A Study on the Relationship between Flow Experience and Benefits when Participating Horticultural Activities.

June, 2007

2007 8

1975 Csikszentmihalyi 452

i

Abstract

A Study on the Relationship between Flow Experience and Benefits when Participating Horticultural Activities

Csikszentmihalyi proposed Flow Experience in 1975, which was through involving in activities to achieve a devoted and concentrated state of mind. This kind of experience was considered the optimum experience, and could bring the feeling of happiness into life. In addition, literature showed that people could gain physical, psychological, social and educational benefits from participating horticultural activities. Hence, this research used the basis of leisure and recreation to discuss the benefits gained from horticultural activities and all characteristics shown in flow experience. The study attempted to promote the benefits of horticultural activities through flow experience, in order to help create a happier well-being in life. This study gathered 452 valid samples from customers of Hui-Wen flower market in Taichung and Kuo-Kwang flower market in Dali. After performing cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis, the conclusions were generated. First, we found there was no significantly difference in the characteristics of flow experience produced from three different types of horticultural activities. In addition, the result showed the different levels of flow experience from the three different types of horticultural activities didnt significantly influence the benefits of horticultural activities, but it also showed when respondents felt stronger flow experience, the benefits of horticultural activities they felt were stronger. Finally, the conclusion presented there was a significant correlation between the characteristics of flow experience and benefits of horticultural activities. Furthermore, the study showed by controlling challenge-skill balance, clear goals, loss of self-consciousness, transformation of time, and autotelic experience in activities, it could effectively promote the benefits of horticultural activities

ii

respondents felt. Concluded from above, the feeling of flow experience had significant influenced on the benefit of horticultural activities, and the type of horticultural activities would not influence the feeling of flow experience and activity benefit. Therefore, one could promote activity benefit by controlling the condition of flow experience in an activity, in order to provide a guideline for horticultural therapy. [Keywords]: Leisure, Recreation, Horticultural Activities, Benefits of Horticultural Activities, Flow Experience

iii

.........................................................................1 .....................................................................................4 .....................................................................................5 .....................................................................................5 .....................................................................................6

................................................................8 ...................................................................................13 ...................................................................................20

.......................................................................31 ...................................................................................33

...........................................................................40

iv

.......................................................42 ...................................................................50 ...............................61 ...........................................................................66 ...........................................72

...................................................................................83

...........................................................................85 ...........................................................................88

...........................................................................................................90 ...............................................................................................................98

v

2- 1 ..........................................................10 2- 2 ..................................................................15 2- 3 ......................................................................................16 2- 4 ..........................................................17 2- 5 ..................................................................27 2- 6 ..................................28 2- 7 ..................................................................29 3- 1 ..............................................................35 3- 2 ..............................36 3- 3 ......................................................................38 3- 4 ..................................................................40 4- 1 ..................................................43 4- 2 ......................................44 4- 3 ..................................................44 4- 4 ......................................................................45 4- 5 ..................................................................46 4- 6 ..................................................................47 4- 7 ..................................................................49 4- 8 ..........................................54 4- 9 ...........................................56 4-10 ..............................58 4-11 ..................................60 4-12 .........................................................................................................64 4-13 .....................................................67 4-14 .........................................................................................................67 4-15 .........................................68 4-16 .........................................................................................................68

vi

4-17 .....................................................69 4-18 .........................................................................................................70 4-19 .....................................................71 4-20 .........................................................................................................71 4-21 .........................................................................................................73 4-22 .....74 4-23 .........................................................................................................75 4-24 .....76 4-25 .........................................................................................................77 4-26 .....78 4-27 .........................................................................................................79 4-28 .... 80 4-29 .................................................................................................... 81

vii

1- 1 2- 1 2- 2 2- 3 3- 1 4- 1 4- 2 4- 3 ...........................................................................................7 ..........................................................................................21 ..............................22 ......................................25 ..........................................................................................31 ..............................47 ..............................48 ..............................49

viii

(Bialeschki & Henderson, 1986Caltabiano, 1994Ellison, 2005Haase, Steptoe, Sallis & Wardle, 2004Montao, Dibble, Jackson & Rundle, 2005 Neulinger, 1982Tinsley, Teaff, Colbs & Kaufman, 1985 Tinsley & Tinsley, 1986 Tinsley, Tinsley & Croskeys, 2002Singh-Manoux, Richards & Marmot, 2003Stebbins, 1992200020022003 2004200520052006) (Sderback, Sderstrn & Schlander, 20042003)Kaplan Kaplan (Varnib, Ulrichc, Shermana & Malcarned, 2005)Kaplan (Sarno & Chambers, 1997) 1

(Abbott, Cochran & Clair, 1997Hazen, 1997McGuire, 1997Sarno & Chambers, 1997Simson & Haller, 1997Simth & McCllion, 1997Sderback et al., 2004200420052006 20042006) (Abbott et al., 1997Brascamp & Kidd, 2004Chalker-Scott & Collman, 2006Frumkin, 2001Gough, 1986Hartig, Evans, Jamner, Davis & Grling, 2003Hazen, 1997Jarrot & Gigliotti, 2004Kerrigan & Stevenson, 1997Mattson, 1992McGuire, 1997Pachana, McWha & Arathoon, 2003 Rappe, 2005Relf, 19731992Robertson, 1988Sarno & Chambers, 1997 Simth & McCllion, 1997Sderback et al., 2004Stein, 1997 Wolschke-Bulmahn & Grning, 1994Ulrich, 1991Ulrich & Simons, 1986 2004200620042005 20062006) 1975 Csikszentmihalyi - (Flow Experience) Csikszentmihalyi 1975 (Csikszentmihalyi, 19752003) (Clark & Haworth, 1994 Csikszentmihalyi, 197519901997Csikszentmihalyi & Csikszentmihalyi, 1992Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989Webster, Trevino & Ryan, 1993 20022002)2

(Bloom & Skutnick-Henley, 2005 Chen, Wigand & Nilan, 1999Clark & Haworth, 1994Csikszentmihalyi, 19751997Ghani & Deshpande,1994Hoffman & Novak, 1996Jackson & Marsh, 1996Marsh & Jackson, 1999Novak & Hoffman, 1997Polaine, 2005Sheridan & Byrne, 2002Skadberg & Kimmel, 2004Turkle, 1984 2002200220022001 20022002200319992003 19992003) Csikszentmihalyi(1975) ? ?

