54f29a5.Irrigation System of Pak

64 Irrigation System of Pakistan

5. IRRIGATION SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN

5.1 INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM The Indus is one of the biggest rivers of the world and the valleys of the Indus and its tributaries constitute the heartland of Pakistan. Indus Plain is a vast flat plain through which the Indus and its tributaries flow, after descending from the northern hills and before falling into the Arabian Sea. The average annual rainfall in the Indus Plain irrigated areas, stretching from below the Salt Range to the Arabian Sea, varies from 102 mm (4 inches) to 600 mm (24 inches) and agriculture cannot be practiced in these areas without irrigation. As such a vast irrigation system has been developed in the Indus Plain and irrigated agriculture on a large scale is being practiced in this plain. The water resources of the other two basins of the country namely Kharan Closed Basin and Makran Coastal Basin, are extremely limited. The Indus Plain is considered to be the bread basket of Pakistan. Irrigated agriculture provides 90 percent of Pakistan’s food requirements, 22 percent of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provides employment to 60 percent of the population of the country. Irrigation has been practiced in the Indus Basin since times immemorial. However irrigation methods have changed with the passage of time and development of new technologies. It changed the form of open wells, persian wells and inundation canals to the weir controlled perennial irrigation canals and the diesel/ electric motor operated shallow and deep tubewells.

5.2 IRRIGATION NETWORK The canal command area was 10.35 Mha (25.56 MAc) at the time of independence. After the creation of Pakistan new irrigation systems were developed. Jinnah Barrage was completed in 1947, Kotri Barrage in 1955, Taunsa Barrage in 1959, Guddu Barrage in 1962 and Chashma Barrage in 1971. Construction of new irrigation systems has brought more area under irrigation and has resulted in the increase of the canal command area from 10.35 Mha (25.56 MAc) to 14.02 Mha (34.63 MAc) which means an increase of 35 percent over the area in 1947.

Table 13: Irrigation Network of Pakistan

Item Description Major Reservoirs 3 No. Barrages / Headworks 18 No. Link Canals 12 No. Canal Systems 45 No. Length of Watercourses 107,000 km Length of Canals 56,073 km Average Canal Water Diversion 104.7 MAF Groundwater Abstractions 41.6 MAF Tubewells 1000,000 No. Irrigated Area 44.5 Million acres

Source: WAPDA, 2010

The irrigation network (Table 13) at present comprises three major reservoirs (total number of large dams in Pakistan is 68) and 18 barrages on the main rivers with a total off‐take canals capacity of 7,376 cumecs (nearly 260,446 cusecs) of irrigation supplies. In addition, there are 12 inter‐river link canals with a capacity of about 4,076 cumecs (144,000 cfs) which transfer water from surplus to deficient areas. The network is now over 56,073 kms

65 Handbook on Water Statistics of Pakistan

(34,821 mi) of irrigation canals 18,884 kms (11,736 mi) of seepage‐cum‐storm water drains and 12,612 km (7,838 miles) of the canals in the Indus Plain. The network of canals is composed of 45 independent canal commands supplying water to some 4,000 distributaries, ultimately dividing into 107,000 watercourses serving 14.6 Mha (36 MAc) of canal irrigated land. The schematic diagram of Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is shown in Figure 29.

Figure 29: Indus Basin Irrigation System


5.3 RESERVOIRS There are two main storage dams on the Indus River System, the Tarbela Dam on the main stem of the Indus River and Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River, having a combined (current) live storage capacity of 14.42 BCM (11.65 MAF). A third reservoir, Chashma, with a live storage capacity of approximately 0.4 BCM (0.26 MAF), serves primarily as a regulation facility. These reservoirs play a key role in regulating natural flows, and in making releases to better match the seasonal water needs of irrigated agriculture in the country. About 77 percent of water stored in Kharif is used in Rabi, while the remaining 23 percent is used almost equally to supplement flows during early Kharif (from April to June) and late Kharif (September). Capacity of major reservoirs is given in Table 14.

Table 14: Capacity of Major Reservoirs (MAF)

RESERVOIR ORIGINAL PRESENT (2011) LOSS

Gross Live Dead Gross Live Dead Gross Live DeadTARBELA

(R.L 1378‐1550) feet

11.62 7.72 3.90 7.73 6.63 1.10 3.89 1.09 2.80

MANGLA (R.L 1040‐1210)

6.41 5.87 0.54 5.12 5.02 0.10 1.29 0.85 0.44

CHASHMA (R.L 637‐649)

0.87 0.72 0.15 0.32 0.26 0.06 0.55 0.45 0.09

TOTAL 18.90 14.31 4.59 13.18 11.91 1.27 5.72 2.40 3.32

Source: WAPDA (2010)

The original combined live storage capacity of 14.31 MAF of Tarbela, Mangla and Chashma reservoirs has reduced to 11.91 MAF by the year 2011, a reduction of 2.90 MAF on account of siltation, which is about 20 percent of the capacity at the time of commissioning. The storage capacity is likely to further reduce to 10.0 MAF by the year 2025. At the sedimentation of the reservoir is taking place, it is resulting in reduced regulation capability and hence progressively decreased water availability for irrigation use.

5.4 BARRAGES Barrages have been constructed on all major rivers to head‐up waters in the rivers and to enable water to be diverted to link canals and canal commands. The design discharges of barrages are given in Table 15.

Table 15: Design Discharges of Control Points of Indus River System

Structures Designed Capacity (cusecs)

River Indus Tarbela Reservoir 15,00,000 Jinnah 9,50,000 Chashma 9,50,000 Taunsa 11,00,000 Guddu 12,00,000 Sukkur 15,00,000


Structures Designed Capacity (cusecs)

Kotri 8,75,000 River Kabul

Warsak / Nowshera 5,40,000 River Jhelum

Mangla Reservoir 10,60,000 Rasul 8,50,000

River Chenab Marala 11,00,000 Khanki 8,00,000 Qadirabad 8,07,000 Trimmu 6,45,000 Panjnad 7,00,000

River Ravi Jassar 2,75,000 Shahdra 2,50,000 Balloki 2,25,000 Sidhnai 1,50,000

River Sutlej Suleimanki 3,25,000 Islam 3,00,000

Source: WAPDA ‐ 2010

5.5 LINK CANALS There are 12 inter‐river (link) canals with discharge capacities ranging from 142 to 624 m3/sec (5,000 to 22,000 cusecs). The Link canals play a vital role in the regulation of irrigation water in the IBIS. The Marala‐Ravi (M‐R) Link Canal and the Upper Chenab Canal (UCC) transfer water from the Chenab River to the Ravi River. The UCC is a perennial canal, as well as an inter‐river link. The BRBD (Bambanwala Ravi‐Bedian –Dipalpur) Link Canal off‐takes from UCC, supplies irrigation water to the Central Bari Doab Canal (CBDC) and the Upper Dipalpur Canal which were previously fed from Ferozepur Barrage near India border. The Rasul‐Qadirabad‐Balloki‐Suleimanki (RQBS) and the Trimmu‐Sidhnai‐Mailsi‐Bahawal (TSMB) Canal Systems were constructed as a sequel to the signing of the Indus Basin Treaty between Pakistan and India. The purpose was to supply irrigation water, from the Western Rivers to the canal systems that were previously fed from the Eastern Rivers whose waters became exclusive property of India.

