PFG-PFW0104

?? PFG-PFW0104???? ?????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1??????????????????????????? (1) ?????????????????????????????? (2) ????? ????? ?????? p.2-14?

?????? 1

?? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?? 2

?? ???????????????????????????????? ??????

?????? 3

???? ??????????????????????????????? ?? ???????????????????????????? ?? ??????????????????????????????

??????????????.????????13??????? ??????????????.????????45??????? ??????????????.????????53??????? ???????????????????

?? 4

???? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?? ??????? 5??? 54?

??????? ????? ???????? p.75-77

??????

?????? 5

?????????????

????????????????????????????????

??????CNS12831?Z7211???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????

???? ???? ? ?

?? Weld, Weld Zone ??????????????

???? Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)

????????????????????????????????????????????? 1???

? 1 ?????

???? Deposited Metal ????????????????

???? Weld Metal ??????????????????????????????????? ?

??? Fusion Zone ??????????????????? 1???

??? Fusion Line ????????????? 1???

??? Fusion Face, Weld Interface, Weld Junction

????????????????????????????

???? Welding Equipment, Welding Machine

?????????????????????????????

????????????, ????????????????

??????

?? 6

???? ???? ? ?

?????? Welding Transformer ????????????????????

?? Torch, Blowpipe ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?? Molten Pool, Weld Pool, Molten Weld Pool

???????????????????

?? Base Material (Metal) ??????????

???? Welding Material , Welding Consumables

???????????????????????????????

???? Filler Material, Filler Metal

????(?????????????)???????(??)?

?? Flux ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Plasma Arc, Transferred Arc, Non-transferred Arc

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????? Consumable (Wire) Guide, Consumable Nozzle

?????????????????????????????????

??? Duty Cycle ????????(??? 10 ??)??????????????????????????????????????(%)???

D

a

a

D

TT

II =

2

ID????? Ta??????????(%) Ia????? TD??????????(%)

???? Welding Procedure ???????????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?????? 7

???? ???? ? ?

?????? WPS, Welding Procedure Specification

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????? PQR, Procedure Qualification Record

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????? ??

Welder/Welding Operator PerformanceQualification

?????????????????????

?? Welder ???????????????????

?? Welding ??????????????????????????????????????????(Surfacing)?

???? Welding Process, Welding Method

?????????????????????????????????????

???? Fusion Welding ???????????????????

???? Gas Welding, Oxyfuel Gas Welding

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Arc Welding ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????? Electroslag Welding (ESW)

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????? Mechanized Welding ??????????????????????????????????????????????????

????? Electron Beam Welding (EBW)

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2???

??????

?? 8

???? ???? ? ?

???? Laser Beam Welding (LBW)

?????????????????????????????????Nd:YAG?????????????

?????? ?

CO26 Laser Welding ??????????????????????????? 10.6?????????????????? 3???

Nd: YAG ????

Nd: YAG Laser Welding

???????????(Neodymium)??-?-???(Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet)??????????? 1.06?????????????

??????

?????? 9

? 2 ???????

? 3 ?????????? ??????

?? 10

?1 ???????????

??????

?????? 11

???? ???? ? ?

??? Thermit Welding ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?? Pressure Welding ???????????????????????

?? Forge Welding ?????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Gas Pressure Welding, Pressure Gas Welding (PGW)

??????????????????????

???? Resistance Welding ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????(???????????)????????(?????????)?

???? Stud Welding ??????????????????????????????????????????

???? Percussion Welding ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Solid State Welding, Solid Phase Welding

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? High Temperature pressure Welding

????????????????????????????

???? Friction Welding ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Cold Pressure Welding

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????? Ultrasonic Welding ?????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?? 12

???? ???? ? ?

???? Explosion Welding ?????????????????????????????????

???? Diffusion Welding, Diffusion Bonding,

Diffusion Joining

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Automatic Welding ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????? Semi-automatic Welding

????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Manual Welding ????????????????