3

4

5

1-1

6

()

1-1

7

( 2004)

(Leisure)leisir licerc, ( 2004 2006) (Caltabiano,199420032005) (Neulinger, 1981) (recreation)(re-creat) (, 19962003) () () 8

( 2005) (2005)

Neulinger 1982 Stebbins 1992 ( 2-1) Verduin McEwen (, 1996) ( 2-1)

9

2-1 Caltabiano, 1994Ellison, 2005Haase et al., 2004Montao et al., 2005Nowak, Dwyer & Childs, 1998Singh-Manoux et al., 2003 Sjolie & Thuen, 2002Skoumas, Pitsavos, Panagiotakos, Toutouza, Papaioannou, Zeimbekis, Stefanadis & Toutouzas, 2002 Steptoe & Butler, 1996Tinsley et al., 2002 Tinsley & Tinsley, 19862000 20041996 2006 Bialeschki & Henderson, 1986Caltabiano, 1994Ellison, 2005Haase et al., 2004Jones, 2000Montao et al., 2005Tinsley et al., 2004 20022000 200319962006 Bialeschki & Henderson, 1986Caltabiano, 1994Ellison, 2005Haase et al., 2004Jones, 2000Montao et al., 2005Neulinger, 1982 Nowak et al., 1998Salazar & Menedez, 2007Singh-Manoux et al., 2003Steptoe & Butler, 1996 Tinsley et al., 1985 Tinsley et al., 2002Tinsley & Tinsley, 1986 2000 20041996 2006 Montao et al., 2005Tinsley et al., 2002 200319962006 ()

10

() 2-1 Ellison, 2005Montao et al., 2005 200020042002 2003 20052006 2004 20002004 2003 ()

Caltabiano (Skoumas et al., 2002) (Ellison, 2005Haase et al., 2004 Singh-Manoux et al., 2003Sjolie & Thuen, 2002)

Neulinger (Caltabiano, 1994Ellison, 2005Jones, 2000) Singh-Manoux (Nowak et al., 19982005)

11

(2004 2006) (Ellison, 2005) ( 2002200320052004)

Jones (process of categorization) (Bialeschki & Henderson, 1986) (2006) Montao 2005

Bammel Burrus-Bammel (1996) (Tinsley & Tinsley, 19862006)

(2004 2003) 12

Relf 1992 (2004)

13

(Sarno & Chambers, 1997) 2006 () Rappe 2005 Simth McCllion 1997 (forcing flower bulbs) Sderback 2004 ( 2-2) (2004) ( 2-3)

14

2-2 Gough, 1986 Robertson, 1988 Relf, 1992 Wolschke-Bulmahn & Grning, 1994 Sarno & Chambers, 1997 Simth & McCllion, 1997 (forcing flower bulbs) Abbott et al.,1997 McGuire, 1997 (smell and tell session) Frumkin, 2001 Pachana et al., 2003 2004 2004 2004 Sderback et al., 2004 2005 Rappe, 2005 Chalker-Scott & Collman, 2006 2006 2006 2006 ()15

2-3 (smell and tell session) (forcing flower bulbs)

()

Mattson 1992 Sderstrn 2004 (Sarno & Chambers, 1997) ( 2-4)

16

2-4 Abbott et al.,1997Chalker-Scott & Collman, 2006Frumkin, 2001Gough, 1986Hazen, 1997Jarrot & Gigliotti, 2004Mattson, 1992 McGuire, 1997Pachana et al., 2003Rappe, 2005Relf, 19731992Robertson, 1988 Sderback et al., 2004Ulrich, 1991Ulrich & Simons, 198620042006 200420052006 2006 Abbott et al.,1997Brascamp & Kidd, 2004 Chalker-Scott & Collman, 2006Grning, 1994Hartig et al., 2003Jarrot & Gigliotti, 2004Mattson, 1992McGuire, 1997Rappe, 2005Relf, 19731992Pachana et al., 2003 Robertson, 1988Sarno & Chambers, 1997 Simth & McCllion, 1997Sderback et al., 2004Stein, 1997Ulrich, 1991 Wolschke-Bulmahn & Hazen, 1997 200420062004 200520062006 Abbott et al.,1997Brascamp & Kidd, 2004 Chalker-Scott & Collman, 2006Gough, 1986 Hazen, 1997Jarrot & Gigliotti, 2004Kerrigan & Stevenson, 1997Mattson, 1992Rappe, 2005Relf, 19731992Robertson, 1988Sarno & Chambers, 1997Simth & McCllion, 1997 Sderback et al., 2004Wolschke-Bulmahn & Grning, 199420042006 20042005 Chalker-Scott & Collman, 2006Gough, 1986 Hazen, 1997Mattson, 1992Relf, 19731992 Robertson, 1988Simth & McCllion, 1997 Sderback et al., 20042004 20052006 ()

17

(Hazen, 1997Mattson, 1992 Sderback et al., 2004)Relf 1992 (Frumkin, 2001 Mattson, 1992McGuire, 1997) (Chalker-Scott & Collman, 2006)

(2004) (Rappe, 2005Sderback et al., 2004200620062006)

(Relf, 1973Robertson, 1988Sarno & Chambers, 19972004) Rappe 2005 (Wolschke-Bulmahn & Grning, 19942004) 18