The Balloki‐Sulemanki part of the RQBS system is further divided into BS‐I and BS‐II link canals. The RQBS System draws its water from the Rasul Barrage, while the TSMB System gets its share from Trimmu Barrage and feeds a number of canals that it crosses between Ravi and Sutlej Rivers. After crossing Sutlej River through Mailsi Syphon under the river bed, it delivers water in the Lower Bahawal System. The Taunsa Panjnad Link Canal delivers water to the Panjnad Canals. The Haveli Link Canal, which also off‐takes from Trimmu, is one of the oldest link canals of the system alongwith UCC and UJC. It was built to augment the water supplies of Sidhnai Canal off‐taking from the Ravi River at Sidhnai Barrage. Some of these link canals, in addition to transferring water from one river system to another, also supply irrigation water to either one or a number of irrigation channels off‐taking directly from the


links. Such irrigation withdrawals are designated as internal uses and include MR Internal, UCC Internal, BRBD Internal (Raya Branch), and the Haveli Internal. The aggregate designed capacity of link canal system is 4,078 m3/sec (144,000 cusecs). The newly constructed link canals as a result of Indus Basin Treaty of 1960 under Indus Basin Projects are detailed in Table 16.

Table 16: Newly Constructed Link Canals of Punjab Irrigation System

Sr. No. Link Canal Rivers Year of Construction

Length (Miles)

Capacity (Cusecs)

1 Chashma – Jhelum Link Indus – Jhelum 1970 63 21,700 2 Taunsa – Panjud Link Indus – Chenab 1970 38 12,000 3 Rasul – Qadirabad Link Jhelum Chenab 1967 30 19,000 4 Qadirabad – Balloki Link Chenab – Ravi 1967 80 18,600 5 Balloki – Suleimanki Link Ravi – Sutlej 1968 54 18,500 6 Trimmu – Sidhnai Link Chenab – Ravi 1965 46 11,000 7 Sidhnai – Mailsi – Bahawal Link Ravi – Sutlej 1965 62 10,100

Source: Irrigation & Power Department, Government of Punjab (2010)

5.6 IRRIGATION SYSTEM OF PUNJAB The irrigation infrastructure of Punjab comprises 3993 miles long 25 main and branch canals along with 19,191 miles long Distributaries and Minors. As a whole, the total length of inter‐river link canals is 528 miles. The total off‐take capacity of main canals is 1.2 lakh cusecs and link canals’ 1.1 lakh cusecs. There are 58,000 outlets installed in these water channels for the purpose of irrigation whereas Gross Command Area is 23.35 million acres and Culturable Command Area is 20.78 million acres in the province. There are 13 Headworks/ Barrages which are very helpful to ensure water supply in all the cultivable lands of Punjab and therefore, becomes the base of the largest irrigation system of the world. The irrigation system of the Punjab is shown in Figure 30. The irrigation system network of the Punjba and its design discharges are described in Table 17 & 18 respectively.

Table 17: Irrigation Network of Punjab

Head works & Barrages 13 No.

Main Canals 25 No.

Length of Main Canals and Branches 6,389 Kms

Length of Distributaries & Minor Canals 30,706 Kms

Length of Inter River Link Canals 845 Kms

Off Take Capacity of Main Canals 120,000 cusecs

Off Take Capacity of Link Canals 110,000 cusecs

Gross Command Area 23.35 million acres

Source: Irrigation Department, Govt. of Punjab – 2010


Figure 30: Irrigation System of Punjab


Table 18: Design Discharge of Canal System of Punjab

Sr. No. Canal Year of Construction

CCA (Acres)

Discharge Capacity (Cusecs)

1 Upper Jhelum 1915 544,000 8,700 2 Lower Jhelum 1901 1,518,000 5,300 3/4 Upper Chenab/BRBD 1912/1956 1,441,000 16,500/7,200 5 M.R. Link 1956 158,000 1,400 6 Lower Bari Doab 1859 659,000 2,500 7 Lower Chenab 1892 3,054,000 11,700 8 CBDC 1913 1,670,000 9,200 9 Upper Depalpur 1928 350,000 2,400 10 Pakpattan 1927 1,049,000 5,200 11 Muzaffargarh 1958 820,000 8,900 12 Thal 1947 1,912,000 7,500 13 Rangpur 1939 345,000 2,700 14 D.G. Khan 1958 906,000 8,300 15 Panjnud 1929 1,355,000 10,400 16 Abbassia 1929 154,000 1,300 17 Bahawal 1927 730,000 4,400

18/19 Qaim/Mailsi 1927/1928 1,036,000 500/4,900 20 Eastern Sadiqia 1926 1,052,000 5,800 21 Fordwah 1927 428,000 3,400 22 Lower Depalpur 1928 612,000 4,000

23/24 Sidhnai Canal /Haveli 1886/1939 1,017,000 4,000/5,200 Source: Irrigation & Power Department, Government of Punjab (2010)

5.6.1 Reforms in Irrigation Systems of Punjab Punjab Irrigation & Power Department (IPD) is undergoing a fast program of lining of irrigation channels for efficient and equitable distribution of water besides improving the huge irrigation sector which is more than a century old and therefore, the need was arisen to revamp and modernize the colossal network which is benefiting many a million farmers in the province and making it a virtual food basket of the whole country.

The provincial government launched massive overhauling of irrigation infrastructure. The various mega water sector projects relating to the rehabilitation of the canal infrastructure include, Rs. 30,996 million worth scheme of channels’ lining. This scheme is aimed at improving hydraulic performance of the system, maintaining equity of distribution, reducing maintenance needs to ensure substantial water conservation. Similarly, the project of irrigation system rehabilitation (ISPR) will provide equitable and assured water supply to the farmers, especially at the tails. This will be achieved through strengthening of canal banks and rehabilitation of hydraulic structures/ regulators. A project costing Rs. 19,519 million includes 25 different schemes and these schemes have been financed through public sector development program.