????? Robotic Welding ?????????????????????

?????? ??????

?????? 13

?????? ????????????????????????????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????

?? 14

???

???????????????

?????????????????????

???????????

????????????????????????????????????????????(Surfacing)?

??????????????????

???????????????????15???????????????????????4??????????????5???????????????????13????????????????

?????? 15

?????????????

????????????????????????????

??????

?? 16

?????????????? ??????

???? ???? ? ?

??????? Semi-automatic Arc Welding

??????????????????????????????

?????? Automatic Arc Welding

?????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????? ??

Shield Metal Arc Welding

?????????????????????

?????? Plasma Arc Welding (PAW)

???????????????????????(???)???????????(????)???????????????????????????????????????????????

??????? Gravity (Arc) Welding

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????

Spring Contact Arc Welding

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????? Firecracker Welding ???????????????????????????????????????????

?????? ????(GMAW)

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Gas Shield Metal Arc Welding

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Short Circuiting Transfer, Arc Welding, Dip Transfer

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????

Short Circuiting (Gas Metal) Arc Welding, (GMAW-S)

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Globular Transfer, Arc Welding

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?????? 17

???? ???? ? ?

???? Globular Arc ??????

???? Spray Transfer, Arc Welding

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????(MAG??)

Metal Active Gas Welding

????????????????????????????????????????????

CO2??????????

CO2 Gas Shield Arc Welding

???????????????????????

???????????

Mixed Gas Shielded Arc Welding

??????????????????????CO2?????????????

?????? ??

Inert Gas Shield Arc Welding, Argon Arc Welding

??????????????????????????????????????????

??????????(TIG ??)

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG)

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????(MIG ??)

Metal Inert Gas Welding, MIG Welding

??????????????????????????????

?????? ??

Flux Cored Arc Welding

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????

Self Shield Flux Cored Arc Welding

?????????????????????????????????

?????????????

Gas Shield Flux Cored Arc Welding

?????????????????????????????????????????

?????? ??

Electro Gas Arc Welding (EGW)

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????? ??

Pulsed Arc Welding, Pulsed Power Welding

????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?? 18

???? ???? ? ?

???? Submerged Arc Welding

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????? Hot Wire Welding ?????????????????????????????????????????????

??????? Series Submerged Welding

????????????????????????(??)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Surfacing, Overlaying ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (Building)???? (Cladding)????(Hardfacing)??

?? Buildup ?????????????????????????????????

??? Buttering ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??? Cladding ????????????????????????????

??? Hardfacing ?????????????????????????

???? Arc Spot Welding, Shielded Metal Arc Spot Welding, TIG Spot Welding, MIG Spot Welding

??????????????????????????????TIG???MIG???

???? Resistance Spot Welding

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?????? 19

???? ???? ? ?

????? Arc Stud Welding, Stud Arc Welding

???????????????????(?)?????????????????????????(?)????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?? 20

??????

???? ???? ? ?

????? Consumable Electrode

????????????????????????????????????

?????? Non-consumable Electrode

?????????????????????????????????

???? Covered Electrode ?????????????????????????????(??)???????????????????????????????????????????(??)????????????????????

???? Core Wire ????????????

???? Rod Diameter ???????????

???? Covering, Coating Flux

????????????(??)?

???? Exposed Core ????????????(??)?????????????????????????????????

??? Eccentricity of Electrode

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???%= %BBA

?? Welding Wire, Filler Wire

?????????????????????????????????????????????????

??? Bare Electrode ????????????????????????????????(??)????????????????

??? Tungsten Electrode ?????????????????????????????????

??? Welding Rod ????????????????????

???? Solid Wire ???????????? ??????

?????? 21

???? ???? ? ?

???? Flux Cored Electrode ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Cast (of Filler Wire) ????????2?3?????????????????

???? Helix (of Filler Wire) ????????2?3?????????????????