Gough Simth McCllion 1997 (2004) (2006) (Mattson, 1992Relf, 1973Robertson, 19882004)

19

(Flow Experience)

1975 Csikszentmihalyi Flow Experience (Csikszentmihalyi, 19751990Webster et al., 19932003) Csikszentmihalyi Flow Experience(Csikszentmihalyi, 19751990Rojek, 2005) Flow Experience Csikszentmihalyi Flow Experience Flow Experience ( 20022002200320042003 2004200319992003)( 20022002200220022004 2004200420022003 2003)(2001)(20012003 199920032003)(2003 2003) Flow Experience

(Maslow)(Peak Experience) ( 2-1) (2005)

20

2-1 (2005 Maslow, 1968)

Privette Bundrick Privette 1983 (Peak Performance) ( 2-2) Privette(1981) Csikszentmihalyi (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989)

21

2-2 (Privette, 1983) Trevino Webster (Clark & Haworth, 1994) Marsh Jackson 1999 (Clark & Haworth, 1994 Csikszentmihalyi, 19751990Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989Trevino & Webster, 1992)(Turkle, 1984) (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) (Jackson & Marsh, 1996)

22

(Csikszentmihalyi, 1975) (Ellis et al., 1994 Massimini & Carli, 1988Novak & Hoffman, 19972003)

(Csikszentmihalyi, 1975Jackson & Marsh, 1996)

(Csikszentmihalyi, 19751997Jackson & Marsh, 1996)

(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) (Jackson & Marsh, 1996)

(Jackson & Marsh, 1996) 23

(Csikszentmihalyi, 1975Jackson & Marsh, 1996)

(Jackson & Marsh, 1996)

(Jackson & Marsh, 1996)

(Jackson & Marsh, 1996) (Csikszentmihalyi, 19751990Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989Hoffman & Novak, 1996Skadberg & Kimmel, 200420022002) (Skadberg & Kimmel, 2004) (Micro-Flow Experience)(Deep-Flow Experience) (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975Privette, 1983) ( 2-3)

24

(Trevino & Webster, 1992) (Clark & Haworth, 1994Eillis, Voelki & Morris, 19942002 200220032004) (Csikszentmihalyi, 19751990)

A= B= C= ABC= AC= BC= C1=

2-3 (Privette, 1983) 1997 Csikszentmihalyi 25

Novak Hoffman 1997 (Narrative/ Survey)(Active/ Survey) ( Experience Sample Mathod )(2003) Csikszentmihalyi ( )

26

( 2-5) 2-5

()

Voelkl Ellis (Flow State Scale)(2006) Voelkl Ellis (Voelkl & Ellis, 1998) (Jackson & Marsh, 1996) (2002) ( 2-6)

27

2-6 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1.

()

(Voelkl & Ellis, 1998) (2004) (Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989) (Jackson & Marsh, 1996Marsh & Jackson, 19992002 20062006) (Ghani & Deshpande, 1994Hoffman & Novak, 1996 Turkle, 1984Webster et al.,199320032003) (200220012003 20032003) (Kiili, 20052002)( 2-7 )

28

()

2-7 Jackson & Marsh, 1996Marsh & Jackson, 1999 2002200620061999 Chen, 2000Chen et al., 1999Ghani & Deshpande, 1994 Hoffman & Novak, 1996Kiili, 2005Polaine, 2005 Skadberg & Kimmel, 2004Turkle, 1984Webster et al.,1993200220012003 200320022001 2003199920032003 2003 Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989 Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 19892002 20022006 Clark & Haworth, 1994Voelkl & Ellis, 19982004 Sheridan & Byrne, 200220032004 2003 2003 2003 200220032004 2004 20022003 Bloom & Skutnick-Henley, 2005Sheridan & Byrne, 2002

29

Voelkl Ellis 1975 Csikszentmihalyi

30

3-1

H1 H2

H3

3-1

31

H1-1 H1-2 H1-3 H1-4 H1-5 H1-6 H1-7 H1-8 H1-9 - - - - - - - - -

H2-1 H2-2 H2-3 H2-4

32

H3-1 H3-2 H3-3 H3-4

( 20062003) ()

33

( ) Jackson Marsh 1996 (Flow State Scale) (200220002003) 36 ( 3-1 ) 5 1 5

34

3-1 1. 10. 19. 28. 2. 11. 20. 29. 3. 12. 21. 30. 4. 13. 22. 31. 5. 14. 23. 32. 6. 15. 24. 33. 7. 16. 25. 34. 8.( ) 17. 26. 35.

35

() 3-1 9. 18. 27. 36.

95 7 222 2006 3.5% SPSS10.0 3.5%(0%~2.7%)( 3-2 ) 0.3 (2006) 0.3( 3-2 ) 0.9532( 3-2 ) 3-2 (%) 1. 0.0 0.529 2. 0.5 0.475 3. 0.9 0.656 4. 1.4 0.558 5. 0.9 0.685 6. 0.5 0.565 7. 2.3 0.449 8. ( 0.5 0.434 ) 9. 0.9 0.570

0.9551 0.9548 0.9542 0.9543 0.9536 0.9546 0.9550 0.9550 0.9538

36

() 3-2 (%) 10. 0.5 0.644 11. 0.9 0.635 12. 0.0 0.719 13. 0.5 0.724 14. 0.9 0.747 15. 0.0 0.650 16. 0.0 0.574 17. 0.0 0.563 18. 0.0 0.619 19. 0.5 0.388 20. 0.0 0.656 21. 1.4 0.692 22. 0.9 0.695 23. 0.9 0.736 24. 0.9 0.796 25. 2.7 0.568 26. 0.5 0.539 27. 0.0 0.628 28. 0.9 0.676 29. 0.0 0.615 30. 0.5 0.722 31. 0.0 0.721 32. 0.0 0.713 33. 0.5 0.645 34. 0.0 0.551 35. 0.0 0.412 36. 0.5 0.613