Keeping in view the importance of irrigation sector in the overall economy of the country, and the role played by the IPD, various international donor agencies like World Bank, ADB and JICA are also funding irrigation projects. JICA has financed Punjab Irrigation System improvement project in Bahawalpur, D.G. Khan and Faisalabad Zones. For the improvement of the oldest Lower Bari Doab Canal System in Punjab, Asian Development Bank and Government of Punjab have together launched the Lower Bari Doab Canal Improvement Project to maintain and enhance the water supply up to 1.7 million acres in the districts of Kasur, Okara, Sahiwal and Khanewal. This Project comprises of the rehabilitation and up‐gradation of Balloki Barrage Complex, On Farm and Ground Water Management, implementation of Institutional Reforms and the migration of environmental issues of the area. The total cost of the LBDCIP is Rs. 17, 176 million; out of which 77% is the share of ADB, while rest of the amount is shared by Punjab Government.

Keeping in view the changing patterns in water sector, growing needs of water utilization for food crops and the need to involve the farming community in the repairmen and maintenance of colossal irrigation infrastructure, the government of the Punjab embarked upon a major institutional reforms programme by involving decentralization and transformation of its colossal irrigation system. These institutional reforms were launched with the promulgation of Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority Act, 1997 by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab. World Bank provided loan for the reforms. Since then, the irrigation management transfer reforms are being managed by the Irrigation Department i.e., under public sector infrastructure.

The reforms in irrigation management mainly focus on decentralization, participatory management, improved services and sustainability of the infrastructure. Under the implementation of reforms process, the management functions of various entities are transformed and functions of Irrigation Department are shared by newly established institutions viz. Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority (PIDA) at provincial level (representation of farmers and the government), Area Water Boards (AWB) at Canal Command level, Farmer Organizations (FOs) at Distributaries level and Khal Panchayats (KP) at Watercourse level.

Under this new role, Irrigation Department has the responsibility of overall policy regulation and overseeing of reforms process. PIDA, as an autonomous entity, is responsible for all the functions of the Irrigation Department with emphasis on improving irrigation performance, optimizing water use efficiency, introducing the concept of participatory management, undertaking measures to improve assessment and collection of Abiana (water charges), and making the Authority self sustaining. The Area Water Board performs most of the above mentioned irrigation management functions at the Canal Command Level (CCL) and also adopts implementation programs aimed at promoting the formation and growth of Farmer Organizations. Farmer Organizations are the basic management unit and responsible to operate and manage the Distributaries in their jurisdiction, obtain irrigation water from the main canals and supply it to the farmers equitably, repair and maintain the channels/works & structures, resolve the water related disputes, and assess, collect & deposit the amount of water charges etc. The rivers, barrages and major canals of Punjab are sketched in the Figure 31.

With an amount of Rs. 9142 million, rehabilitation of Lower Chenab Canal System (Part‐B) Project is being implemented to revamp the Lower Gugera, Burala, Main Ali and Rakh Branches of the LCC System to maintain the water supply up to 1.69 million acre cultivable lands of Hafizabad, Sheikhupura, Nankana Sahib, Faisalabad and T.T Singh districts of Punjab. Japan Bank for International Cooperation contributed 72.6% cost of the project, while the rest of 27.4% share is financed by Government of the Punjab. The LCC rehabilitation project will help to rehabilitate the 381 km long Branch canals, 1501 km Distributaries and Minors including 994 KM lining. There will also be 231 new bridges constructed or replaced with the old ones. Likewise, 188 new Cattle Ghat will also be constructed under this project. The project deadline has been declared March 31, 2013 (The Pakistan Spectator, 2011).


Figure 31: Punjab Irrigation System


5.7 IRRIGATION SYSTEM OF SINDH Irrigation in Sindh has a history of several thousand years. Indus River is flowing since millions of years. The Indus civilization is the richest and one of the oldest in the world. Irrigation canal systems were extended and improved during the late 1800s. A major program for improvement and construction of new inundations canals was undertaken in the later half of the nineteenth century when construction of barrages was started in 1924. Barrage commanded irrigation was introduced with the construction of Sukkur Barrage system in 1932 commanding a gross area of some eight million acres on the left bank of the River Indus. Kotri Barrage and Guddu Barrage were completed in 1955 and 1962 respectively. The irrigation map of Sindh is shown in Figure 32. A schematic diagram of the irrigation system in Sindh is given as Figure 33.

Figure 32: Sindh Irrigation System


5.7.1 Salient Features of Irrigation System in Sindh The salient features of irrigation system in Sindh are as below:

• Total gross command area (GCA) is 14.391 million acres

• Barrages: 03 No.

• Main Canals: 14 No.

• Branch canals, distributaries and minors: 1462 No.

• Watercourses: 42000 No.

• More than 95% of the irrigation is from canal water.

• The system runs 13234 miles in form of main canals, branch canals, distributor canals and minor canals.

• Approx 80% of the area is underlain by saline groundwater

• Apart from irrigation system, Sindh has drainage system which as such is not contiguous and integrated. There are 13 existing surface drainage systems in Sindh, which serve a total area of over 6.2 Million acres (2.5 Mha) and have an aggregate length of about 2,981 miles (4,800 Km).

• In addition there are two sub‐surface drainage systems, which serve an area of 0.10 Million acres (0.04 Mha).

Figure 33: Schematic Diagram of the Irrigation System in Sindh


5.8 IRRIGATION SYSTEM OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA (KPK) Irrigation system of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa comprises of ten canal systems with total length of 1847 miles and total discharge of 12,948 cusecs. These canal systems are listed in Table 19 while Table 20 shows the existing irrigation infrastructure of the province. A map of Irrigation system in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is given in Figure 34. (GoKPK, 2009)

Table 19: The main canal systems in KPK

Sr. No. Name Length (Miles) Discharge (Cusec)

1. Upper Swat Canal system 526 3600 2 Lower Swat Canal System 193 1940 3. Pehur Main Canal System 76 250 4. Pehur High Level Canal System 16 1000 5. Warsak Canal System 124 595 6. Kabul River Canals System 76 800 7. Tanda Dam Canals System 56 363 8. Marwat Canal System 167 800 9 CRBC 453 3000 10. Bannu Canal System 160 600

Total 1847 12,948

Table 20: Existing Irrigation Infrastructure in KPK

Sr. No. Item Description

1. Flow Irrigation Schemes (Nos) 83

2. Length of Canals (Km) 4335

3. Lift Irrigation Schemes (Nos) 45

4. Storage Dams (Nos) 14

5. Irrigation Tubewells (Nos) 356

6. SCARP Tubewells/Dugwells (Nos) 606

7. CCA (Million acres) under the canals , Tubewells, Lift Irrigation scheme and Dams

2.285

8. Water share in the 1991 Accord (maf) 8.78 (7.5%) of share

9. Average withdrawals (maf) 6.00 (68.34%)

10. Private Tubewells (Nos) 14,000

11. Surface Drains (Km) 2818

12. Sub‐Surface Drains (Km) 2045

13. Flood Protection embankment & spurs (Kms) 332


Figure 34: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigation System

5.9 IRRIGATION SYSTEM OF BALOCHISTAN Irrigation resources in Balochistan are extremely scarce and virtually every perennial source is already being utilized. Irrigation water is derived from surface water sources, such as flood flows and perennial base flow in the rivers, sub‐surface flow through the river gravels, springs and ground water resources through the development of traditional “karezes”, shallow dug wells and deep tubwells. The surface water resources of the Balochistan constitute 96% of the total water resources available per annum. Average annual water budget of Balochistan is given in Table 21.