???? Strip Electrode ????????????????????

??????? Consumable Insert, Fusible Insert

??????????????????????????????????????

???? Shielding Gas ????????????????????????????????

????? Fused Flux, Melt Flux

???????????????????????????????????????

????? Bonded Flux ??????????????????????????? (??? )???????????400C~600C????????????????

????? Sintered Flux, Agglomerated Flux

???????????????????????????????? 700C~1000C (??????????????)?????????????????

??????

?? 22

???????

???? ???? ? ?

??????? Engine Driven Arc Welding Machine, Engine Driven Welding Set

???????????????

????? ???

Inverter Controlled Arc Welding Power Source

???????????????????(?????????????????????????)

?????? Voltage Reducing Device

??????????????????????(????)????????????

???? Welding Positioner ?????????????????????????????????????????????

??? Wire Feeder ???????????

?? Electrode Holder ??????????????????????????????????????????

??????? Arc Welding Gun ??????????????????(??)?????????????????????????????

??????????

Semi-automatic Arc Welding Torch

???????????????????????????????????????

?????? Contact Tube, Contact Tip, Tip

????????????????????????????????

??? Spool ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Wire Reel ???????????????????????????????????

???? Pail Pack Drum ??????????????????????

??????

?????? 23

???? ???? ? ?

???? Drooping Characteristic, Constant Current Characteristic, Variable Voltage Characteristic, Drooping Characteristic

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????? Constant Voltage Characteristic

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Open Circuit Voltage ?????????????????

I??

???

I??

???

??????

?? 24

????

???? ???? ? ?

???? Weld Joint, Welded Joint

???????????????????????

???? Butt Joint ????????????????????

???? Corner Joint ????????????L????????????????????

T??? T Joint ????????????????????????T????????????

???? Lap Joint ?????????????????????????????

???? Edge Joint ?????????????????????????

??????

?????? 25

???? ???? ? ?

?????? Scarf Joint ????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Joggled Lap Joint ????????????????????????????????????????

???? Cruciform Joint ???????????????????

???? Flare Groove Joint ?????????????????????????????

???? Strapped Joint ???????????????????????????????????????

????? Fillet Weld Joint ???????????????????????????

?? Groove, Weld Groove

?????????????????

??????

?? 26

???? ???? ? ?

???? Groove Weld ??????????????

???? Groove Angle, Included Angle

?????????

???? Bevel Angle ????????? ???? Groove Depth,

Depth of Bevel ???????? d?

?? Root Face ???????? b?

???? Root Opening, Gap ???????? a?

???? Root Radius, Groove Radius

???????? r?

??? Groove Face ???????

I?? Square Groove

V?? Single V Groove

Y?? Y Groove ?V??????????b?????????d?

?V?, X??

Double V Groove

???

Single Bevel Groove

??????

?????? 27

???? ???? ? ?

K??

Double Bevel Groove

J??

Single J Groove

? J?

Double J Groove

U??

Single U Groove

H??, ?U?

Double U Groove

??????

?? 28

??????

???? ???? ? ?

????

Welding Position, Position of Weld

???????????????????????????????????????

??? All Position ????????????????????

???? Flat Position ??????????????????????????

???? Horizontal Position, Horizontal Fillet Position

??????????????????????????????????????????

???? Vertical Position, Upward Welding, Downward Welding, Downhill Welding

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Overhead Position ????????????????????????????

??? Forehand Welding Leftward Welding

????????????????????????

??? Backhand Welding Rightward Welding

????????????????????????

???? Welding Voltage, Arc Voltage

?????????????????

??????

?????? 29

??????

???? ???? ? ?

???? Arc Length ????????????????

???? Arc Time ???????????????????

????? Arc Stability ?????????????????????????????????

?? Ground Connection ??????????????????????????

?? (Magnetic) Arc Blow ???????????????????????