0.9538 0.9543 0.9536 0.9535 0.9530 0.9541 0.9544 0.9547 0.9542 0.9549 0.9539 0.9536 0.9538 0.9535 0.9530 0.9541 0.9547 0.9544 0.9533 0.9542 0.9534 0.9535 0.9536 0.9541 0.9541 0.9558 0.9534

37

( 20062003)21 5 (1 5 ) ( 3-3 ) 3-3

38

96 3 16 4 7 ( ) (purposive sampling) 522 452 37 86.6% ( 3-4)

39

3-4 (%) 158 34.96 147 32.52 147 32.52 452 100

SPSS10.0

Cronbachs

40

41

( 4-1) ( 4-2) ( 4-3)

42

4-1 4 0.9 3 0.7 128 28.3 224 49.6 93 20.6 40 8.8 173 38.3 203 44.9 33 7.3 3 0.7 21 4.6 126 27.9 225 49.8 69 15.3 11 2.4 28 6.3 96 21.5 175 39.1 121 27.1 27 6.0

43

4-2 3.596 0.528 3.670 0.588 3.857 0.550 3.805 0.539 3.558 0.588 3.756 0.514 3.687 0.738 3.671 0.583 4.055 0.523 4-3 3.677 3.868 3.906 3.992

0.595 0.532 0.571 0.511

180 (39.8%) 271 (60%) 21~50 391 (22.8%)(23%)(37.4%) (52.7%) (20.4%)(10.6%)( 4-4)

44

4-4 180 271 20 24 21~30 120 31~40 170 41~50 101 51~60 30 61 () 7 5 13 103 104 169 () 58 171 40 236 1 59 48 5 40 92 13 52 51 48 7 36

39.9 60.1 5.3 26.6 37.6 22.3 6.7 1.5 1.1 2.9 22.8 23.0 37.4 12.8 38.2 8.9 52.7 0.2 13.1 10.6 1.1 8.9 20.4 2.9 11.5 11.3 10.6 1.6 8.0

45

450

1 2 ( 4-5 4-1) 1 2 4-5 1 2 3.30 3.91 3.35 4.00 3.54 4.17 3.48 4.12 3.21 3.91 3.46 4.07 3.36 4.05 3.39 3.92 3.75 4.35 206 206

F 195.752*** 187.778*** 201.517*** 226.614*** 220.047*** 223.965*** 123.108*** 104.183*** 197.159***

46

10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 5 7 4 6 8 9

2 2 1 1

4-1

1 2 3 ( 4-6 4-2) 1 2 3 4-6 1 2 3 3.17 3.70 4.23 3.23 3.75 4.42 3.38 3.94 4.66 3.32 3.89 4.57 3.05 3.65 4.37 3.33 3.81 4.58 3.22 3.78 4.54 3.29 3.67 4.46 3.60 4.12 4.82 126 234 52

F 134.860*** 131.457*** 219.612*** 217.404*** 187.807*** 239.308*** 97.452*** 110.340*** 205.367***

47

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

3 3 2 2 1 1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

4-2

1 2 3 4 2( 4-7 4-3) 1 2 3 4

48

4-7 1 2 3 4 2.90 3.76 4.32 3.42 2.86 3.80 4.52 3.51 3.05 3.99 4.73 3.68 2.99 3.93 4.64 3.62 2.81 3.74 4.47 3.30 3.16 3.89 4.65 3.52 3.19 4.01 4.53 3.27 3.01 3.75 4.49 3.47 3.23 4.16 4.85 3.92 40 172 44 156

F 111.358*** 116.234*** 167.550*** 155.730*** 151.449*** 176.264*** 96.540*** 83.255*** 148.819***

6 5

4 3 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

4-3 2 4

49

Jackson Marsh 1996

0.0%~5.7%( 4-8) 3.5%(2006) 5 3 2.86~4.11 0.49~0.88( 4-8) ( ) 50

0.75 () 0.7 -0.7(2006) 0.0%~0.9%( 4-10) 3.5% (2006) 3.50~4.21 0.63~0.83( 4-10) 0.75

51

452 27% 33 30 t ( 4-8) 148 109 t ( 4-10)

0.3 0.3 (2006) 0.892 ( 4-8) 0.3 0.3 0.931 0.3 ( 4-10)

52

( 4-8) 0.904 (Marsh & Jackson, 1999) 0.903 0.5 0.3 ( 4-9) (Jackson & Marsh, 1996) () 53

4-8 (%) 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.0 3.55 2.86 3.73 3.35 3.74 3.57 3.74 3.72 3.97 3.50 3.66 3.79 3.45 3.84 3.78 3.69 3.78 3.87 0.66 0.82 0.63 0.61 0.65 0.64 0.79 0.63 0.49 0.72 0.68 0.63 0.68 0.56 0.71 0.77 0.68 0.60

-0.55 0.20 -0.75 0.03 -0.63 -0.52 -0.54 -0.89 -0.07 -0.62 -0.73 -0.69 -0.13 -0.51 -0.51 -0.77 -0.95 -0.57

T -4.45 -1.31 -3.54 -5.18 -5.71 -4.37 -2.80 -2.48 -5.16 -3.52 -5.65 -5.42 -8.88 -5.43 -5.58 -2.28 -2.90 -5.66

0.35 0.00 0.37 0.32 0.51 0.39 0.23 0.31 0.52 0.38 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.57 0.46 0.18 0.37 0.58

0.890 0.897 0.890 0.891 0.888 0.890 0.893 0.891 0.888 0.890 0.888 0.888 0.887 0.887 0.888 0.894 0.890 0.887

0.40 -0.00 0.46 0.40 0.59 0.43 0.21 0.31 0.58 0.43 0.48 0.62 0.66 0.63 0.53 0.13 0.38 0.64

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.() 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Note