Table 21: Average Annual Water Budget of Balochistan

Sr. No. Particular Water (billion m³) Water (MAF)

Available Water Resources

1 Surface water (Indus river perennial) 4.77 3.87

2 Surface water (Indus river non‐perennial) 5.72 4.64

3 Surface water (Floods and Runoff) 15.88 12.87

4 Groundwater 1.07 0.87

Total Available Water 27.44 22.25


Sr. No. Particular Water (billion m³) Water (MAF)

Water Use




Total Water Use 8.04 6.54

Balance Available


10 Surface water (Indus river non‐perennial) 5.72 4.64



Total Balance Left 19.40 15.71

Source: Irrigation and Power Department, Balochistan – 2006

5.9.1 Patfeeder Canal System Prior to construction of Guddu Barrage, a small part of Nasirabad district of Balochistan was getting water from inundation canals of river Indus. But after construction of Guddu Barrage in 1969, a separate canal in the name of Patfeeder was constructed with a head discharge of 90 m³/sec (3,200 cusecs). Originally the capacity of canal was designed for dry cropping systems, but later on people changed their cropping pattern from dry to paddy (Rice); consequently the shortage of irrigation water was felt at tails. The Rehabilitation and Improvement of the canal was eventually carried out and was completed by WAPDA in 1998 with joint financing of Government of Pakistan and Asian Development bank. Under this project capacity of the canal was increased from 90 to 190 m³/sec (3,200 to 6,700 cusecs).

The Desert Canal System of Sindh Province off takes from Guddu Barrage, and the bifurcates into Desert canal and Patfeeder canal, with 13 numbers distributaries and 6 numbers main regulators serve the command area. The maximum capacity of the Patfeeder Canal is 190 m³/sec (6,700 cusecs) and irrigated an area of 185,300 ha (458,000 acres). There is a proposal for remodeling of the main canal to 240 m³/sec (8,400 cusecs) for serving an additional area of 65,000 ha (160,000 acres). The canal command area has a drainage network of 176 main and sub‐drains for control of water tables and to function as seepage cum surface drains.

5.9.2 Kirther Canal System Kirther canal off takes from Northwestern canal of Sindh Province at a distance of 58 km (36 miles) downstream from Sukkur Barrage. It was constructed in 1932 for a designed capacity of 33 m³/sec (1164 cusecs) for supplying irrigation water to both Balochistan and Sindh Provinces. After remodeling of the system, at present Kirther canal system operate at maximum capacity of about 68 m³/sec (2,400 cusecs) irrigating an area of 75,300 ha (186,000 acres). Besides the canal command area, it also provides irrigation supplies for 32,400 ha (80,000 acres) to “Baroon” (outside command) area during Rabi season. The Kirther canal system has 8 No. distributaries with 9 No. minors. The network system has a reliability and equity problem due to inter‐provincial distribution. The operation and maintenance budget provided for the year 2005‐06 is Rs. 7.5 million against proposed Yardstick of Rs. 11.94 million.


5.9.3 Lasbela Canal System The main canal off takes from Hub Dam Reservoir and is 5 miles in length with a capacity of 370 cusecs and bifurcates into two canals i.e. the Lasbela and Karachi canal. The Lasbela canal is 21.28 miles in length and is designed to take 170 cusecs to irrigate 1000 acres in Sindh and 21,000 acres in Balochistan. This irrigation canal supplies water to the Hub irrigated area and also to industrial area located around Hub city. The operation and maintenance of Lasbela canal as well as distributaries canal (minors) are the responsibility of the Irrigation and Power Department, Government of Balochistan.

Figure 35: Balochistan Irrigation System

In addition to the Indus Basin, approximately 13 river basins can be identified throughout Balochistan. Most river of the hill torrents and small streams, which only have surface flows after intense rain storms. The province only has a few perennial rivers which has a base flow more than 1000 liters per second. According to their drainage pattern, the perennial rivers can be divided into four groups (IIMI, 1998).

1. The Kacchi Plain drainage with Nari, Sukleji, Mula, Chakkar, Lehri, Bolan and Karkh as the main rivers.

2. The Indus drainage with the Zhob River.

3. The Arabian Sea drainage mainly through Dasht, Hingol, Porali, Hub and Winder Rivers.

4. The Kharan Desert drainage with Mashkai, Baddo and Morjan rivers.

The total estimated irrigable land in Balochsitan is some 1,520,000 ha, of which 330,000 ha (22%) is irrigated by flood diversion systems, 640,000 ha (42%) by water harvesting and 550,000 ha (36%) by perennial irrigation.


5.9.4 Rodkohi / Flood Irrigation Flood irrigation, locally known as sailaba or manda sailaba, is widely practiced in the Province and different techniques have evolved over the centuries to utilize flood water for irrigation. Flood events normally have a short duration with a rapid rise and swift recession to zero flow. The flow magnitude is extremely variable between events and there is little uniformity in the number of events that may occur in any given year. Consequently, the inter‐annual variability of flow volumes is great and flood irrigation is associated with a high degree of uncertainty.

The basic principal involves the diversion of flood water from the river to the command area, where it is conveyed into large bunded basins to a depth of 60 to 90 centimeters (2 to 3 feet) and allowed to infiltrate into the soil. Suitable soils for flood irrigation are deep and fine textured and they have a high moisture retention capacity in order to store sufficient water within the soil profile to mature a drought tolerant crop, such as wheat and sorghum. Because of the short flashy nature of the floods, the volumes of water that have to be diverted are considerable in order to irrigate a sizeable area.