???? Cleaning Action ??????????(GMAW? GTAW)????????????????????????

?? Droplet ??????????????????????

???? Workpiece Connection

??????????????????????????????

???? Electrode Extension, Wire Extension, Stickout

??????????????????

????? Electrode Position, (DCEP) Direct, Current Electrode Positive

??????????????????????????????????????????????(DCRP, Direct Current Reverse Polarity)

????? Electrode Negative (DCEN)

???????????????????????????????????????? (DCSP, Direct Current Straight Polarity)

???? Welding Current ????????????

???? Welding Speed ??????????????????????????????

???? Melting Rate ????????????????

??? Deposition Rate ????????????????

??????

?? 30

???? ???? ? ?

???? Deposition Efficiency ???????????????????

???? Welding Symbols ???????????????

???? Axis of Weld, Weld Axis

??????????????????????

?????? Effective Length of Weld

?????????????????

????? Filler Weld Size ?????????????????? S1, S2, S3, ?????????????????????????????????????? S1?????????????????????????? S2, S3?????????

?? Leg Length ?????????????

?? Throat, Throat of Fillet Weld, Throat Thickness

??????????????????????

??????

?????? 31

???? ???? ? ?

???? Theoretical Throat, Design Throat Thickness of a Fillet Weld

???????????????????????????????????????????? a???

???? Actual Throat, Actual Throat of a Fillet Weld

?????????????????????????????? b???

???? Effective Throat ????????????????????c???

?? Crater ??????????????????

?? Toe (of Weld) Weld Toe

????????????????? a, b, c, d, e???

???? Joint Root ??????????????????????

???? Weld Root ?????????????????????

??????

?? 32

???? ???? ? ?

???? Weld Face ????????????????

???? Root Surface ??????????????????

?? Weld Tab, Run on Tab, Run off Tab

????????????????????????????????????

??? Scallop ???????????????????????????????????????????????

??? Weaving ?????????????????????????????

?? Bead, Weld Bead, Melt Run

?????????????

???? Stringer Bead ?????????????????

? Pass, Run, Weld Pass ?????????

?? Layer ??????????????????????

???? Interpass Temperature

???????????????????????

??? Spatter ???????????????????

???? Spatter Loss ?????????????????

?? Slag ????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?????? 33

???? ???? ? ?

??? Slag Hammer ????????????

???? Penetration ?????????????????????? A??????? b???????

??? Complete Joint Penetration, Full Penetration

??????????????????????

???? Partial (Joint) Penetration

???????????????????? 1, CO2???TIG????????

??? Heat Input, Energy Input

??????????????????????????? H=60EI/S H =???(J/cm) E?????(V) I?????(A) S?????(cm/min.)

?? Reinforcement, Weld Reinforcement, Excess Weld Metal

????????????????????????????????

??????

?? 34

???? ???? ? ?

???? Residual (Welding) Stress

?????????????

?? Preheating ????????????????????

?? Postheating ????????????????????????????????????????????

????? Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)

????????????????????????????????

???? Welding Distortion ???????????????????????????????1.???????2.???????3.???????????????????????

??? Angular distortion, Angular Misalignment

???????????????????????????????

?????? Longitudinal Shrinkage Distortion

???????????????????????????

?????? Transverse Shrinkage Distortion

???????????????????????????

??????

?????? 35

???? ???? ? ?

?????? Bowing, Camber ????????????????????????????????????????

?????? Transverse Bending Distortion

????????????????????????????????

???? Twist Distortion ????????????

???? Buckling Distortion ???????????????????

???? Preset Distortion ?????????????????????????????????

?? Peening ???????????????????????????

?? Caulking ??????????????????????????????

??? Weldability ???????????????

???? Welding Sequence ????????????????????

???? Weld Pass Sequence, Deposition Sequence, Cross Section Sequence

?????????????????

??????? Progressive Welding Sequence

??????????????????????