54

() 4-8 (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.0 3.43 3.66 3.68 3.54 3.80 3.60 3.43 3.29 3.99 3.51 3.33 3.67 3.49 3.69 3.69 3.71 3.32 4.11 0.78 0.73 0.74 0.67 0.69 0.69 0.86 0.88 0.65 0.66 0.82 0.70 0.69 0.64 0.62 0.74 0.87 0.63

-0.26 -0.74 -0.59 -0.43 -0.25 -0.49 -0.61 -0.42 0.07 -0.12 -0.52 -0.57 -0.48 -1.08 -0.41 -0.85 -0.41 -0.27

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. Note

T -5.61 -2.46 -7.20 -6.97 -6.22 -4.16 -3.21 -3.18 -4.98 -6.30 -3.30 -5.34 -8.88 -4.46 -6.12 -4.06 -2.74 -6.01

0.43 0.36 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.49 0.22 0.26 0.47 0.54 0.22 0.49 0.62 0.49 0.59 0.40 0.22 0.54

0.889 0.890 0.886 0.886 0.887 0.888 0.893 0.893 0.888 0.887 0.893 0.888 0.886 0.888 0.886 0.889 0.894 0.887

0.50 0.40 0.71 0.66 0.68 0.54 0.19 0.25 0.56 0.57 0.19 0.59 0.67 0.54 0.65 0.38 0.20 0.62

55

4-9 1. 0.393 10. 0.460 19. 0.437 28. 0.388 11. 0.392 20. 0.417 29. 0.377 3. 0.488 12. 0.580 21. 0.574 30. 0.605 4. 0.533 13. 0.627 22. 0.701 31. 0.682 5. 0.554 14. 0.621 23. 0.672 32. 0.605 6. 0.523 15. 0.485 24. 0.528 33. 0.515

0.640 0.587 0.542 0.558 0.591 0.588 0.488 0.442 0.517 0.763 0.745 0.697 0.699 0.682 0.815 0.814 0.771 0.735 0.745 0.800 0.776 0.746 0.717 0.752 0.724 0.657 0.679 0.653 0.661

56

() 4-9 25. 0.472 34. 0.472 8.( 0.366 ) 17. 0.565 26. 0.436 35. 0.491 9. 0.582 18. 0.651 27. 0.647 36. 0.658

0.641

0.682 0.666 0.547 0.633 0.589 0.814 0.790 0.757 0.760 0.755

(1999) 0.931 ( 4-10) 0.5 0.3 ( 4-11)

57

4-10 (%) 1. 0.0 3.50 0.79 -0.03 2. 0.0 3.69 0.73 -0.28 3. 0.68 -0.54 0.0 3.74 4. 0.0 3.70 0.76 -0.33 5. 0.0 3.74 0.81 -0.39 6. 0.4 3.65 0.81 -0.42 7. 0.0 4.16 0.63 -0.51 8. 0.9 4.10 0.68 -0.43 9. 0.2 3.61 0.81 -0.21 10. 0.73 -0.52 0.0 3.89 11. 0.7 3.82 0.83 -0.82 12. 0.2 3.82 0.72 -0.30 13. 0.2 3.72 0.76 -0.20 14. 0.0 3.95 0.70 -0.43 15. 0.0 3.86 0.72 -0.52 16. 0.0 4.02 0.70 -0.58 17. 0.68 -0.62 0.2 3.98 Note

T 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.59 0.61 0.53 0.63 0.68 0.58 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.45 0.56 0.62 0.66 0.66 0.64 0.66

0.928 0.927 0.929 0.927 0.926 0.928 0.927 0.927 0.927 0.927 0.931 0.928 0.927 0.927 0.927 0.927 0.927

0.63 0.65 0.58 0.68 0.72 0.62 0.68 0.69 0.67 0.67 0.49 0.61 0.67 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.71

58

() 4-10 (%) 18. 0.0 4.01 0.68 -0.50 19. 0.0 3.92 0.68 -0.46 20. 0.64 -0.31 0.0 4.21 21. 0.70 -0.17 0.0 3.81 Note

T 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.62 0.58 0.51 0.57

0.927 0.928 0.929 0.928

0.67 0.63 0.56 0.62

59

4-11 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 0.709 0.759 0.508 0.664 0.685 0.569 0.640 0.574 0.625 0.698 0.517 0.562 0.683 0.729 0.697 0.645 0.665

0.851 0.809 0.797 0.858 0.821 0.816 0.844 0.823 0.813 0.821 0.813 0.802 0.832 0.823 0.864 0.835 0.823 0.831 0.844 0.839 0.757 0.676 0.677 0.716 0.727

0.595 0.594 0.522 0.505

60

- Levene (P=0.440>0.05) -(F(2,444)=0.058 P=0.944>0.05) ( 4-12)

- Levene (P=0.131>0.05) -(F(2,438)= 0.342P=0.710>0.05) ( 4-12)

- Levene (P=0.757>0.05) -(F(2,442)=0.48161

P=0.618>0.05) ( 4-12)

- Levene (P=0.338>0.05) -(F(2,440)=0.065 P=0.937>0.05) ( 4-12)

- Levene (P=0.611>0.05) -(F(2,446)=0.167 P=0.847>0.05) ( 4-12)

- Levene (P=0.641>0.05) -(F(2,436)=2.390 P=0.093>0.05) ( 4-12)

- Levene 62

(P=0.435>0.05) -(F(2,444)=0.015 P=0.985>0.05) ( 4-12)

- Levene (P=0.813>0.05) -(F(2,444)=0.546 P=0.580>0.05) ( 4-12)

- Levene (P=0.562>0.05) -(F(2,439)=0.010 P=0.990>0.05) ( 4-12)

63

F

4-12 3.589 3.662 3.873 3.794 3.576 3.752 3.691 0.552 0.646 0.547 0.584 0.612 0.530 0.786 3.590 3.702 3.877 3.816 3.559 3.824 3.691 0.514 0.555 0.577 0.534 0.574 0.487 0.729 3.608 3.646 3.820 3.805 3.537 3.693 3.678 0.520 0.556 0.526 0.496 0.580 0.518 0.699 0.058 0.342 0.481 0.065 0.167 2.390 0.015 0.944 0.710 0.618 0.937 0.847 0.093 0.985

3.658 0.597 3.643 0.597 3.711 0.557 0.546 0.580

4.052 0.545 4.060 0.517 4.053 0.509 0.010 0.990

64

(Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989) (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975Jackson & Marsh, 1996) (Jackson & Eklund, 2004) (...)

