

5/26/2018

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GIS

/ ()

/

/ ()

/

GIS

PD 1990

DMS (GIS)

GIS .

1998

2002

GIS GIS

(UHF)

[1, 2]. GIS

2006 345 kV 765 kV GIS

. GIS UHF PD

PD-Guard/UHF (LDIC)[3], PDMG-P/S/R

(DMS systems)[4], ICMsystem (Power Diagnostix)[5],

PD-Monitoring Expert (Siemens)[6]

. Japan AE

Power, Mitsubishi Electric, Toshiba, ABB

GIS

. ,

IT

.

UHF

GIS .

GIS

GIS

.

.

GIS

.

GIS on-

line

(NEP) IR52

[7, 8]. UHF

,

36

5/26/2018

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GIS

UHF -

.

GIS

.

I. GIS AMoS

-

1.

AMoS(Advanced Monitoring System) GIS

UHF ,

, System 2003

2005

.

2.

()

AMoS PAMoS

.1)

-

- GIS

- (KEPRI)

- NEP

2) 4

- GIS

-

(Gating Method)

- 3 band pass filter(BPF)

- Neural Network Engine

3) GIS UHF

- : : > -15 dBm (2 pC), : >-24 dBm (5 pC)

4) DAU(Data Acquisition Unit)

- 8

real time

- (PRPD/PRPS/2D/3D)

( 10)

- Neural Network Engine

5) - (,

H/W. S/W Fault )

- Trend(, , )

2009 58 237

1-1 On-line .

5/26/2018

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-

6)

-

H/W S/W

- TCP/IP

(Client S/W, Sensor Monitor Consol)

2-1.

1) Sensor 3) Software

2) On-line : DAU(Data Acquisition Unit) Main Unit 4) Portable : PAMos(Portable Advanced

Monitoring System)

38

GIS GIS SPACER GIS SPACER

(Open Barrier Type) (Metal-Closed Barrier)

2 pC 5 pC 5 pC -

0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz 0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz 0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz 0.3~3.0 GHz

> -15dBm > -22 dBm > -24 dBm -

AC 90 ~ 240V

5/26/2018

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GIS

3. /

2004 S/Y

POSCO , (),

345 kV

AMoS 2007

PAMoS .

2007

Matrix Power PAMoS 2008

(CLP Power) Tsz Wan Shan 400 kV

GIS AMoS

.

II. UHF HiPDS-G-

1. HiPDS-G(Hyundai intelligent Preventive Diagnostic

System for GIS)

1(1999~2005)

GIS

.

- -

- /

- DAS, (CCU) HMI

(Human Machine Interface)

- GIS Web

Service

2(2006~2008)

362kV GIS

,

.

2.

HiPDS-G GIS / (CBM:

Condition Based Monitoring)

, (Real

Time)

.

1)

- SF6 , GIS

-

2) Time Machine

-

-

3) 3 GIS

-

- (, )

4)

- BRF(Band Rejection

Filter)

-

2009 58 239

2-1 GIS H/W HMI

5/26/2018

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5)

-

- SF6 /

6)

- , , 3

, Metal Oxide

Element ,

7) (CB Watcher)

- CB Open/Close , SF6 ,

- Alarm

2.1 UHF

2.2

3.

2006 NCC (170kV GIS)

2007 1 (170kV GIS), 2008

(362kV GIS), 3

(170kV GIS), (170kV GIS)

40

GIS GIS SPACER GIS SPACER GIS

(Open Barrier Type) (Metal-Closed Barrier Type) ( )

< 2pC < 5pC < 5pC

() () () - 0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz 0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz 0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz 0.3 ~ 3.0 GHz

> -20 dBm > -21 dBm > -26 dBm -

0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz Resolution 260 (64 sample, 60 Hz)

PD 3, Noise 1

(PD 4 )

, 18 kg, 450 x 270 x 350mm(W x H x D)

- 2D/3D

- PD

-

2-2 HMI

(a) Main (b) (C)

5/26/2018

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GIS

. LAXIWA

(800kV GIS), Liverpool Transmission Substation

(145kV GIS) .