??????? Backstep Welding Sequence

??????????????????????

??????

?? 36

???? ???? ? ?

??????? Symmetrical Deposition Sequence

????????????????????????????

??????? Intermittent Deposition, Skip Welding

???????????????????????

??????? Block Welding, Block Sequence

????????????????????????????

??????? Cascade Sequence ???????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Welding Jig ????????????????????????????????

??? Strong Back ???????????????????????????????

???? As Welded ?????????????????????????????????????

?? Buried Arc ??????????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?????? 37

???? ???? ? ?

?? Key Hole ??????????????????????

??? Elongation of Bead, Manipulation Ratio

????????????????????????????????? (?????????????)100%

????? Retract Start Technique

???????? 10~20mm(??????)????????????????????????

??? Diffusible Hydragen ???????????????????????

???? Ferrite Content ?????????????????????????????????????

???? FN, Ferrite Number ??????????????????????????

??? Carbon Equivalent ????????(???)???????????????????????????????????

??? Chrominum Equivalent

??????????(???)?????????????????????????????????????????

??? Nickel Equivalent ??????????(???)??????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?? 38

??????

???? ???? ? ?

??? Butt Welding ??????????

???? Both Side Welding, Double Welded Joint

???????????????????

???? One Side Welding, Single Welded Joint

??????????????

???? Narrow Gap Welding, Narrow Groove Welding

??????? I???? I?????????????

???? Enclosed Arc Welding

???????????????????????????????

?? Back Chipping, Back Gouging

??????????????????????????????????????

?? Backing, Backing Metal

????????????????????????????????????????

?? Backing Shoe ????????????????????????????

???? Backing Weld ????????????????????

???? Back Weld ????????????????

???? Fillet Welding ??????T????????????????????????????????????

?????? Convex Fillet Weld ????????????????????

??????

?????? 39

???? ???? ? ?

?????? Concave Fillet Weld ????????????????????

?????? Fillet Weld in Normal Shear, Front Fillet Weld

???????????????????????????????

?????? Fillet Weld in Parallel Shear

???????????????????????????????

?????? Intermittent Fillet Weld

??????????????????????????????

?????? Continuous Fillet Weld

???????????????

?????? ??

Staggered Intermittent Fillet Weld

?????(??T???)???????????????????????????

??????

?? 40

???? ???? ? ?

?????? ??

Parallel Intermittent Fillet Weld, Chain Intermittent Fillet Weld

?????(??T???)???????????????????????????

??? Slot Welding ??????????? T ?????????????????????????????????

??? Plug Welding ??????????? T ???????????(?????????)???????????????????????????

?? Tack Welding, Temporary Welding

????????????????????????????????????

??? Boxing ???????????????????????????????

??????

?????? 41

???? ???? ? ?

?? Seal Welding ????????????????????????????????

?? Repair Welding, Welding Repair

???????????????

???? Multilayer Welding ?????????????

??????

?? 42

??????

???? ???? ? ?

?? Under Cut ????????????????????????????????????????

?? Overlap ????????????????????????????

?? Fish Eye ????????????????????????????

?? Slag Inclusion ?????????????????????

?? Blow Hole, Gas Pocket, Porosity, Wormhole

????????????????????????????

?? Pin Hole ????????

?? Pit, Surface Pore ????????????

?? Tungsten Inclusion ???????????????????????????????????????????????

?? Burn Through ????????????????????????????

???? Lack of Penetration, Incomplete Penetration

?????????????????

???? Lack of Fusion, Incomplete Fusion

??????????????????????????

???? Weld Crack ????????????????

??????

?????? 43

???? ???? ? ?

???? Longitudinal Crack ???????????????????????????????

???? Transverse Crack ???????????????????????????????

????? Underbead Crack ??????????????????????????

?? Toe Crack ???????????????

?? Hot Crack ????????????????????????????

???? Solidification Crack ??????????????????????????????????????