Two methods of diversion have been developed in the Province. The first method consists of the construction of a bund or ghanda across the river to increase the upstream water level and divert the flow into the flood channel. Usually, there is no provision for a spillway and as the flood rises the bund is either deliberately breached or fails due to overtopping. The second method uses a spur constructed partially across the river to divert a portion of the flood flow into the conveyance system. Large flood flows normally breach the ghanda or wash away the diversion spurs before sufficient water has reached the command area and it is often not possible to re‐build the diversion structure during the same flood season. Consequently, only a limited portion of the total command area can be brought under cultivation.

Both of these methods require considerable labor input by the farmers to maintain and/or to reconstruct the bunds after every major flood. The frequent reconstruction of the diversion structure and the operation and maintenance of the large distribution system, which often extends over an area of many thousands of acres, requires a strong and effective organization among the fanners. Costs are normally shared on the basis of benefits received, which depends on the elevation of individual land holdings and their proximity to the water supply.

In the major flood irrigation areas, complex relationships have evolved between villages sharing the same flood source. Often agreements are made to ensure that the upstream abstractors, who take the spate waters first, are obliged to deliberately break their bund after a certain period of time, releasing the remainder of the spate flow for diversion, in turn, by the communities further downstream. Within individual flood irrigation schemes, regulations have evolved to govern the distribution of available flood water in order to ensure an equitable distribution. In the past, these rules were strictly enforced by traditional rulers. However, the declining power of tribal leaders has led in some areas to a breakdown in the traditional operation rules, which is depriving downstream users of their share of the available flood water and they are often forced to seek redress in the courts or appeal directly to the local administration. The problem is further aggravated by the increasing use of tractors and bulldozers, allowing famers to build higher and stronger bunds than was previously possible with simple oxen drawn dam scoops.

5.9.5 Water Harvesting Water harvesting, locally called khushkaba, has been practiced for hundreds of years and it is basically a small scale version of flood irrigation where localized surface runoff is diverted into basins. Because the catchment areas tend to be very small, the risks involved are considerable, although it is nonetheless more reliable than just rain fed (barani) agriculture."


5.9.6 Perennial Irrigation Perennial irrigation in the Province can be sub‐divided into large scale river and canal systems and small scale or minor irrigation systems.

Large Scale River and Canal Systems This form of irrigation is restricted primarily to the canal irrigated districts of Nasirabad and Jaffarabad, which are fed by the Pat Feeder, Desert and Khirthar Canal systems, emanating from the Gudu and Sukkur Barrages on the Indus River, respectively. Both systems are operated and maintained by the Provincial Irrigation Department down to the minor off‐takes and the farmers within the watercourse command area are responsible for the water distribution and the maintenance of the command area channels. Water distribution is based on the warabandi, or fixed rotation system, with proportional division down to the minor off‐takes and time division within the watercourse command area.

These large scale river and canal irrigated areas account for 285,000 ha or 19% of the estimated potential irrigable area in the Province. A number of development projects, such as the Pat Feeder Canal Rehabilitation Project, are currently being executed.

Minor Irrigation Systems Small scale or minor irrigation systems in the Province derive water from both surface and ground water sources. Perennial water sources are relatively small with base flows rarely exceeding 1 cumec (35 cusecs) and most are less than 0.1 cumec (3.5 cusecs). The larger systems are associated with the diversion of water from perennial rivers, such as the Nari, Hid and Zhob. Some of these systems have been developed by the colonial powers during the early part of this century. Larger systems are operated and maintained by the Provincial Irrigation Department in the same way as the large scale canal systems.

About 265,000 ha, or 17% of the total estimated potential irrigable area in Balochistan, is under command of minor irrigation systems.

5.10 CIVIL CANALS IRRIGATION SYSTEM In addition to 45 Main Canals there are also some smaller canal systems called Civil Canals (Private) in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). The irrigation water uses in these systems are, of course, considered in the overall management of the IBIS and their shares (water rights) have been duly established in the Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) of 1991.

5.11 CROP PRODUCTIVITY FROM IRRIGATION SYSTEM The crop productivity is, however, very low as majority of the farmers are still practicing traditional farming techniques. Moreover, the cost of production has increased many times due to rising prices of fuel and other agricultural inputs (Gill, 2000). The existing conservative production technologies do not offer effective and efficient utilization of natural resources, particularly that of water. Extremely low efficiency of input use has led to wastage and depletion of natural resources besides environmental degradation (Hobbs et al., 1997). There is huge scope to increase the average yield of major crops by improving the supply of canal water and other necessary input of crop production. The area under major crops and average yields for the above irrigation system of the country is given in Table 22.


Table 22: Historical Data of Major Crop Production & Yields

Crop / Period Area (ha) Production (tons) Yield/ha (kg) WHEAT

1947‐48 3,954,000 3,354,000 8481999‐2000 8,463,000 21,078,000 2,491

Percent Increase 214 628 294RICE

1947‐48 790,000 693,000 8771999‐2000 2,515,000 5,156,000 2,050

Percent Increase 318 744 234SUGARCANE

1947‐48 189,000 5,529,000 29,1941999‐2000 1,030,000 4,837,000 47,000

Percent Increase 544 875 161Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 1999‐2000, Islamabad

5.12 CANAL DIVERSIONS The diversions to the canal system of the Indus Plain are governed by one international treaty (The Indus Water Treaty) between India and Pakistan and one accord (The Water Apportionment Accord) between the four provinces of Pakistan namely KPK, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan.

5.12.1 Canal Water Distribution as a result of Indus Water Treaty Under Indus Water Treaty, India is entitled to the exclusive use of the three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas and Sutlej) while three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab) are earmarked for use by Pakistan. A system of storages, 8 inter‐river link Canals and five (5) Barrages have been constructed to transfer water from western rivers to the eastern rivers to meet the need of the areas irrigated by eastern rivers.

5.12.2 Water Apportionment Accord Distribution of Indus Water among the provinces of Pakistan is governed by the Water Apportionment Accord. The province‐wise seasonal allocations as per the Water Apportionment Accord (1991) are given in Table 23.

Table 23: Province‐wise water allocation under Water Apportionment Accord

Province Kharif Rabi Total

BCM MAF BCM MAF BCM MAFKPK (A) 4.28 3.48 2.83 2.39 7.11 5.78

KPK(B) 2,21 1.80 1.28 1.20 3.69 3.00

Punjab 45.60 33.07 23.21 18.87 68.81 55.94

Sindh 41.75 33.94 18.23 14.82 59.98 48.76

Balochistan 3.51 2.85 1.25 1.02 4.76 3.87

Total 118.14 75.14 46.8 38.30 144.35 117.35 Source: Water Apportionment Accord (1991)


The balance of river supplies, including flood storages, is to be distributed in the ratio of KPK 14 percent, Punjab 37 percent, Sindh 37 percent and Balochistan 12 percent.