65

Levene (P=0.231 >0.05) (F(4,403)= 1.094P=0.359>0.05) (F(2,403)= 0.216P=0.806>0.05) (F(2,403)=69.894P0.05) (F(4,396)=0.153P=0.962>0.05)

67

(F(2,396)=0.087P=0.916>0.05) (F(2,396)=83.765P0.05) (F(4,402)=0.181P=0.948>0.05) (F(2,402)=0.223P=0.800>0.05) (F(2,402)=72.395P0.05) (F(4,403)=0.810P=0.519>0.05) (F(2,403)=2.064P=0.128>0.05) (F(2,403)=117.837P-0.005) (0.477>0.044)(0.498>0.156) (0.432>0.027) (0.441>0.039) (0.173>-0.131) (0.466>0.251) (0.474>0.070)( 4-22) 4-22 B 0.125 -0.006 0.065 0.243** 0.034 0.062 -0.104** 0.281*** 0.096 0.683 Beta 0.110 -0.006 0.059 0.219 0.034 0.053 -0.123 0.275 0.086

0.094 -0.005 0.044 0.156** 0.027 0.039 -0.131 0.251** 0.070***

R=0.607 R=0.369 Adjusted R=0.355 Notep0.01** p0.001***

F(9,402)=26.122***

74

( 4-23) 4-23 0.421 0.000*** 0.469 0.000*** 0.506 0.000*** 0.470 0.000*** 0.447 0.000*** 0.451 0.000*** 0.247 0.000*** 0.582 0.000*** 0.622 0.000*** Notep0.001*** 0.695 0.482 48.2% 47.1% (F(9,395)=40.901P0.009) (0.469>-0.073) (0.506>-0.013)(0.470>0.022) (0.447>0.068) (0.451>0.054) (0.247>-0.114) (0.582>0.310) (0.622>0.295)( 4-24) 4-24 B Beta 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.067 0.073 0.073 -0.016 -0.016 -0.013 0.027 0.028 0.022 0.071 0.078 0.068 0.070 0.066 0.054 -0.073** -0.096 -0.114** 0.291*** 0.318 0.310*** 0.349*** 0.342 0.295*** 0.820 R=0.695 R=0.482 Adjusted R=0.471 F(9,395)=40.901*** Notep0.01** p0.001***

76

( 4-25) 4-25 0.427 0.000*** 0.391 0.000*** 0.461 0.000*** 0.492 0.000*** 0.428 0.000*** 0.456 0.000*** 0.253 0.000*** 0.435 0.000*** 0.574 0.000*** Notep0.001*** 0.619 0.383 38.3% 36.9% (F(9,401)=27.670P0.069) (0.391>-0.016) (0.461>-0.035)(0.492>0.104) (0.428>0.009) (0.456>0.075) (0.253>-0.039) (0.435>0.137) (0.574>0.278)( 4-26) 4-26 B Beta 0.087 0.079 0.069 -0.017 -0.017 -0.016 -0.050 -0.047 -0.035 0.153* 0.143 0.104* 0.011 0.012 0.009 0.114 0.101 0.075 -0.029 -0.035 -0.039 0.143** 0.146 0.137** 0.385*** 0.351 0.278*** 0.818 R=0.619 R=0.383 Adjusted R=0.369 F(9,401)=27.670*** Notep0.05* p0.01** p0.001***

78

( 4-27) 4-27 0.553 0.000*** 0.490 0.000*** 0.551 0.000*** 0.604 0.000*** 0.534 0.000*** 0.542 0.000*** 0.223 0.000*** 0.457 0.000*** 0.625 0.000*** Notep0.001*** 0.718 0.516 51.6% 50.5% (F(9,402)=47.538P0.154) (0.490>0.062) (0.551>0.000)(0.604>0.152) (0.534>0.043) (0.542>0.075) (0.223>-0.146) (0.457>0.118) (0.625>0.270)( 4-28) 4-28 B Beta 0.154** 0.159 0.154** 0.053 0.060 0.062 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.177** 0.187 0.152** 0.041 0.048 0.043 0.090 0.090 0.075 -0.086** -0.120 -0.146** 0.096* 0.111 0.118* 0.292*** 0.300 0.270*** 0.870 R=0.718 R=0.516 Adjusted R=0.505 F(9,402)=47.538*** Notep0.01** p0.001***

80

( 4-29) 4-29 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Note+

81

82

Jackson Marsh 1996

83

(Csikszentmihalyi, 1975Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989)

( ) (Trevino &

84

Webster, 1992) (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975)

85

(Csikszentmihalyi, 19751990 2003) ...

(Csikszentmihalyi, 197519902003) ...

86

(Csikszentmihalyi, 197519902003) (Sarno & Chambers, 199720042005)

(Csikszentmihalyi, 197519902003) (2005) (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975Jackson & Marsh, 1996)

87

... ...

88

(Jackson & Marsh, 1996)

...

Verduin McEwen

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1. Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1997)-: 2. 3. (2004) (2006) SPSS 4. Bammel, C. & Burrus-Bammel, L. L. (1996) 5. 6. (2005) 1994

1. (2002) 2. (2000)- 3. (2003) 4. (2005) 5. (2002) 6. (2003)- 7. (2002) 8. (2004)

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9.

