Yasser Gebril Inpatient Pharmacy

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

Learning Objectives

Importance of Potassium Chloride

Pharmacokinetics Role of Potassium in the Human Body Epidemiology Causes of Hyperkalemia Diagnosis of Hyperkalemia Treatment of Hyperkalemia

Potassium Chloride Toxicity

The Need for KCl Guidelines JACHO Recommendation UK Guidelines SSH Potassium Chloride Dosing Guidelines ISMP Recommendations

Hospital Administration Physician and P&T Committee Nursing Units and Pharmacy

Importance of Potassium Chloride1. Potassium is the primary intracellular ion in the 2. 3. 4. 5.

human body. The normal plasma potassium concentration range is 3.5 to 5 mEq/L. Potassium regulates many biochemical processes in the body, and is a key ion for electrical action potentials across cellular membranes. Potassium chloride is the preferred potassium supplement for the most common causes of hypokalemia. Hyperkalemia commonly results in patients with acute or chronic kidney disease.

Pharmacokinetics Potassium is the most abundant cation in the body, with

estimated total body stores of 3,000 to 4,000 mEq, 98% of this amount is contained within the intracellular compartment, and the remaining 2% is distributed within the extracellular compartment. The Na+-K+-ATPase pump located in the cell membrane is

responsible for the compartmentalization of potassium. This pump is an active transport system that maintains increased

intracellular stores of potassium by transporting sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell at a ratio of 3:2. Consequently the pump maintains a higher concentration of

potassium inside the cell.

Pharmacokinetics The normal serum concentration range for potassium is 3.5 to 5.0

mEq/L, whereas the intracellular potassium concentration is usually about 140 mEq/L. Approximately 70% of the intracellular potassium is located in

skeletal muscle; the remaining 30% is located in the liver and red blood cells. Extracellular potassium is distributed throughout the serum and

interstitial space. Potassium is dynamic in that it is constantly moving between the

intracellular and extracellular compartments according to the bodys needs. Thus the serum potassium concentration alone does not

accurately reflect the total body potassium content.

Role of Potassium Chloride Potassium has many physiologic functions within cells, including

protein and glycogen synthesis and cellular metabolism and growth. It is also a determinant of the electrical action potential across the cell membrane. The ratio of the intracellular to extracellular potassium concentration is the major determinant of the resting membrane potential across the cell membrane. Thus the resting membrane potential is greatly affected by variations in extracellular potassium concentration. Serum potassium concentrations outside the normal range can have disastrous effects on neuromuscular activity, in particular cardiac conduction. Hypo- and hyperkalemia are both associated with potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias, along with other neuromuscular disturbances.

Potassium Chloride Toxicity Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration greater than 5.5 mEq/L.

It can be further classified according to its

severity: Mild (serum potassium 5.5 to 6 mEq/L). Moderate (6.1 to 6.9 mEq/L); and Severe hyperkalemia (>7 mEq/L).

Epidemiology Hyperkalemia is much less common than

hypokalemia. The incidence of hyperkalemia in hospitalized patients has been estimated to be 1.4% to 10%. Most cases of hypokalemia are the result of overcorrection of hypokalemia with potassium supplements. Severe hyperkalemia occurs more commonly in elderly patients with renal insufficiency who receive potassium supplementation.

Causes of Hyperkalemia1. Increased potassium intake 2. Decreased potassium excretion 3. Tubular unresponsiveness to aldosterone. 4. Redistribution of potassium into the

extracellular space.

Diagnosis of HyperkalemiaClinical Presentation Of Hyperkalemia General Related to the effects of excessive potassium on

neuromuscular, cardiac, and smooth muscle cell function.

Symptoms Frequently asymptomatic; however, the patient may

complain of heart palpitations or skipped heartbeats.

Signs ECG changes

Laboratory Tests Serum potassium concentration >5.5 mEq/L.

Treatment of HyperkalemiaDESIRED OUTCOME The goals of therapy for the treatment of hyperkalemia are:1. 2. 3.

to antagonize adverse cardiac effects Reverse any symptoms that may be present, and to Return the serum and total body stores of potassium to normal.

Severe hyperkalemia (>7 mEq/L) or moderate hyperkalemia (6.1 to 6.9 mEq/L), when associated with clinical symptoms or electrocardiographic changes, requires immediate treatment. Initial treatment of hyperkalemia is focused on antagonism of the membrane actions of hyperkalemia (Using Calcium). Secondarily, one should attempt to decrease extracellular potassium concentration by promoting its intracellular movement (e.g., with glucose, insulin, 2-receptor agonists, or sodium bicarbonate). Finally, removal of potassium from the body by hemodialysis and/or cationexchange resins may need to be implemented. The underlying cause of hyperkalemia should be identified and reversed, and exogenous potassium must be withheld.

Treatment Algorithm for HyperkalemiaAbnormal ECG? (peaked twaves, widened QRS complex)

Yes

Administer Calcium gluconate

NoContinuous ECG monitoring

YesHyperglycemia?

Give insulin & Follow blood sugar

NoAdminister insulin & glucose

Consider albuterol

Consider bicarbonate if acidotic

Give exchange resin or consider dialysis

Follow potassium level every two hours until 0.9 percent) from patient care units; and 2. Standardize and limit the number of drug concentrations available in the organization

United Kingdome the National Patient Safety Agency established by the

National Health Service (NHS ) issued a Patient Safety Alert in July 2002 to all Chief Executives of National Health Service Trusts and Primary Care Trusts in Britain. It required actions in all centers of the National Health Service to reduce the potential for patient injury with the use of potassium chloride by October 31, 2002. In the Alert, one of the strategies suggested that: Pharmacists should also remove potassium chloride concentrate from wards and clinical areas, use commercially prepared diluted potassium solution where possible, and store potassium chloride concentrate in a separate locked cupboard.