The Water Apportionment Accord

Surface water developments after the final commissioning of the Tarbela Dam Project in 1977, were almost stalled due to the non‐resolution of the inter‐provincial water dispute. The country underwent a one and a half decade long crisis related to irrigation supplies and hydropower generation before reaching consensus. Load‐shedding and irregular agriculture produce was observed during this period. An inter‐provincial agreement became essential to solve the longstanding dispute of canal water uses, shares in the river supplies and surplus flows in the form of floods, etc. An agreement called the "Apportionment of the Water of the Indus River System between Provinces" was arrived upon, which had two important features; (i) It protected the existing uses of canal water in each province.(ii) It apportions the balance of river supplies, including flood surpluses and future storages among the provinces.

5.13 WATER SUPPLY AT FARM GATE The annual water flow diversion to canal head of Pakistan is about 104 MAF. According to the various studies regarding water losses in canal system about 20 MAF water is lost upto the watercourse head. Further 40 percent of the supplies at watercourse head are lost in the watercourses system of Pakistan, resulting 48 MAF of irrigation water to be available at the farm‐gate.

5.14 SECTOR WISE WATER UTILIZATION The sector‐wise water consumption and distribution in the country is shown in Table 24.

Table 24: Sector‐wise water utilization

S. No. Water Usage Percentage (%)

1 Agriculture 92

2 Domestic 05

3 Industrial 03

Source: Task Force on Climate Change ‐ 2010

5.15 WETLANDS Some twenty years after Pakistan’s independence, an exploration sponsored by WWF—UK revealed that wildlife and wetlands resources in Pakistan were severely threatened and, in most areas, declining in condition. The expedition report prepared by Mountfort (1967) recommended that a range of wetland sites be declared Protected Areas. Other early efforts included extensive surveys made by Savage (1967‐ 1970) and Koning (1970, 1976, 1987 and 1989).

Koning’s field work was supported by the International Wetlands Research Bureau (IWRB) and he made the first ever effort to train provincial conservation staff in waterfowl identification. Pakistan ratified the Ramsar Convention in 1975 and, simultaneously, nine wetland sites were somewhat hastily recognized by the Ramsar Bureau as being of international importance. Early inventory work tended to be confined to readily accessible wetland sites, In 1980, IUCN compiled A Directory of Wetlands of International Importance in the Western Palaearctic. This was followed by the International Council for Bird Preservation’s preliminary Inventory of


Wetlands in East Asia. The Directory of Asian Wetlands prepared by Scott (1989) listed 52 sites in Pakistan, based on the work of the NCCW and other agencies. Scott and Poole (1989) subsequently compiled an overview of important wetlands in Asia that featured some of the resources in Pakistan. In 1987 Wetlands International (WI) initiated a mid winter waterfowl census in the region and government staff from a range of institutions have participated in this survey series annually since that time. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (1992) included the protection of watersheds and water bodies as two of fourteen major programme areas for priority implementation. A report based on joint surveys by the NCCW and Ramsar Bureau in 1990 identified priorities for action including surveys, conservation measures, awareness raising, management and applied research. The report recommended rationalizing the existing list of Ramsar sites. As a consequence, several were amalgamated into a complex, three existing sites were withdrawn from the list and two others added, bringing the total number of Ramsar sites in March 1996, to eight. By 2003, the national and site level investment in wetlands was generally inadequate to meet the challenge of conserving globally important biodiversity. At the national level, the key significant drawback was the absence of an effective enabling environment that could encourage and sustain initiatives for biodiversity conservation. Key barriers to creating an enabling environment remained: ‐the lack of effective and integrated policies;‐the absence of decision‐making tools and reliable information to support effective wetlands conservation planning; ‐technical deficiencies related to skills and equipment; and ‐the lack of general public awareness or political pressure that would favour wetlands conservation. The list of important wetlands in Pakistan is described in Table 25.