(2002) (pp.165-172)

10. (2002) 11. (2004) 6(1)27-52 12. (2006) 13. (2006) 14. (2003) 15. (2005) 16. (2002) 17. (2006) 18. (2006) 19. (2003)2343-74 20. 2004 17(3)19-36 21. (2004)- 22. (2002) 23. (2004) 24. (2001) 25. (2003) 26. (2003)

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27. (2004) 52(7-8) 198-211 28. (2003) 29. (2004) 30. (2004) 31. (1999) 32. (2004)- 33. (2002) 34. (2003) 35. (2004) 36. (2006) 37. (2003) 38. (2003) 39. (2006)- 40. (2003) 41. (1999) 42. (2003) 43. (2003)

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1. (2006)2006/10/15 http://bioagri.ecaa.ntu.edu.tw/extcom/html/peaaaoak.html

1. (2006) (NSC 95-2415-H-020-001)

Books1. 2. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper and Row. 3. Mattson, R. H. (1992) 'Prescribing health benefits through horticultural activities', In D. Relf (Ed.). The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-Being and Social Development: A National Symposium, (pp.161-168). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. 4. 5. Neulinger, J. (1981). The psychology of leisure, Springfield, Illinois: Thomas. Nowak, D.J., Dwyer, J.F. & Childs, G. (1998). Los beneficios y costos del enverdecimiento urbano. In: L. Krishnamurthy & J.R. Nascimento (Eds.), Areas verdes urbanas en Latinoamrica y el Caribe, (pp.17). Mxico: Centro de Agroforester para el Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad Autnoma de Chapingo. 6. Rappe, E. (2005). The influence of a green environment and horticultural activities on the subjective well-being of the elderly living in long-term care. University of Helsinki Department of Applied Biology Publication, no.24. Helsinki, Finland: Yliopistopaino. 7. Relf, P. D., (2006). Farming for health. In: J. Hassink & M. Dijk (Eds.), Theoretical models for

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10. Ulrich, R. S. & Simons, R. F. (1986). "Recovery from Stress During Exposure to Everyday Outdoor Environments., In: J. Wineman, R. Barnes & C. Zimring (Eds.), The cost of not knowing: proceedings of the seventeenth annual conference of the environmental design research association. Washington, D.C : Environmental Design Research Association. 11. Jackson, S. A. & Eklund, R. C. (2004). The Flow Scales Manual. WV, USA: Publishers Graphics.

Journal Articles1. Abbott, G., Cochran, V. & Clair, A. A. (1997). Innovation in intergenerational programs for persons who are elderly: the role of horticultural therapy in a multidisciplinary approach. Activities, Adaptation & Aging. 22(1/2), 27-37. 2. Bialeschki, M. D. & Henderson, K. (1986). Leisure in the common world of women. Leisure Studies. 5, 299-308. 3. Brascamp, W. & Kidd, J. L. (2004). Contribution of plants to the well-being of retirement home residents. Acta Horticulturae, 639, 145-150. 4. Caltabiano, M. L. (1994). Measuring the similarity among leisure activities based on a perceived stress-reduction benefit. Leisure Studies, 13, 17-31. 5. Chalker-Scott, L. & Collman, S. J. (2006). Washington states master gardener program: 30 years of leadership in university-sponsored, volunteer-coordinated, sustainable community horticulture. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14, 988-993. 6. Chen, H., (2000). Exploring Web users' optimal flow experiences. Information Technology & People, 13(4), 263-281. 7. Chen, H., Wigand, R. T. & Nilan, M. S. (1999). Optimal experience of Web activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 585-608. 8. Clark, G. S. & Haworth, T. J., (1994). Flow experience in the daily lives of sixth-form college student. British Journal of Psychology, 85, 511-523. 9. Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 815-822 10. Eillis, D. G., Voelki, E. J. & Morris, C. (1994). Measurement and analysis issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the flow model. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(4), 337-356. 11. Ellison, E. (2005). Leisure in focus. International Congress Series, 1282, 841-845. 12. Frumkin, H. (2001). Beyond toxicity-human health and the natural environment. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 20(3), 234-240. 13. Ghani, J. A. & Deshpande, S. P. (1994). Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in human-computer interaction. The Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 381-391. 14. Gough, W. C. (1986). A growing interest. The American Journal of Nursing, 86(2), 165-166.

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15. Haase, A., Steptoe, A., Sallis, JF. & Wardle, J. (2004). Leisure-time physical activity in university students from 23 countries: associations with health beliefs, risk awareness, and national economic development. Preventive Medicine, 39, 182-190. 16. Hartig, T., Evans, G. W., Jamner, L. D., Davis, D. S. & Grling, T. (2003). Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 109-123. 17. Hazen, T. M., (1997). Horticultural therapy in the skilled nursing facility. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 22(1/2), 39-60. 18. Hoffman, L. D. & Novak, P. T. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(July), 50-68. 19. Jackson, S. A. & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of scale to measure optimal experience: the flow stats scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 17-35. 20. Jarrot, S. & Gigliotti, C. (2004). From the garden to the table: Evaluation of a dementia-specific HT program. Acta Horticulturae, 639, 139-144. 21. Jones, I. (2000). A model of serious leisure identification: the case of football fandom. Leisure Studies, 19, 283-298. 22. Kaplan, R. (1972). 145162. 23. Kerrigan, J. & Stevenson, N. C. (1997). Behavioral study of youth and elders in a intergenerational horticultural program. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 22(1/2), 141-153. 24. Marsh, H. W., & Jackson, S. A. (1999). Flow experience in sport: Construct validation of multidimensional, hierarchical state and trait responses. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(4), 343-371. 25. McGuire, D. L. (1997). Implementing horticultural therapy into a geriatric long-term care facility. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 22(1/2), 61-80. 26. Montao, O. J. F., Dibble, E. D., Jackson, D. C. & Rundle, K. R. (2005). Angling assessment of the fisheries of Humacao Natural Reserve lagoon system, Puerto Rico. Fisheries Research, 76, 81-90. 27. Neulinger, J. (1982). Leisure lack and the quality of life: The broadening scope of the leisure professional, Leisure Studies, 1, 53-63. 28. Pachana, N. A., McWha, J. L. & Arathoon, M. (2003). Passive therapeutic gardens. A study on an inpatient geriatric ward. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29(5), 4-10. 29. Pearce, J., Ainley, M. & Howard, S., (2004). The ebb and flow of online learning. Computers in Human Behavior, in press. 30. Pilke, E. M. (2004). Flow experience in information technology use. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 61, 347-357. 31. Polaine, A. (2005). The flow principle in interactivity. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 123, 151-158. Some psychological benefits of gardening. Environment and Behaviour, 5,