?? Cold Crack, Delay Crack

???????????????

????? Reheat Crack, Stress Relieve Crack

??????????????????????????????????

?? Root Crack ??????????????????????????

??? Crater Crack ????????????

??????

?? 44

???? ???? ? ?

???? Lamellar Tear ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?? Arc Strike, Stray Flash

????????????????????

??????

?????? 45

??????

??????????????????????????????????

????

??????

?????

????

????

??????

?? 46

???

???????????????????????

???????????????????

??????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????47???????????????????????4??????????????15???????????????????45????????????????

?????? 47

?????????????

??????????????????????????????

???????????????53??????????????????????

?? 48

?????????????? ???????

???? ???? ? ?

?????

Weldability Test

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????

Weld Cracking Test ??????????????????????????????

???? Hot Cracking Test ????????????????

????

Cold Cracking Test ????????????????

?????? Reheat Cracking Test ??????????????????

??????

Lamellar Tearing Test

????????????????????????????????????????

?????????

Slit Weld Cracking Test

??????????????????

U????? ??

U-groove Weld Cracking Test

??????? U ??????????????????????????????

Y????? ??

Y-groove Weld Cracking Test

??????? Y ??????????????????????????????

?????? ??

Bar type (Weld) Cracking Test

?????????????????????????????????????

T???(??)????

T-joint (Weld) Cracking Test

?????????? T ???????????????????????????

????(??)????

Cruciform Joint (Weld) Cracking Test

???????????????????????????????????????

CTS(??)????

Controlled Thermal Severity (Weld) Cracking Test

??????????????????????????????????????????????????

FISCO(??) ??

FISCO Test ????????????????C??????????????????????????????????????????

??????????

Maximum Hardness Test in Weld Heat-Affected Zone

??????????????

??????

?????? 49

???? ???? ? ?

?????

Hydrogen Determination Test

????????????????????????????????

??????

???? ???? ? ?

??? Sample Plate ????????????????

???? Test Plate ????????????????

?? Test Piece ??????????????????????????

???? Guide Bend Test ??????????????????????????

?????? Tension Test for Weld Joint

??????????????

???? Fracture Test ?????????????????????????????

???? Peel Test ??????????????????????????????????????

???? Face Bend Test ?????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?? 50

???? ???? ? ?

???? Root Bend Test ?????????????????????????????????????????

???? Side Bend Test ?????????????????????????????????????????

?????? Free Bend Test ???????????????????????????

??????

?????? 51

??????? ???? ???? ? ?

????? Nondestructive Testing, NDT, Nondestructive Examination, Nondestructive Evaluation

??????????????????????????????????????

???? Liquid Penetrant Testing, PT

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Visual Testing, VT ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Leak Test, LT ???????????????????????????

???? Radiographic Testing, RT

????????????X??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????? Ultrasonic Testing, UT

????????????????????

????? Magnetic Particle Testing, MT

???????????????????????????????????????????????????

????? Eddy Current Testing, Electromagnetic Testing, ET

???????????????????????????????(?????????)?????????????????????????????????????????

??????

?? 52

???????

???? ???? ? ?

??????? Welding Material Performance Test

??????????????????????????????????????????

???? Appearance Test ????????????

???? Macroscopic Test ????????????????????????????????????????????

???? Microscopic Test ??????????????????????????????????

??????

?????? 53

?????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????

??????

?? 54

???

??????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????56??????????????????????????????4??????????????47???????????????????53????????????56??????????????

?????? 55

????????????????????????????????????? 5 ??? 54 ????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????

??????

?? 56

???? ?????????????????????????????

1. ?? 2. ?? 3. ???? 4. ????? 5. ????? 6. ?? 7. ?? 8. ???? 9. ???? 10.????

??????

?????? 57

???? 1. ????(???)??????????????????????P.130? 2. ?????? (I) ??????????????????????????????p.223-225?