Table 25: List of important Wetlands in Pakistan

No. Name of Wetland Status Province District / Area

1 Baghsar Lake Not Protected AJK Bhimber

2 Banjosa Not Protected AJK Rawalakot

3 Chatta Katha Lake Not Protected AJK Muzaffarabad

4 Garhi Dupatta Not Protected AJK Muzaffarabad

5 Mangla Lake Not Protected AJK Mirpur

6 Nardi Lake Not Protected AJK Muzaffarabad

7 Phoolawaei Lake Not Protected AJK Muzaffarabad

8 Ratti Gali Lake Not Protected AJK Muzaffarabad

9 River Neelum Not Protected AJK Muzaffarabad

10 Saral Lake Not Protected AJK Muzaffarabad

11 Akara Dam Not Protected Balochistan Makran

12 Astola (Haft Talar) Island Wildlife Sanctuary Balochistan Makran

13 Astola Sea Mount Not Protected Balochistan Makran

14 Band Khushdil Khan Game Reserve Balochistan Pishin

15 Boji Point National Park (part of) Balochistan Lasbela

16 Chakhon Not Protected Balochistan Zhob

17 Dasht Khor Not Protected Balochistan Gwadar

18 Hamun‐i‐Lora Not Protected Balochistan Chagai

19 Hamun‐i‐Mushkel Not Protected Balochistan Chagai

20 Hanna Lake Not Known Balochistan Quetta

21 Jiwani Estuary Not Protected Balochistan Makran



22 Kalmat Khor Not Protected Balochistan Makran

23 Marav Lake Not Protected Balochistan Dera Bugti

24 Miani Hor Not Protected Balochistan Lasbela

25 Pasni Bay Not Protected Balochistan Gwadar

26 Qamardin Karez Not Known Balochistan Qila Saifullah

27 Ras Malan Not Protected Balochistan Lasbela

28 Siranda Lake Not Protected Balochistan Lasbela

29 Spin Karez Not Known Balochistan Quetta

30 Wasta Dam Not Protected Balochistan Zhob

31 Zangi Nawar Game Reserve Balochistan Chagai

32 Zhob River Not Protected Balochistan Zhob

33 Rawal Lake National Park (part of) Federal Capital Islamabad

34 Borith Lake Not Protected Gilgit Baltistan Gilgit

35 Deosai Plateau National Park Gilgit Baltistan Skardu

36 Gasho Lake, Sai Nullah Not Known Gilgit Baltistan Gilgit

37 Hundrup Lake Not Known Gilgit Baltistan Ghizer

38 Jutial Lake Not Known Gilgit Baltistan Gilgit

39 Kachura Lake Not Protected Gilgit Baltistan Skardu

40 Kharfaq Lake Not Known Gilgit Baltistan Ghanche

41 Naltar Lakes Not Protected Gilgit Baltistan Gilgit

42 Phander Lake Not Known Gilgit Baltistan Ghizer

43 Rama Lake Not Protected Gilgit Baltistan Astor

44 Sarfaranga Lake Not Known Gilgit Baltistan Skardu

45 Satpara Lake Not Protected Gilgit Baltistan Skardu

46 Baran Dam Not Protected KPK Bannu

47 Chashma Lake Wildlife Sanctuary KPK D.I. Khan

48 Dodibagh Sar Lake Not Protected KPK Kaghan Valley

49 Gandiali Dam Not Protected KPK Kohat

50 Indus Game Reserve Game Reserve KPK D.I. Khan

51 Indus Waterfowl Refuge Wildlife Refuge KPK D.I. Khan

52 Kandar Dam Not Protected KPK Kohat

53 Khanpur Dam Not Protected KPK Hazara

54 Kheshki Reservoir Not Protected KPK Peshawar

55 Kurram River Valley Not Protected KPK Bannu

56 Lake Shandur Not Known KPK Chitral

57 Lulusar Wetland Complex Not Protected KPK Kaghan Valley

58 Maho Dhand Not Protected KPK Swat

59 Malugul Dhand Not Protected KPK Bannu



60 Saif ul Maluk Not Protected KPK Hazara

61 Tanda Dam Ramsar Site KPK Kohat

62 Tarbela Dam Not Protected KPK Haripur

63 Thanedar Wala Game Reserve KPK Lakki

64 Zebi Dam Not Protected KPK Karak

65 Broghal or Yarkhun Lake Not Protected KPK Chitral

66 Bajwat Game Reserve Punjab Sialkot

67 Ghamaghar Lake Not Protected Punjab Kasur

68 Head Islam Game Reserve Punjab Multan

69 Jahlar Lake Not Protected Punjab Khushab

70 Kalar Kahar Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Punjab Chakwal

71 Khabbaki Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Punjab Khushab

72 Kharrar (Kharal) Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Punjab Okara

73 Lal Suhanra (Patisar) Lake National Park Punjab Bahawalpur

74 Mangla Dam Not Protected Punjab Jhelum

75 Marala Headworks Not Protected Punjab Sailkot

76 Nammal Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Punjab Khushab

77 Qadirabad Barrage Not Protected Punjab Gujrawala

78 Qadirabad Link Canal Game Reserve Punjab Gujrat

79 Rasool (Rasul) Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary Punjab Gujrat

80 Soan River Not Known Punjab Chakwal

81 Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary Punjab Muzaffargarh/DGK

82 Ucchali Lake Ramsar Site Punjab Khushab

83 Badin and Kadhan Lagoons Not Protected Sindh Badin

84 Beroon Kirthar Canal Not Protected Sindh Larkana

85 Charwo Lake Not Protected Sindh Badin

86 Clifton Beach Not Protected Sindh Karachi

87 Drigh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Sindh Larkana

88 GhauspurJheel & Sindhi Dhoro Lake

Not Protected Sindh Jacobabad

89 Hub Dam Wildlife Sanctuary Sindh Karachi

90 Hadeiro Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Sindh Thatta

91 Haleji Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Sindh Thatta

92 Hamal Katchri Lake Not Protected Sindh Larkana

93 Hawkes Bay / Sandpit Wildlife Sanctuary Sindh Karachi

94 Indus Dolphin Reserve Wildlife Sanctuary Sindh Kashmor

95 Keti Bunder North Wildlife Sanctuary Sindh Thatta

96 Keti Bunder South Wildlife Sanctuary Sindh Thatta

97 Khango (Khowaj) Lake Not Protected Sindh Badin



98 Khinjar (Kalri) Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Sindh Thatta

99 Khipro Lakes Not Protected Sindh Sanghar

100 Korangi and Gharo Creeks Not Protected Sindh Karachi

101 Langh (Lungh) Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Sindh Larkana

102 Mahboob Lake Not Protected Sindh Sujawal

103 Manchar Lake Not Protected Sindh Dadu

104 Nara Canal Game Reserve Sindh Sanghar

105 Phoosna Lakes Not Protected Sindh Badin

106 Pugri Lake Not Protected Sindh Larkana

107 Rann of Kutch Not Protected Sindh Thatta

108 Sadhori Lake Not Protected Sindh Sanghar

109 Sanghriaro Lake Not Protected Sindh Sanghar

110 Shahbunder& Jafri Lake Not Protected Sindh Thatta

111 Soonhari Lake Not Protected Sindh Sanghar

112 Tando Bago Lake Not Protected Sindh Badin

Source: WWF – 2010

Few comprehensive decision support systems or management tools were available for regional resource planning. The scope of the GIS facilities in the PFI and Forest Management Centre in Peshawar, was limited to forestry only and not organised to accept data on other forms of biodiversity or socio‐economic conditions in wetlands and their buffer zones. Technical capacity in almost every aspect of wetlands management tended to be inadequate due to the lack of resources for scientific and specialised wetlands management training, appropriate equipment and exposure to international approaches to wetlands management. While Pakistan had produced a Wetlands Action Plan in 2000, the lack of a comprehensive Wetlands Management Strategy hindered policy formation, coordination and management of wetlands at a national scale. Additionally, options for financial sustainability had not been fully explored to enable the proliferation of long‐term initiatives in biodiversity conservation. As a result, such initiatives tended to be donor‐driven and short‐lived. At the site level, several of the above‐mentioned inadequacies were also evident. Although all four of the designated Demonstration Complexes fell within the jurisdiction of the provincial forestry and wildlife management agencies, actual activity was limited to partial enforcement of resource use regulations. Some community‐based biodiversity management initiatives had been supported elsewhere by the appropriate agencies in KPK and Sindh. These approaches had, however, not been applied in the four selected wetland sites. Biodiversity monitoring in these sites had also been inconsistent although the ZSD and WWF‐P had undertaken some initiatives, particularly during the PDF (B) phase of the Project. Some short‐term conservation initiatives had been implemented inrecent years in Makran Coastal Wetlands Complex (MCWC), Central Indus Wetlands Complex (CIWC), and Salt Range Wetlands Complex (SRWC) with the active involvement of WWF‐P. Significant activities comprised of a programme for the rescue of lndus Dolphins (Platanista minor) stranded in irrigation canals during the dry season in CIWC and support for eco‐tourism initiatives on the Indus River. In MCWC, initiatives had included the conservation of endangered Olive Ridley Turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) and Green Turtles (Chelonfa mydas) and the rehabilitation of mangroves near Jiwani. Monitoring of waterfowl, Punjab Urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) and Chinkara or Indian Gazelle (Gazella bennettii) had been the key focus of conservation activities in SRWC, although some limited community‐based ventures, mainly related to environmental awareness, had also been implemented. If the 2003 scenario were to


continue, it is projected that wetlands conservation in Pakistan would continue to encompass a series of essentially unrelated, short‐term initiatives driven by donor support. In the absence of the measures proposed under the Pakistan Wetlands Programme, the existing national and site level conservation efforts are likely to have little sustainable impact on the globally important wetlands and their associated biodiversity in Pakistan. The Table 26 depicts the important wetlands of the country with significant features.