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32. Privette, G. (1981). Dynamics of Peak Performance. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 21(1), 57-67. 33. Privette, G. (1983). Peak experience, peak performance, and flow: a comparative analysis of positive human experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(6), 1361-1368. 34. Privette, G., & Bundrick, M. C. (1987). Measurement of experience: construct and content validity of the experience questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65(1), 315-332. 35. Relf, D. (1992). Human issues in horticulture. HortTechnology, 2(2), 159-171. 36. Relf, P. D. (1973). Horticulture: a therapeutic tool. Journal of Rehabilitation, 39(1), 27-29. 37. Robertson, J. F. (1988). Benefits of using long-term care facilities nursing community health clinical experiences. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 5(2), 109-117. 38. Salazar, S. S. & Menedez, L. G. (2007), Estimating the non-market benefits of an urban park: does proximity matter? Land Use Policy, 24, 296-305. 39. Sarno, M. T. & Chambers, N. (1997). A horticultural therapy program for individuals with acquired aphasia. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 22(1/2), 81-91. 40. Sheridan, M. & Byrne, C. (2002). Ebb and flow of assessment in music. British Journal of Music Education, 19(2), 135-143. 41. Shermana, S. A., Varnib, J. W., Ulrichc, R. S. & Malcarned, V. L. (2005). Post-occupancy evaluation of healing gardens in a pediatric cancer center. Landscape and Urban Planning, 73, 167-183. 42. Simth, D. J. & McCllion, P. (1997). Alleviating stress for family caregivers of frail elders horticultural therapy. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 22(1/2), 93-105. 43. Singh-Manoux, A., Richards, M. & Marmot, M. (2003). Leisure activities and cognitive function in middle age: evidence from the Whitehall II study. J. Epidemiol Community Health, 57, 907-913. 44. Sjolie, A. N. & Thuen, F. (2002). School journeys and leisure activities in rural and urban adolescents in Norway. Health Promotion International, 17(1), 21-30. 45. Skadberg, Y. X., & Kimmel, J. R. (2004). Visitors flow experience while browsing a Web site: its measurement, contributing factors and consequences. Computers in Human Behavior, 20, 403-422. 46. Skoumas, J., Pitsavos, C., Panagiotakos, D., Toutouza, M., Papaioannou, I., Zeimbekis, A., Stefanadis, C. & Toutouzas, P. (2002). The benefits from leisure time physical activity on anthropogenic and inflammatory markers, in a population-based radom sample of males and females: the attica study. 73rd European Atherosclerosis Society Congress(EAS Congress). Austria: Salzburg. 47. Sderback, I., Sderstrn, M. & Schlander, E. (2004). Horticultural therapy: the healing garden and gardening in rehabilitation measures at Danderyd Hospital Rehabilitation Clinic, Sweden. Taylor &Francis healthsciences, 7(4), 245-260. 48. Stein, K. L. (1997). Horticultural therapy in residential long-term careapplications from research on health, aging, and institutional life. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 22(1/2), 107-124.

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49. Tinsley, H.E., Teaff, J.D.,Colbs, S.L. & Kaufman, N. (1985). A system of classifying leisure activities in terms of the psychological benefits of participation reported by older persons. Journal of Gerontology, 49, 172-178. 50. Tinsley, H. E. A. & Tinsley, D. J. (1986). A theory of the attributes, benefits and causes of leisure experience, Leisure Sciences, 8(1), 1-45. 51. Tinsley, H. E. A., Tinsley, D. J. & Croskeys, C. E. (2002). Park usage, social milieu, and psychosocial benefits of park use reported by older urban park users from four ethnic groups. Leisure Sciences, 24, 199-218. 52. Trevino, L. K. & Webster, J. (1992). Flow in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 19(5), 539-573. 53. Ulrich, R. S. (1991). Effects of interior design on wellness: Theory and recent scientific research. Journal of Health Care Interior Design, 3, 97-109. 54. Voelkl, J. E. & Ellis, G. D. (1998). Measuring flow experinces in daily life: An examination of the items used to measure chanllenge and skill. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(3), 380-389. 55. Webster, S. A., Trevino, K. L., & Ryan, L. (1993). The dimensionality and correlates of flow in human-computer interactions. Computer in Human Behavior, 9(4), 411-426. 56. Wolschke-Bulmahn, J. & Grning, G. (1994). Children's comics: an opportunity for education to know and to care for nature? Childrens Environments, 11(3), 79-95.

Electronic Resources1. Bloom, A. J. & Skutnick-Henley, P., 2005. Facilitating flow experiences among musicians. American Music Teacher. Apr.-May. 2007/1/15 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2493/is%20_s_54/ai_n13629138/pg-1

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(Flow Experience)

1.() ( ...) (...) (...) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4.

98

5. 6. 7. 8. ( ) 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.99

( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 1. 2.20 21~30 31~40 41~50 51~60 61 () 3. () 4. ____ 5. _______

~~

100