SSH Potassium Dosing GuidelinesSAAD SPECIALIST HOSPITAL

POTASSIUM DOSING GUIDELINES Developed by the DIPC; Pharmacy Department November 2006 Approved by the P&T 2006This Guideline serves as suggested

I

Parenteral 1. Indicated for patients unable to tolerate or receive oral replacement, patients with urine output > 1 ml/kg/hour and serum Cr < 1 mg/dl, and for patients with renal impairmen. 2. All patients require cardiac monitoring for concentrated Potassium doses Concentrations >80 mEq/l or doses > 0.2 mEq/kg/hour

ParenteralStatus Moderate to Severe Deficiency: K+ less than or equal 2.5mmol/L with or without symptoms e.g. cardiac arrythmias or conduction disturbances, respiratory muscle weakness, paralaysis OR patient on digoxin) ECG monitoring for rates >5 mEq/hour, frequent potassium levels, and acid-base balance are recommended Route IV Bolus: Adult: Central line: 20mEq/100mL over 1 hour Peripheral line: 10mEq/100mL over 1 hour Pediatrics: 0.5-1mEq/kg over 2 hour (same as adult concentration) Fluid restriction Central line:40mEq/100mL over 1 hour IV infusion: Adult and Pediatrics: Peripheral line: usual 20-40mEq/L infused at max rate of 10mEq/hour Central line: usual 20-60mEq/L infused at max rate of 20mEq/hr Adult: Central line: 20mEq/100mL over 1 hour Peripheral line: 10mEq/100mL over 1 hour Pediatrics: 0.5-1mEq/kg over 2 hour (same as adult concentration) Fluid restriction Central line:40mEq/100mL over 1 hour Concentration and Rate

Mild to Moderate Deficiency: K+ more than or equal 2.5mmol/L

II. OralStatus

Oral:

Dosage Adult: 60-80 mEq/day plus additional amounts if needed. (Check serum K+ levels daily) Pediatrics: 1-2 mEq/kg initially, then as needed based on frequently obtained lab values. If deficits are severe or ongoing losses are great, I.V. route should be considered Adult: 20-40 mEq/day in 1-2 divided doses. Pediatrics: 1-2 mEq/kg/day in 1-2 divided doses

Mild to Moderate Deficiency: K+ more than or equal 2.5mmol/L

Preventative Therapy: (e.g. Receiving Amphotericin B, Diuretics, Severe diarrhea, etc)

ISMP KCl Safety Recommendations Hospital Administration Physicians And P&T Committee Nursing Units and Pharmacy

1- Hospital Administration Create a high-level multidisciplinary team with a

mandate to: Reduce the error potential of potassium chloride (KCl). Define an implementation strategy (including

timelines). Provide regular updates to the hospital boards Quality & Risk Management Committee. Include discussion of KCl injury and preventive system safeguards during orientation programs for nurses, physicians, and pharmacists and locum staff

Physicians and P&T committee1. Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee to develop

clear guidelines for the use of KCl, including:

Use of oral, instead of IV, KCl whenever clinically feasible. Standardization of prescribing practices to match available

premixed KCl solutions. Maximum concentration of KCl allowable in an IV solution. Proper mixing to avoid pooling. Maximum hourly and daily limits of KCl that a patient may receive. Maximum infusion rate. Requirements for infusion rate and patient monitoring. Evaluation of need and/or feasibility of automatic substitution policy.

Physicians and P&T committee Cont.2. Identify that orders such as KCl 40 mEq IV now

or give KCl 20 mEq IV bolus should be considered incomplete and unacceptable. Orders require instructions for dilution and infusion rate. 3. If it is deemed necessary that concentrated KCl products be available in a critical care area, create policies to restrict and safeguard their use. Consider a locked cupboard and/or a double sign-out procedure for obtaining the concentrated product

NURSING UNIT Have each patient care unit, program, department, and clinic

undertake a review by physicians, nurses and pharmacists with the following aims: Identify if concentrated KCl products are in patient care areas. Plan and organize actions to remove concentrated KCl products from patient care areas. Have standardized premixed KCl IV solutions available in adequate quantities. Store premixed KCl solutions separately from plain IV solutions. If concentrated KCl products must be available in a critical care area, follow P&T policies regarding access, e.g., locked cupboard and/or a double sign-out procedure for obtaining the product.

Pharmacy1. 2.

Work with the appropriate department(s), e.g., Stores and Nursing, to arrange for storage and distribution of premixed KCl IV solutions. Consider purchasing only the 40 mEq /20 mL size concentrate (not 20 mEq/10 mL size) to minimize the chance of mix-up with other commonly used products such as 10 mL sterile water and 10 mL normal saline. Pharmacy should prepare any nonstandard solutions that are deemed absolutely necessary but are unavailable commercially in a premixed format. Minibag products containing KCl should be dispensed and controlled by the pharmacy only. Add an auxiliary fluorescent warning label to the KCl concentrate product at the time of receipt of the drug into inventory in the pharmacy. Add auxiliary warning label to premixed minibags containing KCl, providing the recommended route of administration (e.g., central line only) and the recommended duration of infusion (e.g., infuse over at least 1 hour). Have pharmacists intervene when nonstandard orders for IV solutions with KCl are prescribed. Prescribing practices must take into consideration the premixed KCl IV solutions that are available. Choose a designated area for storing concentrated KCl products in the pharmacy to reduce the likelihood of substitution errors.

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THINK SAFE THINK TWICE DOUBLE CHECK

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