Table 26: Important wetlands with significant features

Sr. No. Name Province Coordinates Area Altitude Annual

Rainfall Tempera‐tures

1. Tanda Dam Reservoir

KPK 33°35'N, 7l°22'E

644 ha (Ramsar Site 405 ha)

528m 250‐760 mm

0‐ 45°C

2. Thanedar Wala Game Reserve

KPK 32°37'N, 71°05'E

4,047 ha. 303m 250 mm 4°C ‐ 47°C

3. Kandar Dam KPK 33°36'N, 7l°29'E

251 ha 255m 300 mm 4°C‐45°C

4. Kurram River Valley including Baran Dam and Malugul Dhand

KPK 32°37'‐33°05'N, 70°30'‐71°00'E

70 km of river; Baran Dam 1,554 ha; Malaghul Dhand 405 ha.

305‐390m.

338 mm 0.5°C ‐ 42°C

5. Nammal Lake Punjab 32°41'N, 71°49'E

486 ha. 352m 300 ‐ 600 mm

1°C ‐ 45°C

6. Ucchali Lake Punjab 32°33'N, 72°0l'E

943 ha 700m 300 mm to 800 mm

0.5°C ‐36°C

7. Jahlar Lake Punjab 32°29'N, 72°07'E

100 ha 950m 300 mm to 800 mm

0.5°C ‐36°C

8. Khabbaki Lake Punjab 32°37'N, 72°14'E

283 ha 978m 300 mm to 800 mm

0.5°C ‐36°C

9. Ghamaghar Lake Punjab 30°59'N, 74°'00E

80 ha 80 ha 300‐500 mm

10°C ‐35°C

10. Kharal (Kharrar) Lake

Punjab 30°53'N, 73°35'E

235 ha 180m 225 mm 9.5°C ‐35°C

11. Kalar Kahar Lake Punjab 32°46'N, 72°42'E

220 ha 900m 250 mm 1°C‐40°C

12. Patisar Lake (Lal Suhanra)

Punjab 29°22'N, 71 °57'E

1,935 ha 110‐120m

150‐200 mm

1°C ‐ 49°C

13. Ghauspur (Rup) Jheel and Sindhi Dhoro Lake

Sindh 28°08'N, 69°06'E

600 ha 70m 175 mm 2°C ‐ 49°C

14. Drigh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

Sindh 27°34'N, 68°02'E

182 ha 50m 175 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C




15. Hamal Katchri Lake

Sindh 27°23'N, 67°55'E

Unknown 50m 175 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

16. Pugri Lake Sindh 27°18'N, 68°03'E

Unknown 50m 175 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

17. Manchar Lake Sindh 26°25'N, 67°39'E

6,000 ha 35m 175 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

18. Soonhari Lake Sindh 26°10'N, 69°04'E

245 ha 60m 175 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

19. Sadhori Lake Sindh 26°12'N, 69°07'E

Unknown 60m 175 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

20. Sanghriaro Lake Sindh 26°07'N, 69°12'E

380 ha 60m 175 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

21. Khipro Lakes Sindh 25°32'‐25°49'N, 69°29'‐69°38'E

Unknown 40m 200 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

22. Tando Bago Lakes Sindh 24°45'‐24°50'N, 68°50'‐69°05'E

Unknown 40m 175 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

23. Phoosna Lakes Sindh 24°48'N, 68°54'E

160 ha 40m 175 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

24. Charwo Lake Sindh 24°50'N, 69°00'E

100 ha 40m 175 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

25. Khanjo (Khowaja) Lake

Sindh 24°47'N, 69°05'E

500 ha 50m 175 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

26. Badin and Kadhan Lagoons

Sindh 24°15'‐24°30'N, 68°35'‐69°05'E

Unknown 50m 200 mm 1.7°C ‐ 49°C

27. Shahbunder Salt Waste and Jafri Lake

Sindh 24°06'‐24°12'N, 67°54'‐68°15'E

20,000 ha 5m 200 mm 1.5°C‐47°C

28. Mahboob Shah Lake

Sindh 24°30'N, 68°03'E

>100 ha 50m 200 mm 1.5°C‐47°C

29. Kinjhar (Kalri) Lake

Sindh 24°56'N, 68°03'E

13,468 ha 70m 175 mm 1.5°C‐47°C

30. Hadero Lake Sindh 24°49'N, 67°52'E

1,321 ha 60m 185 mm 2°C‐47°C

31. Haleji Lake Sindh 28 °48'N, 67°47'E

1,704 ha 60m 178 mm 2°C‐49°C

32. Langh (Lungh) Lake

Sindh 27°30'N, 68°05'E

19 ha 50m 150 mm 2°C‐49°C




33. Hub Dam Balochistan and Sindh

25°15'N, 67°07'E

27,219 ha 1 50m 200 mm 2°C‐49°C

34. Siranda Lake Balochistan 25 °31'N, 66°37'E

2,700 ha 15m 150 mm 2°C‐49°C

35. Miani Hor Balochistan 25 °24'‐25 °38'N, 66°06'‐66°35'E

60,000 ha. Sea level

150 mm 2°C‐49°C

36. Bund Khushdil Khan

Balochistan 30°36'N, 66°45'E

1,296 ha 1,460m 200 mm ‐10°C ‐ 35°C

37. Zangi Nawar Lake Balochistan 29°27'N, 65°47'E

2,070 ha 975m 76 mm ‐4°C‐47°C

38. Akara Dam Balochistan 25°25'N, 62°20'E

50 ha 50m 150 mm 32°C

39. Dasht Kaur Balochistan 25°l0'‐25°23'N, 61°37'‐61°54'E

Unknown 0‐5m 150 mm 32°C

Source: WWF – 2010

The reader is referred for additional information relating to the above topics in the tables D1 to D41 attached as annexure D.


Table 27: Irrigation System of Pakistan (Annexure‐D)

Genre Description Nomenclature Page #

CANAL DIVERSIONS

CANAL WATER DIVERSIONS TO IBIS FOR THE YEAR 1967‐68 TABLE D1 1






































Genre Description Nomenclature Page #

CANAL DIVERSIONS





54f29a5.Irrigation System of Pak

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