(245/145/66kV GIS)

. GIS

170kV

800kV ,

.

III. iPDM

-()

1. iPDM GIS

UHF, Local

unit Main Unit .

. GIS iPDM

, /

.

2.

iPDM On-line

.

2.1 On-line iPDM 0.5~1.5 GHz UHF

.

0.3pC

,

,

2pC

. Local Unit

.

. Main Unit Local Unit

PD ,

, HMI .

iPDM Web

,

Web

. PD

,

.

2009 58 241

3-1 On-line iPDM

500~1500 MHz 500~1500 MHz

0.3 pC 2 pC

Antenna Type Dipole Antenna Dipole Antenna

Connector Type N-Type N-Type

3-1 On-line iPDM : UHF

5/26/2018

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2.2 iPDM

Portable iPDM System

, ,

.

Spectrum Analyzer

,

.

GIS

. GIS

(Noise, Noise, Free

Particle, Spacer Crack

Void, Floating, Protrusion

)

5

.

Portable iPDM

.

42

3-2 On-line iPDM System

3-3 On-Line iPDMHMI

3-4 () iPDM

(a) Main

(c) On-Line iPDM (d) On-Line iPDM

(b) /

500 ~ 1500 MHz

3 or 9 (MUX Type)

Noise mask Max. 256

Pre Amp. 20 dB

PD PD: 7, Noise: 2

20 kg

460 x 330 x 250 mm

5/26/2018

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GIS

3.

2005

1 , 2006 2

154 kV

, 2007

SK

(Nuni)

. iPDM

2008 SK

/ .

iPDM /

.

GIS iPDM

(RMDC:Remote Monitoring Diagnosis Center)

,

.

1. GIS ,

, 2002. 10.

2. GIS UHF

, , 2006. 6.

3. http://www.dmsystems.co.uk/gismonitoring.html

4. http://www.ldic.de/en/Products/PD_Monitoring/PD-GUARD_UHF.html

5. http://www.powerdiagnostix.de/

6. https://www.energy-portal.siemens.com/static/

hq/en/products_solutions/ 1665_kn03010101020

103.html

7. NEP-MOCIE-2006-052,

(PRPS

GIS ), (),

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2. CIGRE TF 15/33.03.05 of WG15.03: Partial

Discharge Detection System for GIS: Sensitivity

Verification for the UHF Method and the Acoustic

Method,Electra No.183 April 1999.

3. S.M. Berlijn and W.R. Rutgers,Evaluation of

different partial discharge detection methods for

usage in on-line monitoring and on-line inspection

system for GIS,CIGRE 33-94(WG03)IWD.

4. IEEE 1309-1996:IEEE Standard for Calibration of

Electromagnetic Field Sensors and Probes,

Excluding Antennas, from 9 kHz to 40 GHz.

5. IEC61967-1:Integrated circuits Measurement of

electromagnetic emissions, 150kHz to 1GHz Part1:

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nal analysis) - tissue characterization - .

[1] Zagzebski, J. A. (1996). Essentials of Ultrasound

Physics. Mosky.

[2] Woo, J. (1998). A short History of the

development of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and

Gynecology. Available at http://www.ob-

ultrasound.net/history1.html

[3] Lizzi, F. L., Astor, M., Feleppa, E. J., Shao, M.,

and Kalisz, A. (1997). Statistical Framework for

ultrasonic spectral parameter imaging.

Ultrasound Medicine and Biology, vol. 23(9),

pp. 1371-1382.

[4] Oelze, M. L. and OBrien, W> D. (2002).

Method of improved scatterer size estimation

and application to parametric imaging using

ultrasound. Journal of Acoustic Society of

America, vol. 112(6), pp. 3053-3063.

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